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      Nitric Oxide Donor食品保健品作用機(jī)理綜述

      2016-03-24 02:58:16劉玉花朱偉麗劉震杰曹珍艷
      現(xiàn)代食品 2016年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:精氨酸一氧化氮硝酸鹽

      ◎韓 奇,魏 冰,劉玉花,朱偉麗,劉震杰,曹珍艷

      (1.北京康比特運(yùn)動(dòng)營養(yǎng)研究所,北京 100029;

      2.威斯康辛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心血管外科研究所,美國 威斯康辛州 53705)

      Nitric Oxide Donor食品保健品作用機(jī)理綜述

      ◎韓 奇1,魏 冰1,劉玉花1,朱偉麗1,劉震杰2,曹珍艷1

      (1.北京康比特運(yùn)動(dòng)營養(yǎng)研究所,北京 100029;

      2.威斯康辛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心血管外科研究所,美國 威斯康辛州 53705)

      一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)是維持所有正常身體機(jī)能的重要信號(hào)分子,提高血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞NO水平有助加速血液循環(huán),并有助于將氧氣和血液中的養(yǎng)分供給到身體四肢的中末端毛細(xì)血管,滋養(yǎng)骨骼肌。NO合成機(jī)理是通過一氧化氮合酶(Nitric Oxide Synthase,NOS)促進(jìn)精氨酸(L-Arg)轉(zhuǎn)化為NO,以及腸-唾液腺的硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽-NO途徑產(chǎn)生NO。而通過血管內(nèi)皮組織中一氧化氮合酶(Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase,eNOS)的作用,可以提高血管內(nèi)皮組織中的NO的產(chǎn)生和釋放,達(dá)到使血管平滑肌放松和擴(kuò)張血管的效果?;谧罱难芯?,撰寫了這篇NO食品保健品機(jī)理綜述。

      一氧化氮補(bǔ)劑;食品;保健機(jī)理

      1 NO的化學(xué)屬性特征

      1.1 NO結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)

      一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓和室溫下以無色的氣體形式存在。NO分子本身有一個(gè)不穩(wěn)定的未配對(duì)的電子,NO也被認(rèn)為是一種自由基(見圖1)。當(dāng)機(jī)體受到病原體刺激時(shí),巨噬細(xì)胞等免疫細(xì)胞的IL-1、NF-κB、IFN-γ及TNF-α等炎癥反應(yīng)因子被激活,進(jìn)而激發(fā)其iNOS的轉(zhuǎn)錄及活性,促進(jìn)免疫細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)型NO的產(chǎn)生,而NO由于其自由基特性,可以抑制病原體的DNA合成,并誘導(dǎo)病原體雙鏈DNA斷裂[1]。

      圖1 NO的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式

      一氧化氮合酶NOSs(EC1.14.13.39)有3種同工酶,分別為神經(jīng)型(nNOS)、誘生型(iNOS)和內(nèi)皮型(eNOS)。在安全范圍內(nèi),提高機(jī)體中NO水平會(huì)有如下作用: 1)由nNOS催化產(chǎn)生的NO通過提高神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間的溝通,改善記憶、認(rèn)知行為和睡眠;2)在病原體刺激下巨噬細(xì)胞上調(diào)iNOS轉(zhuǎn)錄,催化產(chǎn)生NO,可抑致病菌,抵御腫瘤發(fā)展;3)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中由eNOS催化產(chǎn)生的NO可以擴(kuò)張血管,降低血壓,降低血管外周阻力,緩解心絞痛,緩解動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化/狹窄;4)提高機(jī)體NO可以提高運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力,并促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)后恢復(fù)[2]。

      1.2 NO機(jī)理的臨床應(yīng)用

      提高機(jī)體NO水平的保健品和藥品大都采用NO前體物質(zhì)。硝酸甘油(三硝酸甘油酯,Nitroglycerin)通過舌下含服可以迅速進(jìn)入人體并代謝產(chǎn)生NO,激活鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶,增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)一磷酸鳥苷(cGMP)的含量,激活依賴于cGMP的蛋白酶,促使平滑肌細(xì)胞肌球蛋白輕鏈去磷酸化,胞漿Ca2+濃度降低,從而舒張血管、降低血壓,降低心臟泵血的后負(fù)荷(Afterload),降低血管剪切應(yīng)力、緩解心絞痛[3]。硝酸甘油代謝有酶的途徑和非酶的途徑,而線粒體乙醛脫氫酶(mtALDH)在酶的代謝途徑中起了關(guān)鍵作用[4]。

      吸入式NO氣體為極低濃度的NO,通過病人吸入使肺部血管平滑肌細(xì)胞放松,血管舒張,提高肺靜脈血流量,加快氧氣運(yùn)輸,從而達(dá)到治療新生兒慢性肺血管高壓的目的[5,6]。需要注意的是,過度吸入NO氣體會(huì)導(dǎo)致高鐵血紅蛋白癥(血紅蛋白無法正常釋放氧氣)和肺部損傷。

