李儼 孔令玲
安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤放療科,合肥230022
放射治療在中晚期宮頸癌的治療中占有極其重要的地位,但傳統(tǒng)全盆腔照射野內(nèi)常包括膀胱、直腸、小腸、骨盆等正常組織,易導(dǎo)致各種并發(fā)癥,使患者的生活質(zhì)量下降,甚至出現(xiàn)嚴重的危及生命的并發(fā)癥[1]。已有多項研究表明,近年來應(yīng)用于臨床的IMRT,無論是在靶區(qū)適形度還是在正常組織的保護中均較常規(guī)放療有明顯的優(yōu)勢[2-5]。但由于內(nèi)部器官運動和腫瘤體積變化,及定位、擺位的誤差,IMRT的應(yīng)用仍是一個需要積極研究的領(lǐng)域[6-9]。目前的研究多集中在IMRT的優(yōu)勢、技術(shù)優(yōu)化,以及IMRT與腔內(nèi)照射的結(jié)合等方面,本文總結(jié)近年來IMRT在宮頸癌中的研究進展。
IMRT已經(jīng)成為某些疾病的標準治療手段,如頭頸部腫瘤和前列腺癌,其在治療宮頸癌方面的價值也逐漸被得到公認。
1.1..11術(shù)后輔助放療和術(shù)前新輔助放療 IMRT在宮頸癌術(shù)后輔助放療方面有很大的優(yōu)勢。Chen等[10]納入54例有高危因素的早期宮頸癌患者,所有的患者術(shù)后均接受了輔助IMRT和順鉑同步化療,結(jié)果提示療效較為確切,患者的3年總生存率和無疾病進展生存率分別為98%和78%。另有一項對術(shù)后有中、高危因素的宮頸癌患者進行輔助IMRT和同步化療的研究結(jié)果顯示,患者的3年OS和DFS分別為94%和91%[11]。亦有類似的研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,術(shù)后接受IMRT患者的4年無疾病進展生存率和總生存率分別為80%和81%[12]。這些結(jié)果均提示,使用IMRT的患者術(shù)后療效明顯優(yōu)于不使用IMRT的患者。
宮頸癌患者術(shù)前并不進行常規(guī)放療,但Simeovona等[13]研究了1例由于重度血小板減少無法進行同步放化療亦無法進行手術(shù)的宮頸癌患者,并為該患者設(shè)定了一個最大限度的保護骨髓的IMRT計劃,給予放射劑量達45 Gy后3天重新開始外照射治療,并將劑量追加至50.4 Gy,復(fù)查患者血常規(guī)顯示血小板計數(shù)仍減少,但維持在穩(wěn)定水平。放療4周后,MRI顯示腫瘤體積縮小30%。給予新鮮冰凍血漿輸注后進行子宮切除術(shù),治療后6個月內(nèi)未出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)或晚期毒性反應(yīng)。表明術(shù)前輔助IMRT可為部分難治性患者帶來手術(shù)機會,IMRT可在不增加正常組織毒性的前提下提高腫瘤的照射劑量,潛在提高宮頸癌患者的總體治療效果。
1.1..22根治性放療 IMRT在根治性放療中的作用還在研究中,其中多數(shù)研究屬于回顧性分析。Kidd等[3]進行了一項大樣本前瞻性研究,納入135例接受IMRT和腔內(nèi)治療的宮頸癌患者,結(jié)果顯示在22個月的中位隨訪時間內(nèi),患者的總生存率和無疾病進展生存率分別為93%和67%,接受IMRT和腔內(nèi)治療的患者生存率較使用三維適形放療的患者有所提高。另外,Gao等[14]比較了94例接受IMRT和124例接受常規(guī)放療的晚期宮頸癌患者,結(jié)果顯示IMRT可以降低不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,改善患者的生活質(zhì)量,但對5年生存率并無明顯提高。隨著IMRT在宮頸癌根治性放療中的進一步應(yīng)用,將會有更多關(guān)于IMRT在安全性、降低不良反應(yīng)和療效方面的研究開展起來,PET/CT和MRI圖像融合等新技術(shù)在靶區(qū)和危及器官(organ at risk,OAR)劃定中的應(yīng)用研究將有望獲得更好的臨床療效[15-16]。
自IMRT應(yīng)用于宮頸癌的治療開始,已有多項研究表明無論是在根治性放療還是在術(shù)后輔助放療中,IMRT均有助于減少消化系統(tǒng)、血液系統(tǒng)毒性及晚期胃腸道和泌尿系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥[2,4,17-21];Gandhi等[22]納入22例接受全盆腔常規(guī)放療和22例接受全盆腔IMRT的晚期局部宮頸癌患者,結(jié)果表明接受IMRT的患者較接受常規(guī)放療的患者急、慢性胃腸道毒性的發(fā)生率減少。Hui等[23]的研究認為IMRT可降低高劑量區(qū)的骨髓受照體積,降低急性血液系統(tǒng)毒性的發(fā)生率和嚴重程度。
