陳 穎,柏自松,2,朱 彥,張 鵬
·綜述·
細(xì)胞膜色譜技術(shù)及其在中藥活性成分篩選和安全性評價(jià)中的應(yīng)用*
陳穎1,柏自松1,2,朱彥1,張鵬1
(1.天津中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),天津市現(xiàn)代中藥重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300193;2.天津國際生物醫(yī)藥聯(lián)合研究院,天津 300457)
細(xì)胞膜色譜法是一種可在體外模仿藥物與靶點(diǎn)相互作用的生物色譜方法,目前已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于活性成分的篩選中。通過概述細(xì)胞膜色譜技術(shù)的發(fā)展過程,詳細(xì)總結(jié)了細(xì)胞膜色譜法用于中藥活性成分篩選及安全性評價(jià)過程中所針對的疾病、靶點(diǎn)及涉及的細(xì)胞類型、中藥和化學(xué)成分類型,并探討其在應(yīng)用過程中的局限性。
細(xì)胞膜色譜;中藥;活性篩選;安全性評價(jià)
細(xì)胞膜色譜法(CMC)是一種將液相色譜、細(xì)胞生物學(xué)與受體藥理學(xué)相結(jié)合而形成的一種可在體外模仿藥物與靶點(diǎn)相互作用的生物色譜方法。CMC不但可以高通量地從復(fù)雜體系中篩選目標(biāo)化合物,還可研究藥物與受體之間的親和力。應(yīng)用CMC對中藥進(jìn)行藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)研究時(shí),無需分離得到純品即可快速、高效、簡捷的完成活性成分的篩選,因此CMC被廣泛應(yīng)用于中藥藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)研究中。CMC提供了一種新的從中藥中尋找先導(dǎo)化合物的途徑,拓展了色譜技術(shù)的活性識別功能,具有極大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。綜合目前CMC的研究現(xiàn)狀,本文概述了CMC技術(shù)的發(fā)展過程,綜述了該法在中藥活性成分篩選及安全性評價(jià)中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,并探討其在應(yīng)用過程中的局限性。
1.1概念提出與方法建立1989年,Wainer建立了受體親合色譜法,但受體經(jīng)過脫膜純化、鍵合反應(yīng)之后結(jié)構(gòu)及活性都容易發(fā)生變化,為了最大限度地保持受體分子的立體結(jié)構(gòu)和生物活性,CMC應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。1996年,賀浪沖教授在全國生物醫(yī)藥色譜大會上首次報(bào)道了CMC的研究成果。該方法首先將細(xì)胞膜與活化硅膠結(jié)合制成細(xì)胞膜固定相(CMSP),然后采用液相色譜研究藥物與細(xì)胞膜上受體的相互作用[1]。在CMC初建的幾年,研究者著重研究了CMSP的微觀特性和CMC的色譜性質(zhì),通過掃描電鏡和表面能譜儀測試CMSP,證明細(xì)胞膜緊緊固定在二氧化硅的表面上,并通過活性測定證明CMSP上的酶活性在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)相對穩(wěn)定,可以進(jìn)行篩選實(shí)驗(yàn)[2-3]。
1.2中藥有效部位篩選及受體親和力研究2000年開始,CMC開始用于中藥篩選。早期細(xì)胞膜來源通常為動物的組織細(xì)胞。研究者利用受體在動物不同組織細(xì)胞中表達(dá)的差異性來建立針對不同靶點(diǎn)的CMC,篩選和驗(yàn)證了一些能與膜靶點(diǎn)結(jié)合的中藥有效部位,所篩選的藥材包括當(dāng)歸[4]、淫羊藿[5]、紅毛七[6]、太白花[7]、菟絲子[8]等。但是篩選出來的保留成分并沒有采用高效的分析手段進(jìn)行定性分析,因此沒有對保留成分進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定。在這一階段,研究者也開始研究藥物與受體的親和作用,例如張延妮等[9]研究川芎中4種化學(xué)成分與心肌細(xì)胞膜受體的作用,Yuan等[10]利用CMC測定藥物與毒蕈堿受體之間的親和力。
