機(jī)械化：美國館

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：比貝爾建筑師事務(wù)所

Architects: Biber Architects

機(jī)械化：美國館

Mechanization: USA Pavilion

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：比貝爾建筑師事務(wù)所

Architects: Biber Architects

1-3 外景/Exterior views

在2015年10月的米蘭世博會(huì)上，美國館以“美國食物2.0：聯(lián)合供養(yǎng)地球”的主題呈現(xiàn)。場(chǎng)館由來自紐約、屢獲殊榮的比貝爾建筑師事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)，是一個(gè)開放、通風(fēng)、如同谷倉一般的構(gòu)造物，其中嵌入了各種生態(tài)元素——包括一個(gè)能收獲的垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)，以及寬闊的木棧道和長列的餐車等極具美國特色的構(gòu)件。

與近來的博覽會(huì)中多見的封閉箱體式建筑不同，2015世博會(huì)的美國館是開放、透明、平易近人的，并且在其中各處都體現(xiàn)了美國文化。建筑既是承載內(nèi)部展覽內(nèi)容的平臺(tái)，自身也成為了展覽的一部分。按比貝爾建筑事務(wù)所的創(chuàng)始人和主席詹姆斯·比貝爾所說，“場(chǎng)館自身就是各種理念的展示架，體現(xiàn)了我們對(duì)于博覽會(huì)展館和美國在食物產(chǎn)業(yè)地位的反思?！?/p>

在展館的一側(cè)，游客們將看到隱喻美國國旗的、由穿孔鋁板組成的紅、白、藍(lán)三色的立面。而在主要人行出入口的一端，像飛機(jī)庫門一樣大小的入口大門敞開著，呈現(xiàn)出另一具有美國特色、且與食物相關(guān)的意向——木棧道。此處使用了科尼島木棧道的廢木料，從首層一直延續(xù)到二層，形成引導(dǎo)自主參觀的主路線，另一處展覽空間則藏在其下方。頂層的屋頂露臺(tái)有可調(diào)節(jié)的玻璃遮陽板上蓋，可以供喜歡天臺(tái)的意大利人在夜間舉辦聚會(huì)，同時(shí)也可以用于招待貴賓和外交官。

而場(chǎng)館最主要的建筑特征是有一個(gè)足球場(chǎng)大小、覆蓋了建筑一側(cè)立面的機(jī)械化的垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)。為了用一個(gè)放倒的農(nóng)場(chǎng)在垂直立面上進(jìn)行教育性的展示，建筑師選用了由美國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的新興公司Bright Agrotech發(fā)明的ZipGrow種植塔技術(shù)，組成共650m2的水培植栽立面。立面由回收的汽水瓶做成的4個(gè)模塊組成，里面種植了包括綠色蔬菜、水果類蔬菜、谷物和香草在內(nèi)的42種作物。這些作物被種在土壤槽中，并配有滴灌系統(tǒng)，在展覽會(huì)期間每兩周收獲一次。□（司馬蕾 譯）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architect: Biber Architects

景觀設(shè)計(jì)/Landscape Architect: dlandstudio

建筑設(shè)計(jì)合作/Local Architectural Partner: Genius Loci Architettura結(jié)構(gòu)工程師/Structural Engineer: SCE Projects

ZipGrow 塔系統(tǒng)/ZipGrow Tower System: Bright Agrotech

總承包/General Contractor: Nussli Italia

機(jī)械構(gòu)件/Motor Components: Lanaro, Italian steel fabricator電力承包/Electrical Contractor: Milani

控制系統(tǒng)/Control Systems: General Electric

景觀及灌溉承包/Landscape and Irrigation Contractor: Peverelli栽培和溫室/Cultivation and Greenhouses: Floricoltura Pironi植物種子/Plant Seeds: Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds

工程/Engineering: ESA Engineering

照明設(shè)計(jì)/Lighting Design: Tillotson Design Associates

平面設(shè)計(jì)/Graphic Design: Pentagram

完工時(shí)間/Completed: 2015.05

攝影/Photos: Saverio Lombardi Vallauri

The United States presents "American Food 2.0: United to Feed the Planet" at Expo Milano, from May through October 2015. Designed by the New York-based, award-winning firm, Biber Architects, the pavilion features an open, airy, barn-inspired structure with ecological elements including a harvestable vertical farm and uniquely American features such as an expansive boardwalk and a series of food trucks.

