楊春燕++張文++付薇++王小利++鐘理++吳佳海
摘要 DNA鏈斷裂在細(xì)胞中持續(xù)發(fā)生,可導(dǎo)致染色體重排和基因組不穩(wěn)定或細(xì)胞死亡。最常見的是DNA單鏈斷裂,單個(gè)細(xì)胞每天可成千上萬次發(fā)生,會(huì)阻礙RNA/DNA 聚合酶的反應(yīng),干擾基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和基因組復(fù)制。如果DNA單鏈斷裂沒有得到及時(shí)修復(fù),在基因組復(fù)制過程中會(huì)演變轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镈NA雙鏈斷裂,從而激活一系列的DNA損傷反應(yīng)。在DNA的損傷修復(fù)途徑中,ADP核糖基化行使了非常重要的功能,本文將詳細(xì)闡述ADP核糖基化參與的具體DNA損傷修復(fù)途徑。
關(guān)鍵詞 ADP核糖基化;DNA損傷;修復(fù)
中圖分類號(hào) P361.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1007-5739(2015)18-0273-02
ADP-ribosylation Signaling During DNA Damage Repair
YANG Chun-yan ZHANG Wen FU Wei WANG Xiao-li * ZHONG Li WU Jia-hai
(Guizhou Institute of Prataculture,Guiyang Guizhou 550006)
Abstract DNA damage occurs continuously,and lead to chromosome rearrangements,genome instability and cell death. The commonest DNA damage is DNA single-strand breaks,which occurs tens-of-thousands each day,which can block the progression of RNA/DNA polymerases and disrupt gene transcription and genome duplication. If not rapidly repaired,SSBs can be converted into DNA double-strand breaks(DSBs)during genome duplication,eliciting a complex series of DNA damage responses. Protein ADP-ribosylation played a key role in DNA single-and double-strand break repair pathways. This paper reviewed the exactly pathways that ADP-ribosylation signaling during DNA damage repair.
Key words ADP-ribosylation;DNA damage;repair
ADP核糖基化指的是煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸中的ADP核糖基部分與某些蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸殘基發(fā)生共價(jià)連接反應(yīng),從而影響蛋白質(zhì)的功能。ADP核糖基化由ADP核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ADPRTS)來完成,動(dòng)物細(xì)胞有一個(gè)很大的ADP核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶基因家族,在這個(gè)基因家族中,有的具有多聚ADP核糖基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)移活性(poly ADP ribosylation),對底物進(jìn)行多聚ADP核糖基化修飾;有的具有單一ADP核糖基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)移活性(momo-ADP ribosylation),對底物進(jìn)行單個(gè)ADP核糖基化修飾[1-3]。在DNA損傷過程中,可檢測的多聚ADP核糖基化,多聚轉(zhuǎn)移酶PARP-1占據(jù)了80%~90%。PARP-1也可以進(jìn)行自身ADP核糖基化修飾,在較小程度上,也可以對其他DNA修復(fù)蛋白和組蛋白進(jìn)行短暫的ADP核糖基化修飾?,F(xiàn)將ADP參與的具體DNA損傷修復(fù)途徑介紹如下。
1 ADP核糖基化與DNA單鏈斷裂修復(fù)(SSBR)
1.1 ADP核糖基化與DNA單鏈斷裂(SSBs)
DNA單鏈斷裂是一種最常見的DNA損傷,與可遺傳的神經(jīng)變性疾病密切相關(guān)[4],SSBs可由糖氧化損傷直接產(chǎn)生,也可由DNA堿基切除修復(fù)(BER)或DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶1(TOP1)失活間接產(chǎn)生。到目前為止,PARP-1在ADPRT家族中是唯一被證明參與SSBs修復(fù)過程的[5]。PARP-1是一種核定位蛋白,在遺傳穩(wěn)定性、細(xì)胞抗電離輻射和烷基化損傷等方面發(fā)揮著重要功能[6-9]。PARP-1除了與其參與的DNA損傷修復(fù)過程一致的表型外,還有一些其他的表型,因?yàn)镻ARP-1還具有通過調(diào)整染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的功能[10-11]。
PARP-1通過2個(gè)鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合DNA斷裂鏈,結(jié)合后,其活性將被迅速激活到500倍以上。這種結(jié)合是一個(gè)非常短暫的過程,因?yàn)槠渥訟DP核糖基化會(huì)導(dǎo)致其從DNA鏈上脫離下來。多聚ADP核糖基團(tuán)在幾分鐘內(nèi)會(huì)被多聚ADP核糖水解酶降解。PARP-1與DNA斷裂鏈的脫離有利于其他DNA修復(fù)蛋白與斷裂鏈的結(jié)合。