另一方面,比較宮頸癌IMRT和常規(guī)放療后骨盆骨折、股骨頭壞死、骨髓炎等骨盆并發(fā)癥方面的大樣本研究結(jié)果提示,接受IMRT的患者骨盆并發(fā)癥較低[24]。但是此類研究大多數(shù)為回顧性研究,得出的結(jié)論較為有限,近期一項全國多中心研究比較了宮頸癌患者接受三維適形放射治療(3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy,3DCRT)和IMRT同步放化療后的血液學(xué)毒性。目前為止的研究結(jié)果表明IMRT較3DCRT減少了骨髓受照體積,但是并沒有觀察到這兩種技術(shù)在急慢性血液學(xué)毒性方面的差異,仍需要進一步的研究來證實這些結(jié)果[25]。臨床上各種并發(fā)癥的改善得益于對OAR的劑量限制,這就要求學(xué)者們在實際IMRT計劃過程中注意根據(jù)每例患者的情況具體考慮,抓住主要矛盾來權(quán)衡對危及器官的保護并保證靶區(qū)覆蓋率。
對于腹主動脈旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的晚期宮頸癌患者,初治采用盆腔延伸野普通放療時需用低劑量保護雙腎和脊髓,因而影響了姑息治療的療效,所以有必要采用盆腔延伸野調(diào)強放療(extendedfield IMRT,EF-IMRT)提高靶區(qū)照射劑量,同時保護正常組織及減少相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[26]。Vargo等[27]報道了并發(fā)盆腔或腹主動脈旁淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的宮頸癌患者61例,采用常規(guī)分割照射。臨床靶區(qū)(clinical target volume,CTV)劑量為 45 Gy,轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)同步加量至55 Gy,結(jié)果77%的患者臨床及影像學(xué)檢查療效評估佳,隨訪期內(nèi)僅3例患者出現(xiàn)區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)。表明EF-IMRT可有效根治轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)病灶,降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率,并將晚期并發(fā)癥控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)。Zhang等[28]近期進行了一項回顧性研究,納入45例接受EF-IMRT和同步順鉑化療的ⅠB2~ⅢB期宮頸癌患者,該研究對患者的急性和晚期毒性反應(yīng)進行評分,結(jié)果表明順鉑化療聯(lián)合EF-IMRT較為安全,出現(xiàn)的急性和晚期毒性反應(yīng)可以接受,同時有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示EFIMRT可能保護卵巢移位年輕患者的內(nèi)分泌功能。另有多項研究顯示出EF-IMRT應(yīng)用在淋巴結(jié)陽性宮頸癌患者的劑量學(xué)、腫瘤局部控制率、總生存率和不良反應(yīng)等方面的優(yōu)勢[29-31]。
目前,公認IMRT在降低后期毒性和增加靶區(qū)劑量上優(yōu)勢明顯,但鑒于調(diào)強放射治療計劃靶區(qū)(planning target volume,PTV)周圍陡峭的劑量梯度,在治療過程中微小的器官內(nèi)部運動,可能導(dǎo)致靶區(qū)劑量損失和危及器官進入不必要的高劑量區(qū)。目前面臨的重要問題之一是:考慮器官運動的程度和模式,以及在實施IMRT前研究潛在的影像引導(dǎo)放療的解決方案。另外,治療過程中腫瘤明顯縮小可能導(dǎo)致腫瘤照射劑量不足或正常組織的劑量過高。Jadon等[32]檢索了多個數(shù)據(jù)庫的相關(guān)文獻并進行了分析,結(jié)果表明在宮頸癌放療靶區(qū)中子宮運動大于宮頸,且不同患者的器官運動模式有顯著差異,靶區(qū)的位移從5~40 mm不等,常規(guī)的CTV到PTV的外放可能過大而使PTV內(nèi)包含不必要的OAR。針對這一問題,可能的解決方案包括:在不同的方向上采取不同的外放距離,個體化的PTV外放和自適應(yīng)圖像引導(dǎo)放射治療技術(shù)也被建議用來確保靶區(qū)覆蓋率的同時提高OAR的保護。一項在劑量學(xué)方面的研究表明,每天自適應(yīng)修正(margin-of-the-day,MoD)的調(diào)強放療計劃比使用臨床常規(guī)推薦的靶區(qū)外放提供了更高的治療準確性。首先在治療前進行多次CT掃描,形成由不同外放距離組成的個性化IMRT計劃庫,在線自適應(yīng)計劃即在分次放療時從中選擇最適合的MoD計劃,劑量學(xué)分析顯示該法在不影響對直腸、膀胱和小腸保護的前提下,在靶區(qū)覆蓋率上呈現(xiàn)出顯著的優(yōu)勢[33]。Oh等[34]的研究認為MRI軟組織圖像引導(dǎo)的離線自適應(yīng)放療明顯改善了靶區(qū)覆蓋率,雖然這些方法目前被證明有效,但在應(yīng)用到臨床之前仍需大量研究論證。