Designed in response to the closed box architecture of recent Expos, the 2015 USA Pavilion is characterized by openness, transparency and accessibility with myriad references to American culture. It is as much a platform for the content embodied in its exhibitions, as it is an exhibit in its own right. According to James Biber, founder and principal of Biber Architects, "The pavilion itself is a scaffolding for ideas, a rethinking of the nature of the Expo pavilion and of America as a force in the food world."

On one side of the pavilion, visitors are greeted by a subtle reference to Old Glory with a perforated aluminum fa?ade of red, white and blue. On the main pedestrian approach, the pavilion opens its airplane hangar-sized door to another distinctly American, food-related image: the boardwalk. Made of salvaged lumber from the Coney Island boardwalk, the walkway rises from the ground level to the second floor, serving as the main forum for self-guided viewing and concealing a defined exhibition space below. On the top floor, a rooftop terrace featuring dimmable glass shade panels will host nightly parties for the rooftop-craving Italian crowds while also catering to VIPs and diplomats.

The main architectural feature is a motorized vertical farm – the length of a football field – flanking one side of the pavilion. Conceived as a farm field tipped vertically to act as a didactic display, the architects chose ZipGrow Towers, developed by American agricultural technology start-up Bright Agrotech, to outfit the 7,000-square-foot hydroponic facade. Using 4' modules made of recycled soda bottles, 42 varieties of crops including green vegetables, fruiting vegetables, grains and herbs will be sustained in soil plugs and a drip irrigation system and harvested every two weeks during the Exposition.□

4-6 外景/Exterior views

7 草圖/Sketch

8 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

9 二層平面/Floor 1 plan

10 三層平面/Floor 2 plan

11 四層平面/Floor 3 plan

12 五層平面/Floor 4 plan

13 內(nèi)景/Interior view

WA：美國館的設(shè)計(jì)是如何呼應(yīng)米蘭世博會(huì)“滋養(yǎng)地球”這一主題的？

詹姆斯·比貝爾：2015米蘭世博會(huì)的美國館展示了美國在未來食物供應(yīng)中的特殊地位，并承載了對(duì)在2050年前供養(yǎng)90億人口這一挑戰(zhàn)的全球性討論。“美國食物2.0：聯(lián)合供養(yǎng)地球”通過不同的主題描繪了關(guān)于創(chuàng)新、多元化和創(chuàng)業(yè)的美國食物的故事，這些主題包括了食物安全與政策、國際關(guān)系、科技發(fā)展、營養(yǎng)與健康、飲食文化等等。

在一棟建筑中表現(xiàn)一個(gè)國家是個(gè)艱巨的任務(wù)。為了呼應(yīng)我們國家的特色和世博會(huì)的主題，我們的美國館設(shè)計(jì)集合了創(chuàng)意、標(biāo)志性的形象、華麗的裝飾和豐富的信息，構(gòu)成寓意了農(nóng)業(yè)建筑和農(nóng)場(chǎng)機(jī)械的動(dòng)態(tài)建筑。谷倉原本就象征著社區(qū)與交流，在這里則成為了人們討論未來的論壇和展示創(chuàng)意的展臺(tái)。

WA：場(chǎng)館項(xiàng)目中最具創(chuàng)造性和吸引力的構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)是什么？

