劉 中,張 旋 綜述,魏正強(qiáng)審校(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院胃腸外科,重慶400016)
原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌研究現(xiàn)狀
劉中,張旋 綜述,魏正強(qiáng)△審校
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院胃腸外科,重慶400016)
結(jié)直腸腫瘤;腫瘤,鱗狀細(xì)胞,腫瘤/預(yù)防和控制;乳頭狀瘤病毒科;綜述
結(jié)直腸惡性腫瘤是常見的惡性腫瘤之一,在中國(guó)其發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì)[1]。根據(jù)WHO消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類,結(jié)直腸癌分5個(gè)亞型:腺癌、腺鱗癌、梭形細(xì)胞癌、鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、未分化癌,腺癌是最常見的組織病理類型[2]。原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌罕見,由Schmidtmann于1919年首次報(bào)道[3]。在我國(guó)關(guān)于原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)病率尚無文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。國(guó)外Comer等[4]報(bào)道鱗狀細(xì)胞癌和腺鱗癌占結(jié)腸和上段直腸惡性腫瘤的 0.025%~0.050%,Crissman[5]報(bào)道結(jié)腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)病率約為結(jié)腸腺癌發(fā)病率的0.1%,Kang等[6]報(bào)道美國(guó)2000年結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)病率為1.9/1 000 000。目前,國(guó)外有76個(gè)以個(gè)案或系列方式描述的案例報(bào)道[3],國(guó)內(nèi)僅13例[7],原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的特征未被充分闡明。本文通過檢閱PubMed和Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫中的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),從病因、發(fā)病機(jī)制、診斷、治療及預(yù)后等方面描述其特征。
目前已知的增加人群結(jié)直腸惡性腫瘤發(fā)病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子有[2]:(1)年齡;(2)性別;(3)種族;(4)不良的飲食及生活方式;(5)肥胖;(6)抽煙和飲酒;(7)家族史及結(jié)直腸腺瘤病史;(8)結(jié)直腸慢性炎癥,包括潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎、Crohn病及血吸蟲感染;(9)治療性盆腔放射治療;(10)輸尿管乙狀結(jié)腸吻合。而據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,一些特殊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子可能促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生。
1.1炎性腸病Zirkin等[8]于1963年首次報(bào)道了1例直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌伴慢性潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的病例。Crissman[5]在1978年首次強(qiáng)調(diào)了結(jié)腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌與慢性潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的相關(guān)性。Kulaylat等[9]在1995年對(duì)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌伴發(fā)特發(fā)性炎性腸病的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),指出鱗癌在特發(fā)性炎性腸病患者群體中更加常見,結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌是特發(fā)性炎性腸病的罕見并發(fā)癥。
炎性腸病患者結(jié)直腸上皮細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)異形或惡變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加這一事實(shí)已被廣泛認(rèn)可[10],炎癥在這一過程中起重要作用。已經(jīng)觀察到炎性腸病患者的結(jié)直腸上皮出現(xiàn)鱗狀細(xì)胞化生[11-12]、異形[13]及鱗狀細(xì)胞癌變[14],提示慢性炎癥可通過持續(xù)刺激或損傷上皮致使其發(fā)生“鱗狀細(xì)胞化生-異形-癌變”。因此,炎性腸病患者可因長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)存在的炎癥而更易患結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌。
