Path to Support Development of Production and Operation of Big Grain Production Households — Based on Investigation of Heilongjiang Province

Yang Xiu-li， Wang Yu-qing， Ji He-wen， Yin Bao-hua， and Tan Hong-yu

1College of Humanities and Law， Northeast Agricultural University， Harbin 150030， China

2College of Resources and Environment， Northeast Agricultural University， Harbin 150030， China

3College of Economics and Management， Northeast Agricultural University， Harbin 150030， China

Path to Support Development of Production and Operation of Big Grain Production Households — Based on Investigation of Heilongjiang Province

Yang Xiu-li1， Wang Yu-qing2， Ji He-wen3， Yin Bao-hua2， and Tan Hong-yu2

1College of Humanities and Law， Northeast Agricultural University， Harbin 150030， China

2College of Resources and Environment， Northeast Agricultural University， Harbin 150030， China

3College of Economics and Management， Northeast Agricultural University， Harbin 150030， China

Developing production and operation in scales in the major grain producing areas is the direction of the paper. Seizing the opportunity of modern agriculture comprehensive reform in two plains （Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain） of Heilongjiang Province and supporting to build a new type of production and management based on the big grain production householding， which plays demonstration and leading roles， have an important strategic position in improving agricultural comprehensive production capacity and ensuring national food security. In this paper， based on the survey data about the big grain production households production operations and analyses of the obstacles in expansion of production in Heilongjiang Province， specific suggestions in supporting the development of the big grain production household were put forward， such as， increasing agricultural production socialized level；perfecting the service system of land transferring； improving financial policies and farmer-friendly policy measures and perfecting the agriculture socialized service system.

big grain production household， development of production and operation， path， investigation

Introduction

Heilongjiang Province contributed a lot in China's grain increasing output in the past 11 consecutive years. In 2014， the gross of grain output in Heilongjiang Province reached 124.84 billion kilograms，which equaled one tenth of the country's total grain production. The big grain production household as a new business entity has an irreplaceable role in promoting the construction of modern agriculture. In this paper， 210 big grain production households of 27 cities and counties in Heilongjiang Province were chosen to be surveyed and there were 202 valid questionnaires. The contents of the survey included the basic information of labors； the status of productions and operations； the status of socialized services； and the willingness of productions and operations. The paper processed and analyzed the data， and built a production and operation theoretical framework to support the big grain production household of Heilongjiang Province.

At present， there is no uniform concept about the big grain production household. Financial Department of Heilongjiang Province on the "Qualifications and Management Practices of the Big Grain ProductionHousehold in Heilongjiang Province" provided that "Management farmers' （farm workers） cultivated land in a county administrative reached the required standard in Heilongjiang Province （Over 66.7 hm2and a single contiguous block of 33.3 hm2of the cultivated land； those have the audition， confirmation and management records of three levels including the village， township （town）， county （city） and the provincial state-owned farms）. In 2014， there were 2 458 big grain production household and 1.003 million hm2of cultivated land； and there were 1 424 planting cooperatives and 0.76 million hm2of cultivated land in Heilongjiang Province， which played an important role in ensuring national food security.

Development Status of Big Grain Production Household in Heilongjiang Province

Basic features of big grain production households

Males are far more than females in the big grain production households. Male labor forces account for 94.8%， while female labor forces account for 5.2% in the big grain production households.

It is mostly middle-aged in the big grain production household and the structure of labors is reasonable. The main labor force ages are from 41 to 50 years old in the big grain production household， which accounts for 51%， followed by 26.3% from 31 to 40 years old；over 50 years old accounts for 20.1%； 21 to 30 years old only accounts for 2.6%.

There is a higher level of education in the big grain production household. According to the survey， the educational level of the most heads of household in the big grain production household in Heilongjiang Province was high school， which was higher than that of the ordinary farmers （Zhou et al.， 2010）. The sixth census data in Heilongjiang Province in 2010 showed the education level of the total labor force in Heilongjiang rural areas. High school and secondary vocational school accounted for 8.7%； junior college and higher education accounted only for 1.3%； middle school accounted for 65.9%； and elementary school and lower education accounted for 24.1%. There were 202 households in the sample. The number of high school or secondary vocational school of the heads of the households in the big grain production household in the sample was 119， which accounted for 58.7%；the number of junior college and higher education of the heads of the household in the big grain production household in the sample was 22， which accounted for 11%； the number of middle school of the heads of the households in the big grain production household in the sample was 49， which accounted for 24.3%； and the number of elementary school and lower education of the heads of the households in the big grain production household in the sample was 12， which accounted for 6%， and it was significantly higher than that of the ordinary farm households.