1.3中藥有效成分的快速發(fā)現(xiàn)與結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定隨著對CMC基礎(chǔ)研究的深入和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大,賀浪沖研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對原方法進(jìn)行了“升級”。由于動物組織細(xì)胞膜上的“目標(biāo)”受體表達(dá)數(shù)量有限、不可控,甚至低表達(dá),使得CMSP表面膜受體不均勻,限制了對配體識別的靈敏性和選擇性,因此賀浪沖研究團(tuán)隊(duì)開始構(gòu)建單一靶點(diǎn)高表達(dá)的細(xì)胞[11],并在之后的實(shí)驗(yàn)中用于中藥藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)研究與評價(jià)。由于高表達(dá)細(xì)胞提高了CMSP表面膜受體的均勻性,使得CMC具有更高的特異性和選擇性,能夠更好的進(jìn)行分析。為了鑒定與膜受體結(jié)合化學(xué)成分的結(jié)構(gòu),研究者開始收集保留組分,將CMC同液相色譜/質(zhì)譜(LC/MS)或氣相色譜/質(zhì)譜(GC/MS)聯(lián)用,構(gòu)成二維系統(tǒng),提高了CMC的定性功能。Wang等[12]將CMC與高效液相色譜/質(zhì)譜(HPLC/MS)在線聯(lián)用,從紅毛七中篩選并鑒定了作用于α1A腎上腺素受體(AR)的木蘭花堿和紅毛新堿。2015年,Li等[13]采用填充吸附微量萃取富集樣品,再通過GC/MS對揮發(fā)性CMC保留成分進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定。這兩種聯(lián)用模式是目前CMC在中藥活性成分篩選中的主流應(yīng)用模式。
近年來,CMC用于中藥活性成分的篩選主要針對的疾病涵蓋了腫瘤、心血管疾病、糖尿病、炎癥反應(yīng)、前列腺增生、過敏反應(yīng),涉及到包括表皮生長因子受體在內(nèi)的12種靶點(diǎn)。同時(shí)CMC也應(yīng)用于中藥注射劑的安全性評價(jià)。下面將詳細(xì)闡述CMC用于中藥活性成分篩選及中藥注射劑安全性評價(jià)過程中所針對的疾病、靶點(diǎn)及涉及的細(xì)胞類型、中藥和化學(xué)成分類型,見表1。
2.1抗腫瘤活性成分的篩選
2.1.1基于表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)的活性篩選 EGFR在多種人惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)。有研究采用人皮膚鱗癌細(xì)胞A431的CMC與HPLC/MS在線聯(lián)用系統(tǒng)分別從紅毛七、苦參中識別并鑒定了可與EGFR相互作用的生物堿活性成分[14-15]。Hou等[16]利用A431/ CMC結(jié)合反相液相色譜,同樣也從紅毛七中篩選出了生物堿活性成分。Chen等[17]采用人肝癌細(xì)胞HepG2的CMC與飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜法(TOF/MS)在線聯(lián)用系統(tǒng),從關(guān)黃柏中篩選出作用于EGFR的小檗堿和延胡索乙素。在轉(zhuǎn)染人胚腎細(xì)胞HEK293/EGFR的CMC系統(tǒng)建立后,馬錢子[18]、獨(dú)活[19]、虎杖[20]、丹參[21]、黃芩[22]、姜黃[23]、細(xì)辛[24]中作用于EGFR的成分相繼被篩選并鑒定。
2.1.2基于血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體2(VEGFR 2)的活性篩選VEGFR 2在卵巢癌、甲狀腺癌等中過度表達(dá),在惡性腸癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等腫瘤中的表達(dá)水平也高于非腫瘤組織。Li等[25]采用人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞ECV304的CMC篩選出紅毛七總生物堿為保留組分,并通過四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)比色法驗(yàn)證出紅毛七總生物堿具有抑制血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖的作用。Li等[26]利用高表達(dá)VEGFR 2的HEK293細(xì)胞建立CMC系統(tǒng),與LC/MS在線聯(lián)用后從烏頭中鑒定出作用于VEGFR 2的烏頭堿、中烏頭堿和次烏頭堿。
表1 CMC在中藥領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用
2.1.3基于成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體4(FGFR 4)的活性篩選FGFR 4信號通路的激活與腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、生長,侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移具有重要作用。Zhang等[27]建立了一種用于識別—篩選—鑒定FGFR 4結(jié)合成分的二維在線聯(lián)用系統(tǒng)。在考察了FGFR 4/CMCHPLC/MS系統(tǒng)的特異性、重現(xiàn)性與可靠性后,并成功地從白芥子中篩選出作用于FGFR 4的芥子堿。