另外,宮頸癌IMRT仍然存在其他潛在的缺陷,如,IMRT對靶區(qū)劃定的準確性更高,這就需要更加精確的定位和擺位。因此,要提高技術(shù)人員的操作水平,盡可能減少定位和擺位誤差。
IMRT出現(xiàn)后,有些學(xué)者提出使用同步加量技術(shù)(simultaneous integrated boost,SIB)瞄準腫瘤,以期得到更強的腫瘤殺傷作用,甚至用來替代近距離放射治療。然而,在整個治療過程中器官生理運動和腫瘤的迅速消退可能會大大減少這種方法的優(yōu)勢。Herrera等[35]進行了一項使用SIB治療10例宮頸癌患者的回顧性研究,結(jié)果表明在器官運動和腫瘤消退的影響下,治療期間同步加量的臨床靶區(qū)出現(xiàn)了較大的偏差,2例患者接受的實際照射劑量<95%處方劑量,同時觀察到OAR接受到更高劑量的現(xiàn)象。多元回歸分析表明,同步加量的CTV劑量減少和OAR劑量的增加之間有顯著的相互作用。由此可見,不能忽視同步加量的CTV在同步放化療期間會發(fā)生退縮和運動位移,導(dǎo)致實際接受的治療劑量低于預(yù)期值,OAR有不可預(yù)測的變化并接受到更高的劑量,盲目使用不做頻繁調(diào)整的同步加量技術(shù)治療計劃使宮頸癌患者承受了不可預(yù)測的風(fēng)險,因此,宮頸癌腫瘤原發(fā)灶的治療仍需以腔內(nèi)照射為主。
2007年Malhotra報道了IMRT可以模擬出腔內(nèi)后裝梨形高劑量區(qū)分布,從此開始了IMRT在后程加量中的相關(guān)研究。近年來,一些研究認為這兩種技術(shù)可以相媲美。Mazeron等[36]認為需謹慎看待這些結(jié)果,不應(yīng)掩蓋在近距離放射治療上使用三維成像和優(yōu)化的最新進展。Assenholt等[37]比較了腔內(nèi)治療、腔內(nèi)+IMRT和單純IMRT在后程推量中的劑量分布情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)單純IMRT組60 Gy劑量的照射體積明顯高于其他組,由此認為可以根據(jù)個體的腫瘤形狀及位置選擇腔內(nèi)后裝+組織間插植技術(shù)或腔內(nèi)后裝+IMRT進行推量治療,但不推薦單獨使用IMRT進行后程推量治療。另一項比較宮頸癌術(shù)后不同盆腔放療方法的研究得出相似的結(jié)論,在全盆腔放療后給予高劑量后裝治療和IMRT兩種方法的劑量分布,結(jié)果表明在靶區(qū)覆蓋率相當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下,腔內(nèi)治療的OAR劑量明顯更低[38]??梢娫趯m頸癌的加量技術(shù)中調(diào)強的治療效果遜于后裝治療。
近期Tharavichitkul等[39]進行了一項圖像引導(dǎo)近距離放射治療(image-guided brachytherapy,IGBT)聯(lián)合盆腔IMRT治療局部晚期宮頸癌的前瞻性研究,先給予15例患者WP-IMRT,CTV的處方劑量為45 Gy,高風(fēng)險臨床靶區(qū)(high-risk clinical target volume,HR-CTV)給予計算機斷層掃描引導(dǎo)的IGBT,分4次完成,每次靶區(qū)劑量為7 Gy。結(jié)果在14個月的中位隨訪時間里,患者的局部控制率、無轉(zhuǎn)移生存率和總生存率分別為93%、100%和93%。沒有觀察到3~4級急性和晚期毒性反應(yīng)。表明IMRT聯(lián)合IGBT可以改善腫瘤靶區(qū)的劑量分布及避免危及器官受過量照射,有良好的局部控制和較低的毒性反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。
目前IMRT已廣泛應(yīng)用于宮頸癌的治療,高精度立體定向IMRT技術(shù)及自適應(yīng)調(diào)強放射治療,三維優(yōu)化圖像引導(dǎo)的近距離放射治療等的綜合應(yīng)用在宮頸癌的治療中表現(xiàn)出獨特的優(yōu)勢[40-42],但是仍存在較多問題需要解決。相信隨著放射治療計劃實施過程的多方優(yōu)化及更多的研究成果發(fā)表,IMRT治療宮頸癌將有更為廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
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