比貝爾：垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)構(gòu)成的立面是美國館的三大建筑特色之一。這是由dlandstudio設(shè)計(jì)的一種農(nóng)作物景觀，覆蓋了展館最長的一個(gè)公共立面。我們力圖創(chuàng)造出鮮活、能呼吸、高透氣的立面，并最終實(shí)現(xiàn)了這一系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)由83塊電動(dòng)格柵組成，每塊板高4m，寬1.3m，上面裝著18個(gè)1m高的混合水培ZipGrowTM植物塔模塊，種植了共42種不同的可食用的美國蔬菜品種。這10,000多株植物以幾乎恒定的速度向著太陽方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，波浪形的運(yùn)動(dòng)讓人聯(lián)想起風(fēng)吹過麥田的景象或是魚鰓的樣子。

垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)立面讓建筑能呈現(xiàn)開放和通透的姿態(tài)，也為內(nèi)部空間創(chuàng)造了一層柔軟的綠色遮陽層。農(nóng)場(chǎng)也是場(chǎng)館的主要展品之一，展示了美國研發(fā)的水培系統(tǒng)、美國的作物和保有的植物的多樣性，以及一個(gè)豐茂的蔬菜農(nóng)場(chǎng)中的光影甚至氣味，而這些又一起構(gòu)成建筑的外殼。被吸引而來的蝴蝶、蜜蜂甚至螳螂也豐富了場(chǎng)館的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。這層外墻讓空氣在此冷卻、凈化、祛味，覆蓋的植物則過濾了光線、使之形成斑紋，色彩和體積不停改變的植物也讓墻體呈現(xiàn)不斷變化的風(fēng)貌。農(nóng)場(chǎng)不停地運(yùn)作著，灌溉、移動(dòng)和展示作物的場(chǎng)景也成為了500萬場(chǎng)館參觀者和更多經(jīng)過建筑立面的人眼中的奇觀。

WA：場(chǎng)館的建造過程中最為困難的部分是什么？

比貝爾：美國館是世博會(huì)的國家館中唯一由民間企業(yè)而不是它代表的國家資助的場(chǎng)館。因此場(chǎng)館建設(shè)中最大的挑戰(zhàn)是在很短的規(guī)定時(shí)間中集齊所需資源、資金和各項(xiàng)支持，并按照有限的經(jīng)費(fèi)打造具有深度的、優(yōu)秀的建筑體驗(yàn)，并保證整個(gè)場(chǎng)館可以在世博會(huì)結(jié)束后具有二次生命——能被再利用、再組裝和回收再用?！酰ㄋ抉R蕾 譯）

14 內(nèi)景/Interior view

15 屋頂露臺(tái)/Roof terrace

WA：How does your pavilion design respond to the theme of Expo - Feeding the Planet?

James Biber (JB): The USA Pavilion for Expo Milano 2015 showcases America's unique role in the future of food and hosts a global conversation about the challenge of feeding more than 9 billion people by 2050. "American Food 2.0: United to Feed the Planet," tells America's food story – one of innovation, diversity and entrepreneurship –through topics including food security and policy, international relations, science and technology, nutrition and health, and culinary culture.

Defining an entire nation in a single building is a daunting task. In response to the identity of our nation and to the theme of the Expo, our USA Pavilion design is an amalgam of innovation, iconic imagery, pageant and information, composed as a kinetic construction referencing agricultural buildings and farm machinery. The barn, an icon for community and conversation, is intended to be a forum for discussion about the future, and a scaffold for ideas.

WA：What is the most creative and attractive tectonic design in your pavilion project?

JB: One of the three main architectonic features of the USA Pavilion, the Vertical Farm facade, with a landscape of crops designed by dlandstudio, lines the longest public facade of the pavilion. We strove for a living, breathing and highly porous facade and invented the system now in place. Composed of 83 motorized louvers, each 4 meters high by 1.3 meter wide, the panels are populated with 18, 1-metertall hybrid-hydroponic ZipGrowTMtower modules growing 42 varieties of edible American vegetables.These 10,000 plants are in nearly constant motion pivoting toward the sun in wave motion reminiscent of the wind across a field of wheat, or gills.