      Koboyashi等[7]報(bào)道了硝酸鹽含量豐富的食物緩解心血管疾病的作用,如心肌缺血、慢性肺梗阻(COPD)、腫瘤、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、糖尿病和高血壓。Philip等[8]分析了127例透皮吸收硝酸甘油的病例發(fā)現(xiàn),硝酸甘油使靜臥收縮壓在24 h內(nèi)下降7.9 mm Hg(95% CI 0.1,15.8),并提高心率6.2 bpm(95% CI 2.7,9.8)。

      2 提高機(jī)體NO水平的食品保健品原料分析

      提高NO水平的途徑有L-Arg途徑和硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽-NO途徑。亞硝酸鹽長期被用來作為保存肉類食品的防腐劑,其可以有效抑制有害病菌(如肉毒桿菌)在肉類食品中的繁殖[9]。硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽本身并不致癌,但他們可以在體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化為N-亞硝胺(N-nitrosamine),而N-亞硝胺一直以來備受科學(xué)家的重視。一部分硝酸鹽亞亞硝酸鹽進(jìn)入體內(nèi)后可以轉(zhuǎn)化為亞硝胺,但這些亞硝胺不同于由尼古丁導(dǎo)致的N-亞硝基尼古?。∟-Nitrosonornicotine,NNN)等一類致癌物[10],由食物攝入的硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化生成的亞硝胺化合物含量低,且不具有強(qiáng)致癌性[10-13]。一項(xiàng)WHO的報(bào)告稱采用100只Fisher 344大鼠的為期兩年的硝酸鈉膳食研究表明,服用硝酸鈉的實(shí)驗(yàn)組患單核細(xì)胞白血病的概率比對(duì)照組降低,并且實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組的癌癥發(fā)病率沒有顯著變化[14]。2007年,世界癌癥研究基金會(huì)、美國癌癥研究學(xué)會(huì)的報(bào)道稱,食用硝酸鹽豐富的綠葉蔬菜(每日500 g)沒有提高癌癥的發(fā)病率,相反還發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多益處[15],這可能是由于很多蔬菜中含有豐富的維生素C、多酚等物質(zhì)抑制了內(nèi)源性亞硝胺的生成[14]。

      2.1 提高機(jī)體NO水平的氨基酸

      2.1.1 L-精氨酸(L-Arg)

      L-Arg是人身體產(chǎn)生NO的底物,可以在不同的一氧化氮合酶作用下分解,其化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式為L-Arg + 3/2 NADPH + H++ 2 O2?Citrulline + NO + 3/2 NADP+。eNOS存在于血管平滑肌細(xì)胞,可以促進(jìn)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞放松,使血管擴(kuò)張[2]。Dong等[16]的研究表明每日服用4~24 g的L-精氨酸可以通過擴(kuò)張血管分別降低收縮壓(SBP)和舒張壓(DBP)為5.4、2.7 mm Hg。Huang等[17]試驗(yàn)表明L-Arg可以提高老年大鼠的耐力、抵抗氧化損傷和抗炎癥反應(yīng),并且降低運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的乳酸堆積和尿酸堆積。Schaefer等[18]表明L-Arg可以降低運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的血乳酸(P<0.01)和血氨(P<0.01)堆積。McConell GK等[19]的研究表明,安靜時(shí)補(bǔ)充L-Arg可以增加血漿胰島素、生長激素、胰高血糖素、兒茶酚胺和催乳素水平。

      2.1.2 L-瓜氨酸(L-Cit)和L-鳥氨酸(L-Orn)

      氨與CO2通過以L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn為關(guān)鍵底物的反應(yīng)方程生成尿素的過程叫做尿循環(huán)。三羧酸循環(huán)(TCA/Kreb cycle)被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前,Hans K.和Kurt H.就已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了尿循環(huán)可以使循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中的血氨和CO2合成為尿素,排出體外。運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),線粒體通過Kreb Cycle產(chǎn)生ATP以及大量CO2,同時(shí)產(chǎn)生氨基。Hristina等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)度訓(xùn)練會(huì)產(chǎn)生一過性的高血氨癥狀,這可能是AMP在AMP脫氨酶(Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase 1)的作用下被分解為肌酐酸(Inosine Monophosphate,IMP)和游離的氨基。AmèleM等[21]研究表明最大耐力測試后98%的被試者高乳酸和高血氨癥狀在運(yùn)動(dòng)后第5~15 min內(nèi)得到緩解。Ament等[22]研究表明,功率自行車遞增負(fù)荷運(yùn)動(dòng)同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致血乳酸和血氨升高。Mutch等[23]闡述了血氨堆積可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)疲勞感產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)重要因素。Demura等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)注射L-鳥氨酸鹽酸鹽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員在力竭性功率自行車測試后即刻和第15 min時(shí)血氨水平比空白對(duì)照組低。因此,可以通過提高尿循環(huán)底物的方法來促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)終產(chǎn)物血氨和CO2生成尿素,達(dá)到緩解運(yùn)動(dòng)疲勞和提高運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力的目的。Erez[25]對(duì)尿循環(huán)和精氨酸瓜氨酸-NO循環(huán)進(jìn)行了較好的總結(jié)(見圖2)。