The big grain production households had the higher cultural quality and were much easier to learn and accept new agricultural techniques and technologies，and they were more conductive to promote agricultural mechanization and modernization than those of the ordinary farmer households. The households had agricultural technical titles in the big grain production household， among which the agricultural technician accounted for 12.9%， agricultural experts accounted for 3.6% and the senior agricultural experts accounted for 1.0%.

Status of production and management of big grain production household

Over half of the big grain production household had sidelines. Survey data showed that there were 105 surveyed households engaged in farming and also other industries， which accounted for 51.9% of the surveyed households. There were 46 households engaged in farming and animal husbandry industry，which accounted for 22.8% of the surveyed big grain production household； there were 19 households taking grain purchasing and storing as sidelines， which accounted for 9.4%； and the third was the constructionindustry with 14 households， which accounted for 6.9%； and the fourth was retail goods industry， and there were 12 households， which accounted for 5.9%. Grain revenues in the proportion of the total households income accounted relatively high. The proportion of more than 70% was 85.6%； 50% to 70% was 9.3%； 30% to 50% was 4.6%； and 30% or less was 0.5% （Zhou，2010）.

The average household cultivated land was 29.3 hm2，and the largest area was 67.9 hm2in the surveyed 202 big grain production household. So far， the most important cultivated land source for the big grain production household to produce grain in Heilongjiang Province was contract and lease. There was 744.1 hm2cultivated land that was from their own land， which accounted for 8%； 65% of the cultivated land was from contracting others' land； there was 1 849.3 hm2cultivated land that was from auction， which accounted for 20%； there was 397.5 hm2cultivated land that was from the contracting arable land， which accounted for 4.3%； and there was 253 hm2cultivated land that was from other ways， which accounted for 2.7%. It showed that most cultivated lands of the big grain production household were subcontracted from many farmer households. The length of contract generally included four kinds: one year's contract； 2-3 years' contract； 4-5 years' contract and more than 6 years' contract. The survey found that there was 2 548.3 hm2cultivated land that was a one-year short-term contract to rent others' cultivated land， which accounted for 27.49%； there was 1 995.7 hm2cultivated land that was a 6 years' contract， which accounted for 21.53%；there was 706.1 hm2cultivated land that was a 2-3 year's contract， which accounted for 7.62%； and there was 774.6 hm2cultivated land that was a 4-5 years' contract， which accounted for 8.36%. The subcontract rent was different due to the different qualities of the cultivated land.

The big grain production households' land was relatively concentrated and contiguous， and they had reached scale operation. The land was more concentrated and the larger scale and it would be much easier to use mechanized operations and scale operations. That could also reduce the cost of cultivation and increase production. The average of less 6.67 hm2land in sample households was nine blocks， and there were 15 blocks at most. While the average of more than 66.7 hm2land was 1.8 blocks，and mostly between one and two blocks. The bigger of the scale was more conducive to the integration of the contiguous land. The large-scale operation of the contiguous land brought better the economic benefits，which was the main reason for the formation of the big grain production households.

The level of the upland mechanization was higher than paddy field. The grain production of the big grain production household was based on the agricultural science and technology and mechanical work， and their comprehensive mechanization was relatively high， which continuously strengthened the farmland fundamental construction and promoted technological progress. The upland mechanization level was always higher than paddy field in different stages of the grain production （Liu， 2012）. Table 1 showed that， first， the upland mechanization level was higher than paddy field in farm， plant， field management stage， and the proportion of work by men was lower than that of paddy field， while the upland was slightly lower than paddy filed in the harvest stage； second， the proportion of completely relying on their own agricultural machinery in each production stage of the upland was higher than paddy field； third， the proportion of work by men of both the upland and paddy field in the field management stage was the highest， in other word， this part was the lowest level of mechanization； fourth， the proportion of completely relying on the employment of agricultural machinery in the harvest stage both the upland and paddy field was the highest in all the stages of grain production.

