陳前偉 譚亮 尹怡 馮華
重視對重型顱腦損傷后沉默的30%的研究和治療
陳前偉 譚亮 尹怡 馮華
顱腦損傷大多數(shù)為輕型傷與中型傷。傷后過程,輕型傷無顱骨骨折者約有0.2%~0.7%的患者加重;有顱骨骨折者3.2%~10%病情轉(zhuǎn)惡化。中型傷有一部分腦挫裂傷患者,數(shù)日內(nèi)出現(xiàn)遲發(fā)性顱內(nèi)血腫。這兩類患者如有明顯癥狀,宜住院觀察治療避免發(fā)生意外。重型顱腦損傷約占顱腦傷的20%,死亡率很高,是救治的重點。顱腦創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡率下降了50個百分點,具有明顯的進(jìn)步。另外一個有意思的發(fā)現(xiàn)是1885~1930年,顱腦創(chuàng)傷死亡率以每10年3個百分點的速度下降,而在1930~1970年期間死亡率無明顯增減,1970~1990年出現(xiàn)了死亡率的迅速下降,達(dá)到了平均每10年9.2個百分點,而1990~2006年間顱腦創(chuàng)傷死亡率再次出現(xiàn)了平臺期,約占病例總數(shù)的30%??梢院苊黠@地看到腦外傷死亡率的兩次明顯下降之后又處在平臺期。分析了這種變化趨勢背后所采取的救治策略的價值,提出未來應(yīng)該重視對于救治這沉默的30%顱腦創(chuàng)傷死亡患者的研究和治療。
顱腦創(chuàng)傷;顱內(nèi)壓;線粒體;微透析
全球死亡人數(shù)統(tǒng)計結(jié)果顯示創(chuàng)傷是45歲以下中青年致死的首要因素,其中,創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷在該類人群中所占比例高達(dá)50%以上[1,2]。Stein等[3]對1885~2006年期間公開發(fā)表的顱腦創(chuàng)傷研究進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析,主要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是經(jīng)過這一百余年的理念和治療手段的革新,顱腦創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡率下降了50個百分點,具有明顯的進(jìn)步。另外一個有意思的發(fā)現(xiàn)是1885~1930年,顱腦創(chuàng)傷死亡率以每10年3個百分點的速度下降,而在1930~1970年期間死亡率無明顯增減,1970~1990年出現(xiàn)了死亡率的迅速下降,達(dá)到了平均每10年9.2個百分點,而1990~2006年間顱腦創(chuàng)傷死亡率再次出現(xiàn)了平臺期,約占病例總數(shù)的30%[3,4]??梢院苊黠@地看到腦外傷死亡率的兩次明顯下降之后又處在平臺期[5]。筆者分析了這種變化趨勢背后所采取的救治策略的價值,提出未來應(yīng)該重視對于救治這沉默的30%顱腦創(chuàng)傷死亡患者的研究和治療。
1970~1990年,CT和顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)監(jiān)測在該時期逐步進(jìn)入臨床應(yīng)用依據(jù)其結(jié)果制定的治療方式可能是死亡率顯著降低的重要原因[6]。CT掃描主要是為了早期發(fā)現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)血腫,早期進(jìn)行血腫清除,以緩解顱內(nèi)壓增高癥狀[7]。顱腦創(chuàng)傷顱內(nèi)壓管理的主要目的是改善腦灌注和腦血流,減少腦組織由高壓區(qū)向低壓區(qū)的位移。顱內(nèi)壓持續(xù)增高,腦灌注壓持續(xù)降低,超過了腦血管的代償極限,則腦血流量發(fā)生急劇下降,影響腦組織的代謝[8]。一項多中心、對照、平行組臨床試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),腦實質(zhì)ICP監(jiān)測和影像-臨床檢查所制定的治療方案對嚴(yán)重顱腦創(chuàng)傷患者的治療效果并無顯著差異[9]。但是,一項新近臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基于ICP的創(chuàng)傷后監(jiān)護(hù)可以有效地改善預(yù)后,但可能造成腦膜炎發(fā)病率的上升[10]。盡管顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測對顱腦創(chuàng)傷患者預(yù)后的影響尚存爭議[11-14],但筆者還是推薦在嚴(yán)格控制顱內(nèi)感染發(fā)生率的情況給予植入監(jiān)測,以實時獲取患者顱內(nèi)壓的變化情況,及時調(diào)整診療措施[15]。
缺血缺氧是顱腦創(chuàng)傷繼發(fā)性腦損傷的核心環(huán)節(jié)[4]。但顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測主要反映了腦灌注的改變,并未直接顯示腦組織微環(huán)境的氧供應(yīng)情況[15]。常用的腦氧監(jiān)測手段包括:腦組織氧分壓監(jiān)測和經(jīng)顱近紅外線頻譜法腦氧飽和度監(jiān)測兩種[16-17],前者為有創(chuàng)監(jiān)測,后者利用近紅外光譜對攜氧血紅蛋白的特征反射光所進(jìn)行的無創(chuàng)監(jiān)測,于第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西南醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科開展的觀察性臨床試驗表明經(jīng)顱近紅外腦血氧監(jiān)測能準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測腦組織局部氧飽和度,客觀地評價腦組織的氧合狀態(tài)。顱腦外傷患者病情復(fù)雜多變,需實時掌握病情并及時處理,生命體征監(jiān)測結(jié)果延遲不具連續(xù)性、神經(jīng)查體具有一定的主觀性,兩者結(jié)合有時仍不能做出準(zhǔn)確判斷。因此,實時多模態(tài)監(jiān)測神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)供氧情況在顱腦重癥患者救治過程中具有不可替代的作用[4]。