      圖2 尿循環(huán)及精氨酸瓜氨酸-NO循環(huán)通路

      2.2 提高機(jī)體NO水平的純天然植物

      菠菜和甜菜根的硝酸鹽含量較高,攝入人體后通過硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽-NO途徑可以提高體內(nèi)NO水平,達(dá)到擴(kuò)張血管和降低血壓的保健效果[26]。Jovanovski等[27]RCT實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,通過7日菠菜帶來的高硝酸鹽膳食可以顯著降低收縮壓(P<0.01)。Lundberg等[28-30]的研究表明,蔬菜是日常人體硝酸鹽的最大供應(yīng)源,部分硝酸鹽在口腔微生物和硝酸鹽還原酶的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化為亞硝酸鹽,未被舌下靜脈叢吸收的亞硝酸鹽在胃部的酸性環(huán)境中會(huì)迅速的轉(zhuǎn)化為NO及其他氮氧化合物,其余未被轉(zhuǎn)化的硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽在小腸中被吸收。通過歸納整理來自Pietro和Tamme的研究[31,32],可以發(fā)現(xiàn)火箭菜(Rocket)、瑞士甜菜(Swiss chard)、菠菜(Spinach)、生菜(Lettuce)、水蘿卜(Radish)、甘藍(lán)(Kohlrabi)、甜菜根(Beetroot)、葉菊苣(Leaf chicory)、中國白菜(Chinese cabbage)和芹菜(Celery)的硝酸鹽含量位居前十(見表1)。

      3 分析與討論

      L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn提升運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的報(bào)道很多。Yavuz等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)前補(bǔ)充L-Arg可以提高男性摔跤運(yùn)動(dòng)員的耐力。Valgas等[34]研究表明大鼠補(bǔ)充L-Arg可以提高細(xì)胞代謝的NO/PGC-1a/mTFA通路,并且提高細(xì)胞內(nèi)線粒體電子傳遞鏈(ETC)相關(guān)蛋白含量進(jìn)而提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。Lomonosova等[35]表明L-Arg可以提高耐力并保護(hù)肌膜和肌纖維結(jié)構(gòu)。Camic等[36]研究表明L-Arg可以提高被試者功率自行車上的耐力表現(xiàn)。Tekeda等[37]研究表明補(bǔ)充L-Cit可以顯著增加小鼠力竭性耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間,而運(yùn)動(dòng)引發(fā)的高血氨和高乳酸堆積的情況被緩解。Hickner等[38]證明L-Cit補(bǔ)劑可以提高耐力和胰島素功能。Sugino等[39]研究表明L-Orn或L-鳥氨酸鹽酸鹽可以降低疲勞感。Meneguello等[40]研究表明同時(shí)補(bǔ)充L-Arg、L-Cit、L-Orn的小鼠力竭性游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)后谷氨酰胺水平較高,而谷氨酰胺對(duì)緩沖運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的血氨有重要的作用。Zajac等[41]研究表明L-Arg和L-Orn補(bǔ)劑可以提高力量訓(xùn)練后的生長激素(Growth Hormone)和一型胰島素樣生長因子(IGF-1)。然而,有些研究表明外源的L-Arg并不能提高運(yùn)動(dòng)成績。Sandbakk等[42]表明運(yùn)動(dòng)前48 h補(bǔ)充L-Arg和硝酸鹽補(bǔ)劑并不能提高高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力。雖然張漓等[43,44]2003年對(duì)大鼠股外肌的研究表明,小劑量外源性L-Arg并不能提高NO水平和一氧化氮合酶活性,但是2007年對(duì)大鼠的L-Arg階梯對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)表明小劑量和大劑量外源性L-Arg均可以顯著提高股外肌NOS水平,并顯著降低血清CK。

      表1 不同國家植物中硝酸鹽平均含量(mg/kg)

      4 結(jié)論

      雖然通過NO donor食品保健品原料提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力有一定的科學(xué)依據(jù),但尚未確鑿。因此,提高人體硝酸鹽水平和L-Arg水平的食品保健品的功效研究依舊不容忽視。

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      Nitric Oxide Donor Foods Mechanism Review

      Han Qi1, Wei Bing1, Liu Yuhua1, Zhu Weili1, Liu Zhenjie2, Cao Zhenyan1
      (1.Beijing Competitor Sport Nutrition Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China;2.Institute of Vascular Surgery, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, America Wisconsin 53705, America)

      Nitric Oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule for normal functioning of the body. which could improve the vascular endothelial cell nitric oxide (no) level to help speed up the blood circulation, and help the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to upper and lower extremity capillaries that fuel the skeletal muscle. NO can be generated endogenously from L-arginine (L-Arg) under Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) catalyzed process andentero-saliva Nitrate-Nitrite-NO process. And through the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) can improve vascular endothelial NO production and release, reach the vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation effect. Based on the recent research, this paper has written a review of the NO food health care products.

      Nitric Oxide Donor; Foods; Health Mechanism

      TS218

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