Status of socialized service cooperation

The main channel for loans is Rural Credit Cooperatives. The survey showed that 78.4% of the surveyed big grain production households' main channel forloans was Rural Credit Cooperatives， and 33.5% of them took it as the main channel； 62.9% of the big grain production households borrowed money from relatives， and 50% of them took it as the main channel；51.6% of the big grain production households chose to borrow money from friends.

Table 1 Big different stages of grain production farming machinery usage composition （%）

The big grain production household was highly satisfied with credit institutions and the service of agricultural sectors. To the service provided by credit institutions， 5.2% of the surveyed big grain production household was very satisfied； 33% of them was satisfied； 40.2% of them was general. The proportion of unsatisfactory and very dissatisfied household was 13.9% and 7.7%， respectively， which meant the rate of dissatisfaction was 21.6%. To the technical guidance service provided by the agricultural sectors， 9.3% of the surveyed big grain production households was very satisfied； 45.4% of them was satisfied； 36.6% of them was general. The proportion of unsatisfactory and the very dissatisfied households was 4.6% and 4.1%，respectively， which meant the rate of dissatisfaction was 8.7%. There was 65% of surveyed big grain production household willing to accept the agricultural technical service that needed paying.

The main channel of grain sell of the big grain production household was social grain purchase. With the open up of the grain market， private grain purchase walking from village to village gradually became the main channel for farmers to sell grains， and it had become the main force in the grain distribution market in Heilongjiang Province. For the main channel of grain sell， the survey showed that 55.7% of the surveyed big grain production household chose social grain business； 19.6% of them chose to sell grains to the market by themselves； 11.3% of them chose to sell to who directly purchased for food and feed business；8.8% of them chose cooperative or village collective unified contact sales channels， or independent farmers' selling； only 4.6% of them chose the purchase of the state-owned grain purchase and storage enterprise （Liu，2014）.

Status of willingness of big grain production household

The big grain production household was highly satisfied with local government supporting. There was 6.7% of the surveyed big grain production households very satisfied with the efforts that local governments supported for the big grain production households；26.3% of them were relatively satisfied； 48.5% of them were general； the proportion of dissatisfied and very dissatisfied households were 14.4% and 4.1%，respectively， which meant the rate of dissatisfaction was 18.5%. Compared with last year， 10.3% of thesurveyed big grain production household hold that the local governments had significantly increased the efforts to support the big grain production household this year； 26.8% of them hold that it was a slight increase； 62.4% of them hold that there was no change and almost no one holds that it decreased. There were 7.7% of the surveyed big grain production household very satisfied with guidance and regulation of the government in the use and transfer of the farmland；46.4% of them were satisfied； 37.1% of them was general； the proportion of the unsatisfactory and very satisfied households were 5.7% and 3.1%， respectively，which meant the rate of dissatisfaction was 8.8%.

The big grain production household had the strong willingness to expand the production scale. Compared with 2010， 25.3% of the surveyed big grain production households' the grain income in 2011 much increased；52.1% of them increased slightly； 13.4% of them did not change； 7.7% of them slipped down slightly； 1.5% of them decreased a lot. It showed that nearly 80% of the big grain production households' income that came from grain in 2011 was more than 2010. The growth of the income stimulated the initiative of the big grain production household to expand the production scale. According to the survey， the average cultivated land of the surveyed big grain production household in 2012 was 47.8 hm2， which was 12.6% higher than last year. 22.2% of the surveyed big grain production households' cultivated land in 2012 increased a lot than 2011； 20.6% of them increased slightly， which meant the total increase was 42.8%； 47.7% of them had no change； 6.7% of them had a small decrease；and 3.1% of them decreased a lot.

The big grain production households had high initiative participation in the specialized cooperative organizations. There was 87.6% of the surveyed big grain production household willing to participate in the specialized cooperative organizations of the grain production； and 87.1% of them was willing to participate in the specialized cooperative organizations of the grain sales. Regarding who would be the best to recognize the specialized cooperative organizations of the grain production， there were different opi-nions. 38.7% of the surveyed big grain production household hold that the big grain production house-hold were the most appropriate； 18% of them hold that it should be the village collective； 12.9% of them hold that it should be the agricultural sector of the township；11.3% of them hold that it should be the food processing enterprises； and 10.9% of them hold that it should be the economic management department of the township.