現(xiàn)應(yīng)用于顱腦創(chuàng)傷臨床治療的手段主要是從宏觀角度著手,如大骨瓣減壓、血腫清除等,以改善顱內(nèi)壓、腦灌注、腦血流和腦氧含量等為目的,但仍有30%患者的結(jié)局是死亡[4,18]。近年來研究的熱點轉(zhuǎn)向細(xì)胞、亞細(xì)胞和分子的微觀層面揭示了顱腦創(chuàng)傷的病理生理學(xué)過程,其中創(chuàng)傷所導(dǎo)致的三羧酸循環(huán)解偶聯(lián),線粒體氧利用出現(xiàn)障礙,丙酮酸(Py)無法正常有氧酵解產(chǎn)能,而無氧代謝生成乳酸(La)可能是氧供正常的環(huán)境下的30%患者預(yù)后不良的原因[19]。微透析作為一種化學(xué)采樣技術(shù),將半透膜置于特定腦區(qū),可測定腦部微環(huán)境中某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)的含量,包括葡萄糖、乳酸、丙酮酸、谷氨酸和甘油等[20]。根據(jù)瑞典Lund大學(xué)神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師所做的研究提出的 Lund定律[21],筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)對顱腦創(chuàng)傷患者進(jìn)行多模態(tài)監(jiān)護(hù)(包括顱內(nèi)壓,腦氧含量及微透析)可以鑒別導(dǎo)致患者不良預(yù)后的因素。如果患者發(fā)生局部腦缺血(低灌注),微透析結(jié)果會顯示La水平增高伴隨Py水平的下降,而氧供正常的條件下,腦細(xì)胞線粒體失能則會引起La水平增高的同時Py水平正常甚至上升[22,23]。鑒別診斷這兩個不同的病理生理過程對臨床醫(yī)生采取下一步治療措施有重要的指導(dǎo)作用。
顱腦創(chuàng)傷后線粒體功能障礙的一個重要機(jī)制是線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換(mitochondrial permeability transition,mPT),其后果是膜電位的丟失、線粒體腫脹,并最終導(dǎo)致外膜破裂[24]。mPT是由線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)化孔(mPT Pore,mPTP)介導(dǎo)的,而近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),免疫抑制劑環(huán)孢菌素A可以阻止mPTP的開放,有效地穩(wěn)定線粒體膜,阻止了線粒體腫脹,維持線粒體的結(jié)構(gòu)完整性及其能量代謝狀態(tài)[25]。第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西南醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科開展的環(huán)孢菌素A治療腦外傷的臨床前研究結(jié)果顯示,實驗性腦外傷后早期使用環(huán)孢菌素A進(jìn)行治療可以有效地減少動物死亡率,減輕神經(jīng)功能缺損及繼發(fā)性腦水腫。同時,腦苷肌肽注射液作為復(fù)合型神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)藥物,主要組分為多種神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂、小分子多肽、游離氨基酸及核酸等,其成分可以透過血腦屏障,作為線粒體修復(fù)和再生的重要原料。筆者通過隨機(jī)雙盲對照的臨床前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高劑量腦苷肌肽的長期治療可以減少腦外傷動物死亡率,學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力缺損及腦形態(tài)學(xué)的破壞,同時促進(jìn)遠(yuǎn)期損傷灶周圍神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的再生。環(huán)孢菌素A和腦苷肌肽作為有效的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞線粒體保護(hù)藥物,可能對顱腦創(chuàng)傷后線粒體失能所導(dǎo)致預(yù)后不良的患者有良好的治療效果,而仍需要大規(guī)模。多中心、前瞻性的臨床試驗對其對腦外傷療效進(jìn)行驗證。
近20年以來,筆者對顱腦創(chuàng)傷的認(rèn)識逐漸從宏觀走向了微觀有了更多的細(xì)胞和分子機(jī)制層面的理解。但是從近150年的顱腦創(chuàng)傷救治歷史來看,這種認(rèn)識和理解的深入并沒有得到理想的結(jié)果,顱腦創(chuàng)傷的死亡率仍然較高。筆者認(rèn)為,單一藥物、單一手段、單一靶點的治療方式對于改善顱腦創(chuàng)傷,尤其是重型顱腦創(chuàng)傷患者的預(yù)后可能并不現(xiàn)實。從宏觀層面來看,CT檢查和顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測使臨床醫(yī)生擺脫了“盲人摸象”的困境,使顱腦創(chuàng)傷的救治水平得以明顯提升。但還需要建立包括腦氧含量、微透析等手段在內(nèi)的多模態(tài)監(jiān)測體系,以從微觀層面更加清楚腦組織神經(jīng)生化、神經(jīng)電生理、神經(jīng)病理以及神經(jīng)免疫的狀態(tài),從而指導(dǎo)對顱腦創(chuàng)傷的臨床治療。