1.2人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)HPV感染與肛管、宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生密切相關(guān),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HPV在結(jié)直腸腺癌患者的腫瘤組織中更常見[15]。因此,推測(cè)HPV感染可能是原發(fā)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子。Sotlar等[16]于2001年報(bào)道了1例伴HPV-16感染及轉(zhuǎn)錄活性的直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,并提出了直腸黏膜上皮HPV-16相關(guān)的“鱗狀細(xì)胞化生-異形-癌變”的假說。Audeau等[17]于2002年對(duì)20例結(jié)腸和上段直腸鱗癌、腺鱗癌或腺棘皮瘤標(biāo)本的檢測(cè)中未發(fā)現(xiàn)HPV-6、HPV-11、HPV-16或HPV-18,不支持HPV與結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌間的關(guān)聯(lián),但其可能因使用的氧化物酶標(biāo)記的抗生物素蛋白鏈菌素染色技術(shù)不能識(shí)別高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)HPV而得到錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論。Kong等[18]于2007年通過HPV探針原位雜交、p16INK4A免疫組化染色及HPV PCR 3種方法檢測(cè)了3例原發(fā)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織,均探測(cè)到HPV-16感染,結(jié)合對(duì)既往文獻(xiàn)評(píng)述,指出高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)HPV感染是直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因子,尤其在并存慢性炎癥過程或改變的免疫狀態(tài)時(shí)。之后,Bognar等[19]在1例結(jié)腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的原發(fā)腫瘤部位和周圍淋巴結(jié)監(jiān)測(cè)到HPV-16感染;Cardoso等[20]在直腸乙狀結(jié)腸交界處也發(fā)現(xiàn)HPV-16感染的復(fù)層鱗狀上皮;國(guó)內(nèi)張晶等[7]用全套HPV原位雜交探針檢測(cè)1例升結(jié)腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌腫瘤組織,也發(fā)現(xiàn)Pan-HPV、HPV-11/16和HPV-16/18均呈陽性。這些證據(jù)均支持HPV感染與結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(尤其是直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌)的發(fā)生相關(guān)。
此外,一些接受免疫抑制治療的炎性腸病患者[21]、人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染或艾滋?。ˋIDS)[22-23]患者被報(bào)道發(fā)生鱗狀細(xì)胞癌且在相應(yīng)腫瘤組織中檢測(cè)到HPV感染,提示免疫抑制可能在HPV促進(jìn)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生的過程中起作用。
1.3其他也有一些可能促進(jìn)鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生的其他因素的報(bào)道,如腸道血吸蟲感染[24]、免疫抑制[23,25]、盆腔放療[3,26]、結(jié)腸重復(fù)畸形[27]、石棉接觸[28]、腸阿米巴?。?9]等。
隨著結(jié)直腸癌的分子遺傳學(xué)和表觀遺傳學(xué)研究取得快速進(jìn)展,人們對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌變的通路有更深的理解。但原發(fā)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的具體發(fā)病機(jī)制仍然不明,針對(duì)其起源,有以下4種假說。
2.1腺上皮鱗狀化生-異形-癌變有學(xué)者提出,繼發(fā)于炎癥性腸病[30]、HPV[16]或血吸蟲感染[24]、放射治療[26]的慢性炎癥,持續(xù)刺激腺上皮,致使其發(fā)生鱗狀細(xì)胞化生,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞的異形、癌變。支持這一理論的相關(guān)病例報(bào)道較多,比如,在潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者的直腸上皮同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)鱗狀細(xì)胞化生和高級(jí)別上皮內(nèi)瘤變[13]。
2.2未分化細(xì)胞增殖-鱗狀分化-癌變Comer等[4]認(rèn)為,結(jié)直腸上皮受損后發(fā)生基底細(xì)胞增殖修復(fù),但反復(fù)的破壞致使基底細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)退變并失去正常分化能力,因此可產(chǎn)生腺癌、鱗癌或腺鱗癌。Dyson等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)鱗狀細(xì)胞常出現(xiàn)在低分化細(xì)胞中間,從而提出其源于多潛能干細(xì)胞的鱗狀分化、癌變。Michelassi等[32]提出,黏膜損傷后,未分化的儲(chǔ)備細(xì)胞或基底細(xì)胞增殖、分化、惡變,產(chǎn)生鱗狀細(xì)胞癌??傊?,這些作者描述了鱗癌起源于未分化細(xì)胞增殖、鱗狀分化、癌變這一病理過程。支持上述理論的證據(jù)有2個(gè):(1)對(duì)腺鱗癌的免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)和超微結(jié)構(gòu)研究結(jié)果,支持其腺癌和鱗癌成分起源于同一祖細(xì)胞[33];(2)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌和腺癌有相似的CAM5.2表達(dá)模式,支持發(fā)生于直腸的鱗狀細(xì)胞癌和腺癌起源于共同的多潛能內(nèi)胚層干細(xì)胞[34]。
2.3腺瘤或腺癌細(xì)胞分化-鱗癌結(jié)腸腺瘤中出現(xiàn)鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞是一種不常見但已被熟知的現(xiàn)象[35]。Williams等[29]于1979年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)并提出腺瘤鱗狀化生可演變?yōu)橄偌ち?、腺鱗癌、鱗癌。Almagro等[36]報(bào)道了黏膜內(nèi)腺癌中出現(xiàn)鱗狀化生區(qū)域,支持結(jié)直腸息肉的鱗狀化生可能是原發(fā)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌或腺鱗癌的癌前病變。但Bansal等[37]認(rèn)為并不存在腺瘤化生,腺瘤內(nèi)的鱗狀細(xì)胞來源于內(nèi)胚層組織的細(xì)胞分化,尤其當(dāng)其發(fā)生腫瘤性改變時(shí)。Cramer等[38]報(bào)道了4例結(jié)直腸腺瘤中識(shí)別出鱗狀上皮,免疫組化分析發(fā)現(xiàn)其源自多潛能儲(chǔ)備細(xì)胞的分化,從而支持鱗狀分化是腺瘤的固有腫瘤性行為及具有更高惡性轉(zhuǎn)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的標(biāo)志。因此,腺瘤或腺癌內(nèi)的細(xì)胞可能發(fā)生鱗狀細(xì)胞分化、癌變,從而產(chǎn)生原發(fā)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌。