The big grain production household was willing to carry out agricultural means of production， sales and technical cooperation most. As for the willingness to carry out which kind of cooperation， 55.2% of the surveyed big grain production household chose to purchase agricultural means of production， and 46.9% of them took it as the first choice； 52.1% of them was willing to carry out sales cooperation； 50% of them was willing to carry out technical cooperation；33.5% of them was willing to carry out exchange of information； 29.4% of them was willing to carry out capital cooperation； 25.3% of them chose the harvest cooperation； and 19.1% of them chose the farming cooperative.

The big grain production household was desired for the service of prevention and treatment of the pest control and the service of the harvest most. For the most desirable operation service， 85.1% of the surveyed big grain production household hold that it was prevention and treatment of the pest， and 47.4% of them took it as the first choice； 40.7% of them hold that it was the harvest service； 23.7% of them hold that it was drying service； 22.7% of them hold that it was seedling services； and 22.2% of them hold that it was the cultivated land service.

Major Obstacles for Big Grain Production Household to Expand Production Scale in Heilongjiang Province

In recent years， the big grain production household ofHeilongjiang Province has developed rapidly， but they are also facing some problems and barriers， which impede their healthy development and growth.

Fast increase in grain grow cost and shortage of fund for production

For the main obstacle to impede the expansion of production scale， 58.8% of the surveyed big grain production household hold that it was the fast increase in grain grow. The cost of grain growth increased annually， so it increased production risk and makes benefits expectation instability. First， the land rent continues to increase. The transfer price of the land contract and management rights had significantly increased， and there was the trend of rise. The rent of the per hectare of paddy field was about 9 000 Yuan in 2012， which increased more than 2 000 Yuan than one year's ago； the rent of per hectare of the corn cultivated land was about 6 000 Yuan annually， which increased more than 1 000 Yuan than one year ago. Second， the investment cost increased rapidly. The material cost of the agricultural production of the per hectare rice，corn， soybeans in 2011 Heilongjiang Province was 34 Yuan， 18.8 Yuan， 11.4 Yuan， respectively， which increased 74.1%， 60.5% and 22.6%， respectively than those of 2007. Third， the labor cost increased dramatically. According to the survey result， the wages of the short-term workers during the busy time of the some countrysides in 2011 was from 100 to 150 Yuan a day， which increased nearly 50% than the same period one year ago. Fourth， mechanical operation charges increased considerably. According to the survey of the price of the agricultural means of production， the overall price level of the mechanical operation expenses in 2011 increased by 16.3% compared with 2010. The level of the agricultural production mechanization further improved， but the mechanical operation cost also grew fast （Zhou and Li， 2005）.

Large-scale agricultural production was a capitalintensive industry， which required a lot of capital investments. According to the survey result， 81.4% of the surveyed big grain production household was often faced with the shortage of money on production and operation； 53.6% of them hold that the shortage of money was the major obstacle to the expansion of the grain production scale. For the main channels of loans， only 33.5% of the surveyed big grain production households' first choice was to loan money from Rural Credit Cooperatives； 1.6% of them chose to loan money from the commercial banks； 23.7% of the surveyed big grain production households showed it was a bit difficult to apply for loans from banks or Rural Credit Cooperatives and 20.6% of them showed it was very difficult to do that. Difficulty in getting loans was one of the most common problems for grain farmers， so the big grain production households had to rely on borrowing money （Jia and Hu， 2014）.

Farmland infrastructural construction lagging behind

Good infrastructure of agricultural production conditions could ensure the healthy and sustainable development of agricultural production. According to the survey result， 45.4% of the surveyed big grain production households hold that bad infrastructure of the farmland was the major obstacle to the expansion of the grain production scale. Most of agricultural infrastructure projects in Heilongjiang Province were built in the sixties and seventies of the last century. Their service life was short and they usually had bad relative engineering conditions and low construction standards. That has seriously hampered the improvement of grain production efficiency （Chen and Luo，2012）. Compared with the highest level in history， the attenuation rate of the channel irrigation efficiency was more than 48%； the total water storage capacity of all kinds of water storage projects decreased by 36%； there were more than 20 million hectares' effective irrigation decrease annually due to the water conservancy facilities' damage and scrap. According to the survey result， for water conservancy facilities of the farmland they manage， there was 40.21% of the surveyed big grain production household hold that it was general； 26.8% of them hold that it was bad； and10.8% of them hold that it was very bad. The status of the big grain production household' contract land was relatively poor， and it could not be improved only by themselves， meanwhile， the big grain production household was unwilling to improve it， because of the short contract period and instability.