2.1.4基于雌激素受體(ER)的活性篩選ER與胃、肝等多種惡性腫瘤及子宮頸癌、乳腺癌的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。有研究利用高表達(dá)ERα36的人乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231建立CMC系統(tǒng),與HPLC/MS在線聯(lián)用后,從厚樸中篩選出厚樸酚與和厚樸酚[28],從吳茱萸中篩選出吳茱萸堿及吳茱萸次堿[29]。
2.2抗心血管疾病活性成分的篩選
2.2.1基于β1AR的活性篩選β1AR主要分布于心肌,臨床上常使用β1AR受體阻滯劑治療心肌缺血、心肌梗死以及慢性心臟衰竭等疾病。Yue等[30]利用高表達(dá)β1AR的中國倉鼠卵巢細(xì)胞CHO-S建立CMC系統(tǒng),從羌活中篩選出作用于β1AR的異歐前胡素。
2.2.2基于腫瘤壞死因子CD40的活性篩選腫瘤壞死因子CD40在動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)病過程中起關(guān)鍵作用。林蓉等[31]利用高表達(dá)CD40的ECV304細(xì)胞建立CMC系統(tǒng),從丹參中篩選并鑒定出作用于CD40的丹參酮ⅡA、丹參酮ⅠA和丹參素。這種CMC為抗動脈粥樣硬化藥物的篩選提供了一種新的途徑。
2.2.3基于L-型鈣通道的活性篩選L-型鈣通道主要存在于血管平滑肌和心肌細(xì)胞膜上,與心血管疾病密切相關(guān)。Yang等[32]使用心肌細(xì)胞CMC配合離線LC/MS,從五味子和南五味子中篩選出了鈣離子拮抗劑去氧五味子素及五味子酯甲。Hou等[33]使用大鼠胸主動脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞CMC配合離線GC/MS,分別從白芷、羌活和北沙參中篩選出作用于L-型鈣通道的歐前胡素,從蛇床子中篩選出作用于L-型鈣通道的蛇床子素。同樣,胸主動脈血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的CMC系統(tǒng)也從五味子和南五味子中篩選出去氧五味子素及五味子酯甲[34]。
2.2.4基于糖基化終產(chǎn)物受體(RAGE)的活性篩選RAGE在糖尿病血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。Liu等[35]利用人臍靜脈血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞HUVEC的CMC從姜黃中篩選與RAGE結(jié)合的成分,經(jīng)高效液相色譜-電噴霧質(zhì)譜(HPLC-ESI-MS)鑒定,該成分為去甲氧基姜黃素。
2.3抗糖尿病活性成分的篩選胰島β細(xì)胞膜上分布著磺酰脲受體(SUR),當(dāng)磺酰脲藥物和SUR結(jié)合后,可促進(jìn)胰島素釋放。Tang等[36]利用CMC的原理,首次將小鼠胰島細(xì)胞與毛細(xì)管結(jié)合,制成細(xì)胞膜毛細(xì)管色譜固定相,從黃連中篩選出作用于SUR的小檗堿。
2.4抗炎活性成分的篩選Toll樣受體4(TLR4)是天然免疫系統(tǒng)識別病原微生物的主要受體。Li等[37]建立白細(xì)胞CMC系統(tǒng),從白術(shù)中篩選出作用于TLR4的白術(shù)內(nèi)酯I。Li等[38-39]分別將GC/MS、LC/MS與腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞的CMC聯(lián)用,從魚腥草中篩選出作用于TLR4的揮發(fā)性成分甲基壬基甲酮,從四葉細(xì)辛中篩選出作用于TLR4的異秦皮素。
2.5抗前列腺增生活性成分的篩選良性前列腺增生是老年男性的常見病,而α1AAR是治療這一疾病的靶點(diǎn)之一。有研究利用大鼠前列腺細(xì)胞的CMC分別從蓮子心、鉤藤、仙鶴草中篩選出作用于α1AAR的保留成分,并分別通過在線的LC/MS鑒定出蓮心堿、異鉤藤堿、仙鶴草內(nèi)酯[40-42]。另有研究利用高表達(dá)α1AAR的HEK293細(xì)胞建立α1AAR CMC系統(tǒng),從紅毛七、胡椒及雞血藤中篩選出作用于α1AAR的生物堿及黃酮類成分[43-45]。
2.6抗過敏活性成分的篩選免疫球蛋白E(IgE)參與Ⅰ型超敏反應(yīng),與IgE高親和力受體FcεRI結(jié)合引起肥大細(xì)胞脫顆粒并釋放炎性介質(zhì)。Huang等[46]利用大鼠嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞性白血病細(xì)胞RBL-2H3建立CMC系統(tǒng),從胡椒中篩選出作用于FcεRI受體的保留成分,并采用在線HPLC/MS鑒定出該保留成分為胡椒堿。Han等[47]利用同樣的系統(tǒng)從紅花中篩選出抗過敏成分羥基紅花黃色素A。