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Pay attention to the 30% silent after severe traumatic brain injury
Chen Qianwei,Tan Liang, Yin Yi,Feng Hua.Department of Neurosurgery,Southwest Hospital,Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038,China
Feng Hua,Email:fenghua8888@yeah.net
Most of the head injuries were light and medium-sized injuries.After injury,about 0.2% to 0.7% of the light injury without skull fracture patients will be aggravated;3.2%~10% of the patients with skull fracture will be worse.One part of the middle injury patients were brain contusion, and the symptoms of delayed intracranial hematoma occurred several days later.If these two categories of patients with obvious symptoms,then it should be hospitalized for treatment to avoid accidents.If these two categories of patients with obvious symptoms,then it should be hospitalized for treatment to avoid accidents.Severe brain injury accounts for about 20% of the brain injury,the mortality rate is very high, so it is the focus of our treatment.The death rate of patients with traumatic brain injury has been reduced by 50 percentage points,which has made remarkable progress.Another interesting discovery is that,during 1885 to 1930,the mortality of craniocerebral trauma at a rate of 3 percent for every 10 years of decline;and in 1930~1970 years mortality did not increase or decrease obviously;from 1970 to 1990, mortality decreased rapidly to average every 10 years 9.2 percentage points;and in 1990 to 2006,the platform of craniocerebral trauma mortality appears again,accounting for about 30% of the total cases. We can clearly see that there is a plateau in the mortality of brain injury after the two significant decline.After analyzing this trend,we should pay more attention to the research and treatment of 30% patients with brain trauma.
Traumatic brain injury;Intracranial pressure;Mitochondrion;Microdialysis
2016-01-23)
(本文編輯:張麗)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9141.2016.04.013
國家重點基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計劃(973計劃,2014CB541606)
400038重慶,第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西南醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,全軍神經(jīng)外科研究所,全軍神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷防治重點實驗室,重慶市腦科學(xué)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心
馮華,Email:fenghua8888@yeah.net
陳前偉,譚亮,尹怡,等.重視對重型顱腦損傷后沉默的30%的研究和治療[J/CD].中華神經(jīng)創(chuàng)傷外科電子雜志,2016,2 (4):245-247.