翁春艷 楊 艷 李曉波
(中南大學(xué)湘雅三醫(yī)院,湖南 長沙 410013)
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染料木素抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的研究進(jìn)展
翁春艷 楊 艷 李曉波
(中南大學(xué)湘雅三醫(yī)院,湖南 長沙 410013)
【摘要】染料木素(genistein)是一種化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與雌激素相似,主要從大豆、三葉草、染料木等豆科植物中提取出來的活性成分,被稱為植物雌激素,也是天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑。大量研究表明染料木素可通過抗炎、抗氧化、調(diào)節(jié)脂類代謝及血管保護(hù)等機(jī)制,預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本文將從染料木素在抗炎、抗氧化、降血脂及血管保護(hù)等方面的作用出發(fā),總結(jié)染料木素在防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的研究現(xiàn)狀,并展望染料木素在治療動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病方面的應(yīng)用前景。
【關(guān)鍵詞】genistein;動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;抗炎;抗氧化
染料木素(genistein)是一種化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與雌激素相似,主要從大豆、三葉草、染料木等豆科植物中提取出來的活性成分,被稱為植物雌激素,也是天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑。Genistein對腫瘤、心血管疾病、代謝綜合征、高血壓病、2型糖尿病、骨質(zhì)疏松、皮膚病等疾病的發(fā)生有一定的預(yù)防和治療作用。WHO-CARDIAC等大型臨床研究顯示[1],genistein可以抑制動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程,對心血管疾病的防治具有有利的影響。越來越多的研究表明,genistein可以通過調(diào)節(jié)脂類代謝、抗氧化、抗炎及血管保護(hù)等機(jī)制,從而發(fā)揮防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是一種慢性炎癥性疾病。大量的研究表明,genistein具有抗炎作用,可以通過調(diào)節(jié)炎癥通路,減輕炎性介質(zhì)的過度表達(dá)和炎性反應(yīng),對動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有潛在的防治作用。隨機(jī)對照臨床研究表明,genistein可下調(diào)絕經(jīng)后婦女TNF-α、IL-6等炎癥基因表達(dá)[2-3]。在動(dòng)物模型中,genistein可通過下調(diào)TNF-α、TGF-β1、CRP、NF-κB、MAPK等炎性介質(zhì)改善心肌及肝臟的炎性反應(yīng)[4-5]。Genistein還可以通過抑制內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的炎性反應(yīng)而保護(hù)內(nèi)皮。Genistein能夠下調(diào)TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、sE-Selectin,MCP-1和IL-8等趨化因子的表達(dá)[6-7],并且減少高糖誘導(dǎo)的人主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞MCP-1和IL-8的產(chǎn)生[8],抑制單核細(xì)胞對血管壁的黏附,控制炎性反應(yīng)的進(jìn)程。Genistein的這種抑制血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞炎性反應(yīng)是通過抑制NF-κB信號,激活Nrf2/HO-1、PI3K/AKT、PKA和ERK1/2信號通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的。其抗炎作用是不依賴于雌激素調(diào)節(jié)的信號作用機(jī)制,而是由PKA信號途徑調(diào)節(jié)。
細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧類(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的增加,產(chǎn)生血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙,是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化啟動(dòng)至關(guān)重要的一個(gè)步驟[9]。研究證明genistein的抗氧化活性有利于預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生。Genistein可以通過酪氨酸激酶途徑抑制ROS介導(dǎo)的LDL氧化修飾作用,降低ox-LDL水平,延緩血管平滑肌的慢性病理損傷和早期動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生[10-11]。Genistein亦能通過Nrf2 和PI3K通路減輕β淀粉肽誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),減少氧化谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)比例,減少ROS 水平,維持氧化還原平衡[12-13]。Genistein的這種抗氧化作用是通過Nrf2和PPAR-γ信號途徑,清除ROS,抑制黃嘌呤氧化酶,終止過氧化鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)而實(shí)現(xiàn)的[14]。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生、發(fā)展是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的病理過程,血液中低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein- cholesterol,LDL-C)和總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)含量的升高以及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)的下降是心血管疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。臨床研究表明,genistein可以降低LDL-C、TC、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)水平,提高HDL-C水平,通過調(diào)節(jié)脂代謝而發(fā)揮心血管保護(hù)作用[15-17]。健康絕經(jīng)后婦女服用genistein 6個(gè)月后,LDL-C、TC水平明顯下降,肱動(dòng)脈血管血流介導(dǎo)的舒張作用得到提高,同時(shí)更年期癥狀也得到改善[18]。絕經(jīng)后2型糖尿病婦女服用genistein 1 年后,動(dòng)脈硬度得到明顯改善[19]。Genistein對動(dòng)脈硬化的改善作用在脂質(zhì)代謝大鼠模型中亦得到驗(yàn)證[15,20]。Genistein可通過下調(diào)HMG-COA還原酶和LDL受體表達(dá)而降低LDL-C水平[21]。
內(nèi)皮已知是genistein的重要調(diào)節(jié)靶點(diǎn)。Genistein不但調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡和滲透性,還調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的功能,發(fā)揮對血管內(nèi)皮的保護(hù)作用。多項(xiàng)研究表明genistein可調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖,還可以抑制過氧化氫、同型半胱氨酸和TNF-α誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡[22-23]。Genistein作為天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,可以抑制VEGF誘導(dǎo)的血管通透性增加,還可以調(diào)節(jié)緩激肽和P物質(zhì)誘導(dǎo)的血管舒張,從而維持內(nèi)膜的完整性,降低內(nèi)皮的通透性,保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮[24-25]。薈萃分析顯示[26-27],包括genistein在內(nèi)的大豆異黃酮可顯著改善血管內(nèi)皮功能。隨機(jī)對照研究表明,genistein可通過上調(diào)NO水平和抑制ET-1表達(dá)而改善絕經(jīng)后婦女的血管內(nèi)皮功能。Genistein通過PKA途徑激活eNOS-cAMP信號通路而促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞NO釋放[10,28]。
Genistein 通過多種機(jī)制防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,還具有抗高血壓、抗2型糖尿病、抗心律失常等多重心血管保護(hù)作用,同時(shí)兼具廣譜抗癌作用,具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。目前防治動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的藥物主要是他汀類,而因其不良反應(yīng),部分患者出現(xiàn)不能耐受的情況,我們?nèi)孕栝_發(fā)新的保護(hù)血管、預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的藥物,且genistein具有多效性,來源方便,價(jià)格實(shí)惠,能夠使更多的患者獲益。
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中圖分類號:R543.5
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1671-8194(2016)07-0033-03
A dvance of Studyes on A nty-atherosclerosys Effect of G enysteyn
WENG Chun-yan, YANG Yan, LI Xiao-bo
(The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China)
[Abstract]Genistein is called phytoestrogens with a chemical structure similar to estrogen, which was mainly extracted by the leguminous plants such as soybeans, clover, and dye wood active ingredient. It is also a natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Numerous studied have demonstrated that genistein played anti-arteriosclerosis effect through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, regulation of lipids and vascular protection. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the anti-atherosclerosis mechanisms of genistein, which may be related to anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, regulation of lipids and vascular protection.
[Key words]Genistein; Anti-atherosclerosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidation