抽絲剝繭，四大絕招攻破細(xì)節(jié)理解題

秦媛 劉本龍

近幾年，高考閱讀理解考查的題型以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，大多數(shù)考生易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題就是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧。最快捷、有效的方法是，考生不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而應(yīng)采取“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法。即先從問(wèn)題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速地在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，仔細(xì)品味，對(duì)照比較。除了運(yùn)用掃讀法，還可以兼用排除法，將“無(wú)此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。

直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題的答案與原文掛鉤，在文中可直接找到答案，但并非與原文中的語(yǔ)句一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題需要通過(guò)對(duì)相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來(lái)獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的加工和整理，方能做出正確的判斷。此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)，常見(jiàn)命題方式有如下幾種：

1.特殊疑問(wèn)句形式，以what， who， when， where， which， how much / many 等引出問(wèn)題。

2.是非題，通常以true / false， not true / false 提問(wèn)，以及以according to the text開(kāi)頭。

3.填空題，通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。

4.就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問(wèn)。

注意作者的態(tài)度、思想傾向和感情色彩

考生要留意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞和副詞。其次，要特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境和氣氛的詞語(yǔ)，體會(huì)文章的基調(diào)，揣摩作者的態(tài)度，悟出作者的弦外之音。

例1 Before I was two， I was adopted by an Anglo couple. Fed three square meals a day， I grew like a wild weed and grasped all the opportunities they had to offer—books， music， education， church life and community activities. In a family of blue-eyed blonds， though， I stood out like a sore thumb. Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different， my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin， or made fun of my clumsy walk. Moody and impatient， burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need， I was not an easy child to love. My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years， but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents， and as women of strength in our own right. Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me， I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. The Asian American community has helped me regain my double identity.

1.What can be inferred from Mummy’s Anglo family life？

A.She used to experience an identity crisis.

B.She fought against her American identity.

C.She forgot the pains of her early years.

D.She kept her love for Asia from childhood.

【解析】根據(jù)I was not an easy child to love和倒數(shù)第二句Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me， I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own可知，作者因?yàn)椴恢郎硎纴?lái)源而感到困惑，從而使得自己不受人喜歡，即她過(guò)去經(jīng)歷了身份認(rèn)同危機(jī)，故A項(xiàng)正確。

警惕閱讀理解中的原話陷阱

盡管選項(xiàng)是文章中的原話，但是在以下情況下不能選擇此選項(xiàng)：

（1）選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中有infer（推斷）、imply（暗示）、conclude（得出結(jié)論）等詞；

（2）選項(xiàng)與問(wèn)題毫不相干；

（3）選項(xiàng)是文中的表面意思，屬于淺層次的理解；

（4）選項(xiàng)以偏概全；

（5）選項(xiàng)的部分內(nèi)容是原話，漏掉了狀語(yǔ)從句等。

例2 Because he wrote his name so that it could be read easily. John Hancock has a place in the dictionary.

John Hancock was a wealthy man who helped the patriots（愛(ài)國(guó)者）in the American Revolution. He was president of the Continental Congress. He was also governor of Massachusetts and one of the first men to sign the Declaration of Independence（獨(dú)立宣言）. Yet he is remembered best for his large signature（簽名）.

The story is told that when Hancock sat down to sign the Declaration of Independence， he said that he would write his signature large enough for John Bull to read without glasses（John Bull stands for England， as Uncle Sam stands for the US）. Hancock’s signature on the declaration is four and three-quarters inches long-an inch longer than his usual signature.

Today John Hancock can be used to mean any person’s signature.

2.John Hancock wrote his large signature_________.

A.for John Bull to read without glasses

B.to show he was proud to be a patriot

C.to show John Bull’s eyesight was poor

D.to be remembered by people.

【解析】有的考生認(rèn)為A項(xiàng)是原話，故選之。從表面上看，John Hancock把他的簽名寫得很大是為了讓英國(guó)統(tǒng)治者不戴眼鏡就能看清楚，實(shí)質(zhì)上是為了表現(xiàn)他的自豪感，所以應(yīng)選B。做題時(shí)考生要透過(guò)表面現(xiàn)象看到本質(zhì)，不能被表面的信息迷惑。

了解歐美國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言和文化特點(diǎn)

閱讀理解的文章絕大多數(shù)選自英文網(wǎng)站和報(bào)紙雜志，高考命題人往往就此取材，一方面展示歐美國(guó)家文化和風(fēng)俗的特點(diǎn)，一方面考查考生的知識(shí)積累。

獨(dú)特的西方文化和習(xí)慣

☆喜歡自己動(dòng)手

西方人喜歡在周末和節(jié)假日自己動(dòng)手修繕?lè)课?、制作家具、裝修房間、修整花園，甚至自己制作陶瓷工藝品。這不僅僅是出于經(jīng)濟(jì)考慮，也是把此當(dāng)作培養(yǎng)個(gè)人技能、陶冶情操的生活方式。通過(guò)自己動(dòng)手，能使居室更加舒適，更具個(gè)性化，同時(shí)也能使家庭氛圍更加融洽，并且這也是教育孩子的良好平臺(tái)和機(jī)會(huì)。

☆盡情享受豐富多彩的節(jié)假日

節(jié)假日本身就充滿魅力，西方人喜歡在節(jié)假日購(gòu)物，為節(jié)假日做充分的準(zhǔn)備。在復(fù)活節(jié)、萬(wàn)圣節(jié)、圣誕節(jié)等五花八門的節(jié)日里，西方人的娛樂(lè)和消遣節(jié)目更是豐富多彩，音樂(lè)廳、歌劇院等場(chǎng)所會(huì)舉辦形式多樣的活動(dòng)。

☆酷愛(ài)運(yùn)動(dòng)

西方人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。自行車、足球、網(wǎng)球、橄欖球、游泳、滑冰等，都是西方人愛(ài)好的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目，而每天散步兩英里或更長(zhǎng)的距離，一直是流行的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

☆飼養(yǎng)寵物

人們常說(shuō)英國(guó)和美國(guó)是寵物的天堂，西方人樂(lè)于在家里飼養(yǎng)一種甚至多種寵物，并很享受和寵物待在一起的時(shí)光。

☆泡圖書(shū)館閱讀

在西方不少國(guó)家里，到處都可見(jiàn)到圖書(shū)館和閱覽室的身影。無(wú)論白天還是晚上，圖書(shū)館常常座無(wú)虛席。人們到這里借書(shū)、查閱資料、瀏覽報(bào)紙、寫東西，光顧的人群有學(xué)生、老人、公司雇員，甚至是工人，很多圖書(shū)館和閱覽室會(huì)為人們提供電腦。