Difficulty in contract and transfer of land

Currently， the big grain production household' contract land is generally short term， and it is the major obstacle to expand the scale of the grain production. 53.6% of the surveyed big grain production household wanted to expand the scale of growing， but there was no land and 48.5% of them think it was the main reason. Rural land itself had a special function of production and livelihood security， so there were a considerable part of farmer households having a negative attitude on land transfer， and they would not transfer it. Especially after 2004， farmers' land awareness increased due to the gradual implementation of preferential agricultural policies and the increase of grain efficiency， and they all had caused difficulties in land transfer and contract for a long-term. More than six-year long-term contract accounted for only 21.53% in the area of the big grain production household' contract land， and most of them were short-term contract and unstable， which most of them were less than 5 years that accounted for 43.47%. These cause difficulties for the big grain production household to have long-term plans and made them lack the enthusiasm for the long-term investment but not for short-term obviously.

Relative lacking of agricultural socialization service

Agricultural socialization service is inadequate. According to the survey result， only 25.8% of the surveyed big grain production households participated in the relative associations and cooperation service organizations. Compared with ordinary farmers' households， the big grain production household' operation scale had greatly expanded， but for the competition in the market， due to the low level of organization and socialization service degree， the big grain production households as a single family were not only anxious about the stabilization of the contract land and busy with preparation before growing， but also needed to concentrate on the field cultivation and daily management during the grain production process， and they were more worried about transportations and sales after the grain production，which made them need to be self-reliant generalist. They managed very hard， but they were inefficient，and always in a passive position in docking with market. The inadequate development of the grain specialized cooperatives and the absence of the social intermediary service organizations severely constrained the big grain production households from using their expertises， new technologies， new varieties and new equipment and made them lacking of the market bargaining power and be in a weak position in the competition. The survey showed that the big grain production households had shown the demand for the grain specialized cooperatives， agricultural machinery specialized cooperatives and other professional organizations and it was a strong desire （Wang and Hu， 2010）. According to the survey result， 87.6% of the surveyed big grain production households were willing to participate in the grain production specialized cooperatives organizations； and 87.1% of them were willing to participate in the grain sales cooperative organizations.

Suggestions to Support Development of Production and Operation of Big Grain Production Household

Heilongjiang Province is the major grain production area. To support the expansion of the big grain production household' production scale is an important strategy in the protection of the national food security， and it is also the priority job in the Heilongjiang Province's countryside now and in the future. Therefore， it needs to pay close attention to strive to create a good environment of the scaleproduction， and to guide and support the healthy development of the big grain production household.

Establish a standardized and effective agricultural land transfer system

First， it needs to stabilize the rural land contract and management rights. It needs to step up the efforts of the publicity and guidance to enhance farmers' understand to the relevant regulations and policies， and to guide the farmers to transfer lands according to the law， pay voluntarily and orderly， and to strengthen the stability of the land contract and management rights，so that farmers can transfer the land with assurance. At the same time， it needs to improve the rural lands' ownership， registration， certification to lay the foundation for the implementation of farmers' rights and interests. Meanwhile， it needs to provide farmers with a solid and thoughtful service to transfer lands based on the implement of the farmers' land contract rights. Second， it needs to coordinate the relationship between land contract rights and the moderate scale operation. The big grain production household of Heilongjiang Province should follow the law， voluntarily and principles， and make production mechanization， cultivation intensification and grain production and make it tend to the large-scale. It needs to make the cultivated land centralize for the new grain production organization， grain grow experts， and the big grain production household and to accelerate the cultivated land transfer. The government should make laws and regulations that related with the land transfer， and resolve the disputes that happened in the process of the land transfer to make the land transfer go into the legal system. Third， it needs to establish the land transfer market and land transfer service center， which provides land transfer information，policy consult and mediation dispute for both transfer parties， and to establish the file management system of the land transfer. It needs to establish the land transfer service organizations and platforms to provide policy and law consulting services for farmers， to carry out formalities， notary and other services and to implement the rights of both parties （Liu and Yao，1999）.