The Vertical Farm facade allows the building to remain open and transparent, while creating a soft green shading device for the interior. It acts as one of the pavilion's main exhibits, showcasing an American-invented hydroponic system, the diversity of American crops and heirloom seeds, and the light, shadows and even smells of a lush vegetable farm; all while providing enclosure. The appearance of butterflies, bees and even a Praying Mantis has added an entire ecosystem to the pavilion. The air is cooler, cleaner and smells better, the light is dappled and filtered through a screen of plants, and the constantly changing colors and volumes of the plants makes the wall ever-changing. Running full time, irrigating, moving and displaying the crops it has been a spectacle for the more than 5,000,000 visitors to the pavilion and millions more who pass by the facade.

WA：What was the most difficult part for you in the building process of this pavilion?

JB: The USA pavilion is the only National Pavilion at Expo which is funded by private corporations and not by the government which it represents. The greatest challenge to construct this pavilion is gathering the resources, funding, and support within the short allotted time, and to create a thoughtful and outstanding experience on a budget, while still ensuring the entire pavilion could be reused, re-assembled and recycled for a second life after the Expo. □

16 外景/Exterior view

評(píng)論

侯正華：美國館延續(xù)了他們?cè)谑啦?huì)上的一貫套路，由國家授權(quán)、企業(yè)贊助組成參展主體，這種把企業(yè)的故事以國家的身份講出來的做法，也算是美國特色。美國館的建筑師需要完成的就是這樣的命題作文。這次，他們把建筑語言重點(diǎn)放在了立體農(nóng)場(chǎng)上（由Bright Agrotech公司提供）。然而不幸的是，由于米蘭世博會(huì)高密度的街區(qū)式規(guī)劃，所有人流都集中在有遮陽蓬的東西向主干道上。這面650m2的立體農(nóng)場(chǎng)立面，被藏在了建筑側(cè)面狹窄的小巷里，很難被行人注意到。相反，倒是那片巨大的波普味道的美國國旗餐盤的圖案，簡(jiǎn)單粗暴地吸引了眼球。從建筑師的角度來說，這也許是一次建筑設(shè)計(jì)與城市規(guī)劃的失敗對(duì)話。然而最終它所傳遞的文化氣質(zhì)，倒是非常美國。

陳浩如：比貝爾建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的美國館是一個(gè)功能性的技術(shù)集合體，意在此發(fā)起并主持解決未來食物短缺的全球性話題，并表達(dá)了對(duì)食品相關(guān)政策和國際關(guān)系的關(guān)注。簡(jiǎn)單搭建的鋼構(gòu)建筑物形成某種類似過渡性結(jié)構(gòu)的空間，并出現(xiàn)多層次變化的流線。設(shè)計(jì)師將技術(shù)集中體現(xiàn)在墻面設(shè)計(jì)上，并用垂直栽培模式表達(dá)對(duì)待未來糧食栽培的態(tài)度。

Comments

HOU Zhenghua: The USA Pavilion has a consistent pattern at the World Expo: its exhibition body is authorized by the state and sponsored by enterprises, telling enterprise stories through a state identity, exhibiting a kind of US characteristics. Architects of the Pavilion are required to accomplish such a proposition. At this time, they lay the focus of architectural language on the three-dimensional farm (provided by Bright Agrotech). However, unfortunately, due to the high-density block-style planning at the Expo Milano, the population flow concentrates on the decumanus with sunshade. The facade of this 7,000-square-foot three-dimensional farm is concealed in a narrow alley, which would easily skip notice by passengers. While it might be a failed dialogue between architectural design and urban planning from the perspective of architects, the cultural ethos it delivers is nevertheless very American.

CHEN Haoru: The US Pavilion designed by Biber Architects is a collection of functional technology which intended to initiate the future topic of global food shortage, and expressed the concerns of the relevant policy and international relations. The steel building form a transitional structure, the focus is centered on embodied all the technology used in the wall design, and treated which with a vertical grain cultivation patterns to express the attitude of the future food cultivation.