1.2 ADP核糖基化與DNA單鏈斷裂修復(fù)(SSBR)
ADP核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶的合成促進(jìn)DNA單鏈斷裂修復(fù),比如脫氧核糖分解導(dǎo)致的DNA單鏈氧化斷裂。由于這些斷裂在核基因組上隨機(jī)發(fā)生,需要這樣的一個(gè)感受因子去發(fā)現(xiàn)并修復(fù)這些斷裂。PARP-1促進(jìn)SSBR的途徑之一是通過促進(jìn)XRCC1的積累來發(fā)揮功能。XRCC1可與其他的SSBR酶復(fù)合體組分直接互作,可促進(jìn)SSBR酶復(fù)合體的形成并維持其穩(wěn)定性。XRCC1有一個(gè)BRC保守結(jié)構(gòu)域,可與核糖基化的PARP結(jié)合,因此PARP通過自ADP核糖基化來促進(jìn)XRCC1和其他互作的蛋白因子在DNA斷裂鏈的積累,從而完成修復(fù)過程[12]。
除了XRCC1的積累之外,染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)控也是PARP-1促進(jìn)SSBR的途徑。PARP-1可通過組蛋白ADP核糖基化,組蛋白分子伴侶、染色質(zhì)重塑因子的積累來調(diào)整染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),通過調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄來促進(jìn)SSBR過程[13-15]。endprint
2 ADP核糖基化與DNA 復(fù)制過程中的DNA損傷修復(fù)
大量證據(jù)PARP-1參與了全基因組SSBs的修復(fù)。未修復(fù)的SSBs在細(xì)胞分裂S期,會(huì)導(dǎo)致復(fù)制叉的解體,從而演變成DNA雙鏈斷裂(DSBs),這需要通過同源重組(HR)的方式來進(jìn)行修復(fù),大量證據(jù)表明PARP-1在該過程發(fā)揮了重要功能。在外施喜樹堿(CPT)誘導(dǎo)SSBs或TOP1失活劑的情況下,PARP-1可阻止脊椎動(dòng)物復(fù)制叉的解體。此外,在復(fù)制叉已經(jīng)解體的情況下,PARP-1可引導(dǎo)對SSBs演變成的DSBs進(jìn)行HR修復(fù)而不是不利于基因穩(wěn)定遺傳的NHEJ(非同源重組黏性末端結(jié)合)修復(fù)。在DT40細(xì)胞中,PART-1突變體對CPT高度敏感,這種表型可在抑制KU80和Lig4基因(參與NHEJ的相關(guān)基因)的情況下得以回復(fù)。同樣,在外施PARP抑制劑的情況下,HR途徑會(huì)受到抑制,這種抑制在NHEJ相關(guān)基因突變的情況下得到恢復(fù)[16]。
3 ADP核糖基化與非同源重組黏性末端結(jié)合(NHEJ)
在NHEJ途徑中,主要依賴于NHEJ關(guān)鍵因子Ku、DNA-PKcs和Lig4,該途徑又被稱為傳統(tǒng)的NHEJ(C-NHEJ)途徑;除此之外,還存在另外一種A-NHEJ途徑,雖然它不是最主要的NHEJ,但其在染色體重排和基因組穩(wěn)定性方面同樣發(fā)揮著重要功能[17-19]。
3.1 ADP核糖基化與C-NHEJ
多個(gè)證據(jù)表明,ADP核糖基化參與了NHEJ途徑,比如:PARP-1可以結(jié)合DSBs,并被激活;PARP-1可與Ku、DNA-PKcs直接互作;PARP-1可以招募染色體重塑酶SMARCA5/SNF2H。但在PARP-1突變體試驗(yàn)中,并沒有太多的證據(jù)表明PARP-1促進(jìn)了C-NHEJ途徑,也許PARP-1參與的是A- NHEJ途徑[20]。盡管PARP-1在C-NHEJ途徑中的功能未知,但在C-NHEJ過程中確實(shí)存在蛋白ADP核糖基化修飾。在參與C-NHEJ的很多蛋白,包括Ku70都存在結(jié)合單一或多聚ADP核糖基團(tuán)的結(jié)構(gòu)域。最近報(bào)道的APLF帶有結(jié)合多聚ADP核糖基團(tuán)的PBZ結(jié)構(gòu)域。APLF雖然不為NHEJ所必需,但可促進(jìn)這一進(jìn)程[21-26]。奇怪的是,APLF參與C-NHEJ途徑依賴的并不是PARP-1,而是PARP-3。PARP-3與PARP-1有諸多不同,比如它為DSBs所激活的程度不如PARP-1高。此外,它對靶蛋白多進(jìn)行單一ADP核糖基修飾,而非PARP-1行使的多聚修飾方式[27-28]。
3.2 ADP核糖基化與A-NHEJ
相對于C-NHEJ途徑而言,PARP-1確切地參與了A-NHEJ過程[29-31]。A-NHEJ是一種不依賴于Ku和DNA-PKcs的途徑,主要包括2種方式:一種是根據(jù)DNA微同源序列利用DNA連接酶3(DNA Lig3)進(jìn)行修復(fù);另一種不依賴于DNA微同源序列利用DNA連接酶1(DNA Lig1)進(jìn)行修復(fù)[32-33]。A-NHEJ可在細(xì)胞中輕易檢測到,在細(xì)胞不同周期、不同發(fā)育期動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)生,尤其在G2時(shí)期達(dá)到最高值[34-36]。A-NHEJ解釋了包括DSBs誘導(dǎo)的染色體易位、基因重排和端粒融合等多種現(xiàn)象[37-41]。PARP-1在A-NHEJ過程中,可能行使了招募DNA連接酶3進(jìn)行DNA連接的功能,具體還有待研究。
4 展望
盡管在ADP核糖基化對DNA損傷修復(fù)的調(diào)控方面取得了大量的研究成果,但是在評價(jià)PARP在DNA修復(fù)中的功能時(shí),PARP抑制劑的使用對試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性造成了一定的影響,因?yàn)樗谠囼?yàn)過程中將會(huì)導(dǎo)致額外的DNA損傷,這種損傷不能等價(jià)于在PARP缺失時(shí)造成的DNA損傷。同時(shí),在DNA損傷以后,多聚ADP核糖基化的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在仍然未知。隨著質(zhì)譜技術(shù)的發(fā)展,將為檢測和分析多聚ADP核糖基化修飾的靶蛋白提供了強(qiáng)有力的工具,為揭示DNA損傷修復(fù)的奧秘提供更多的科學(xué)依據(jù)。這些研究將有助于人們了解基因突變和進(jìn)化的機(jī)制。
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