lmprove control mechanisms of grain production costs

First， it needs to strengthen the monitor and regulation of the production's prices of agricultural means. For the current increase price situation of the agricultural means of production， it needs to pay close attention to the dynamic production's market prices of agricultural means and to avoid the excessive use to increase the agricultural production costs. Second， it needs to implement the favorable policies of the production factories of agricultural means. Vigorously developing the modern grain logistics and implementing the favorable policies on taxes and transportation of the production factories of agricultural means to reduce farmers' expenditure on grain after harvest. Third，it needs to increase the subsidies to the big grain production households. Heilongjiang Province is currently promoting the "grain project of thousands of tons". Mobilizing farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain and increasing farmers' income is the ultimate expression of the policies effectiveness. Heilongjiang Province should increase the subsidies to grain farmer households and take the increase of farmers' proportion of the grain subsidies as the main directions of the financial expenditure.

Establish a sound agricultural finance system It needs to improve the agricultural financial service system， and investment level in the farmers of grain production in Heilongjiang Province. First， it needs to reform Rural Credit Cooperatives and associated rural banks to solve the farmers' difficulty in lacking of funds and loans problems. It needs to take the big grain production household as the focus of credit and to arrange a certain amount of agricultural credit funds to ease the seasonal and temporary agricultural production fund that the big grain production household need. Second， it needs to extend the loan period for the big grain production household topurchase large or medium-sized farm machinery， and to incline to the farm infrastructure construction， the improvement of the process facilities and warehousing（Li and Yin， 2008）. Third， it needs to establish the support funds for the big grain production household. It needs to establish the specialized funds to support the big grain production household， meanwhile，to encourage and guide the big grain production household to establish mutual funds agency， and to reasonably guide the social idle capital to join to increase the channels of the private finance.

Strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction

First， it needs to strengthen the farmland construction and take the water conservancy as the priority. The Government should strengthen the comprehensive management of the trunk road drains， and make the road， field， water， ditch and forest comprehensive transformation. The government should also put the contracted farmland of the big grain production household to into the comprehensive agricultural development， and promote the soil testing of fertilized technology， and emphase on the canal water renovation project to completely improve the rural infrastructure construction level. Second， it needs to encourage the big grain production household to establish small irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure projects. It needs to establish a reasonable investment management system with multichannel to increase investment and a diversified investment mechanism of the combination of government， society and farmers.

lmprove agricultural socialized service system

First， it needs to organize the big grain production household to establish the specialized cooperative organizations or associations， and make it a production and management's community of interests， and a place for organizing training， credit， sales and other activities， and to resist the risk of production and management together. Agricultural technology sector needs to provide technology， material， information and the services and guidance of before production，production and after production for them to make their development onto a good circle track. Second， it needs to establish the agricultural promotion service system，and establish the science and technology supporting mechanisms for the big grain production household to make them have the capacities to expand production scale. It also needs to enhance the ability of promoting agricultural technology and launch the agricultural science and technology service. Third， it needs to enhance the socialization level of the agricultural production and improve the related services. Fourth， it needs to strengthen the construction of the agricultural market system. The states should take measures to further strengthen the seed market management， and implement the seed franchise that produced， managed and market managed by the agricultural administrative departments at all the levels. It needs to encourage and guide to realize order cooperation between the food processing enterprises and the big grain production households.

The modern agriculture comprehensive pilot reform in two plains （Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain） of Heilongjiang Province further releases the agricultural development potential， and brings a good opportunity to accelerate development for Heilongjiang Province. Heilongjiang Province will continue to promote the agriculture policy for supporting and benefiting the farmers， and actively to promote the modern agriculture construction， which will set off a new round of wave in the development of grain production and the big grain production household will also have a great and rare development opportunity.

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S1 Document code： A Article lD： 1006-8104（2015）-04-0083-10

Received 21 July 2015

Supported by the Stage Achievement of Social Science Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province and the Application of Technology Research （12C053）；the Development Project in Heilongjiang Province （2013R0242）

Yang Xiu-li （1973-）， female， Ph. D， associate professor， engaged in the research of public policy， the theory and practice of social security and the research of the theory of administrative management. E-mail: yangxiuli73@126.com