2.4異位的外胚層細(xì)胞巢癌變有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,在胚胎發(fā)育過程中,外胚層細(xì)胞可遷移至直腸,而后持續(xù)存在并發(fā)生惡變,產(chǎn)生直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌;這可解釋低位直腸鱗癌的發(fā)生,但不能解釋結(jié)腸或近端直腸鱗癌的發(fā)生[32]。
鱗狀細(xì)胞癌可發(fā)生在結(jié)直腸的任何位點(diǎn)[39],但大多位于直腸(93.4%),其次為右半結(jié)腸(3.4%)[6]。平均發(fā)病年齡63.0歲,女性發(fā)病多于男性[6,31]。無特異性臨床表現(xiàn),癥狀與腺癌相似,但有并發(fā)高鈣血癥[40]的病例報(bào)道。確診主要依賴于病理診斷。
雖然以組織形態(tài)學(xué)為依據(jù),典型的鱗癌易于診斷,但針對(duì)低分化鱗癌尚需結(jié)合免疫組織化學(xué)染色,CK5/6、K903和p63染色是確認(rèn)惡性腫瘤鱗狀分化的優(yōu)良方法。目前,免疫組化染色用于鑒別鱗狀細(xì)胞癌原發(fā)位點(diǎn)的價(jià)值有限[41]。有報(bào)道稱直腸鱗癌和腺癌的CAM5.2染色模式有別于肛管鱗癌,可能有助于低位直腸鱗癌與肛管鱗癌的鑒別[34]。
目前廣泛認(rèn)可原發(fā)結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的診斷需滿足如下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[31]:(1)符合鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的病理特征且無腺樣分化;(2)除外其他組織或器官鱗狀細(xì)胞癌轉(zhuǎn)移或直接侵犯的可能,如原發(fā)宮頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌轉(zhuǎn)移;(3)除外肛管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌向上擴(kuò)展至下段直腸的可能;(4)腫瘤所在腸管無長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)存在的鱗狀細(xì)胞上皮襯里的瘺管。
結(jié)直腸癌的治療有2種方案:手術(shù)和放、化療。對(duì)于結(jié)腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,仍推薦以根治性手術(shù)為主,放、化療作為輔助治療手段。但對(duì)于原發(fā)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,近年一些個(gè)案報(bào)道和回顧性案例分析結(jié)果顯示,放、化療可獲得良好的腫瘤控制和疾病治愈結(jié)果[42-43],建議將放化療作為初始治療,手術(shù)作為化療反應(yīng)差或腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)的挽救性措施。直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌主要的化療用藥為5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)或絲裂霉素C(mitomycin-C),但目前尚無公認(rèn)的最佳放化療方案,有學(xué)者建議采用類似肛管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的治療方案[39]。
相對(duì)于腺癌,結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌通常分期更晚,預(yù)后更差[39]。1971年,Comer等[4]報(bào)道結(jié)腸腺棘癌和鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的5年生存率為30%,腺癌為50%。1988年,Michelassi等[32]報(bào)道原發(fā)結(jié)腸鱗癌和腺鱗癌分期為Dukes′B、Dukes′C、Dukes′D的術(shù)后5年生存率分別為50.0%、33.0%、0。2007年,Kang等[6]報(bào)道結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的5年生存率為48.9%,而腺癌為62.1%。
原發(fā)性結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌罕見,其病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制不明,證據(jù)支持炎癥性腸病、HPV感染及免疫抑制可能與其發(fā)生相關(guān)。診斷主要依靠病理檢驗(yàn),同時(shí)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格除外轉(zhuǎn)移性鱗癌、肛管鱗癌。針對(duì)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,尤其是低位直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,應(yīng)采用以放、化療為主的綜合治療措施。結(jié)直腸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌總體預(yù)后較腺癌差,5年生存率低于50.0%,需要對(duì)其發(fā)病機(jī)制及診治進(jìn)行更深入的研究。
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10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2016.07.028
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1009-5519(2016)07-1040-04
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(2015-11-23)