2.7藥物安全性評價(jià)
2.7.1基于IgE高親和力受體FcεRI的篩選Han等[48]將RBL-2H3/CMC與LC/MS聯(lián)用來構(gòu)建一個(gè)在線二維分析系統(tǒng),鑒定雙黃連注射液中潛在的致敏成分為黃芩苷。
2.7.2基于組胺1型受體(H1R)的活性篩選Guo等[49]構(gòu)建了高表達(dá)H1R的HEK293細(xì)胞系,并應(yīng)用H1R/CMC-HPLC/MS在線二維液相系統(tǒng)從魚金注射液中篩選出作用于H1R的魚腥草素,經(jīng)一系列藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,魚腥草素為H1受體激動劑。
綜合目前CMC的研究現(xiàn)狀,作為一種從復(fù)雜的中藥體系中篩選活性成分的方法,CMC方法有著巨大的優(yōu)勢,但CMC也存在一定的局限性。CMC技術(shù)是分析化學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)交叉形成的一種集高效篩選、評價(jià)和結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定于一體的色譜技術(shù),只要是可以和細(xì)胞膜上靶點(diǎn)特異性結(jié)合的藥物都可以利用CMC技術(shù)去篩選,但是該技術(shù)無法分辨此藥物與細(xì)胞膜上的靶點(diǎn)作用的類型,因此要確定結(jié)合成分的真正藥理作用,必須結(jié)合藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。而且CMC在進(jìn)行中藥活性成分的篩選時(shí),由于中藥成分含量不等且CMC柱上靶點(diǎn)的活性會隨著使用逐漸降低,因此無法大規(guī)模的通過此法制備篩選出來的成分,也無法對篩選出來的成分進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的藥理實(shí)驗(yàn),通常只能利用此法篩選并鑒定已知的化學(xué)成分并進(jìn)行相關(guān)藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證。
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Cell membrane chromatography and application of it in screening active components and security evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine
CHEN Ying1,BAI Zi-song1,2,ZHU Yan1,ZHANG Peng1
(1.Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China;2.Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine,Tianjin 300457,China)
Cell membrane chromatography(CMC),which imitates interaction of drug and target in vitro,has been widely used for screening active components.This paper reviewed the development process of CMC technology,as well as summarized the diseases,targets,cell types,tradional Chinese medicine types and chemical composition types involved in the past screening research.Also we discussed the limitation of CMC in the application field.
cell membrane chromatography;traditional Chinese medicine;activity screening;security evaluation
R284
A
1673-9043(2015)06-0373-06
10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2015.12.15
國家自然科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目(81303183,81274128)。
陳穎(1989-),女,碩士研究生,主要從事藥物分析學(xué)研究。
張鵬,E-mail:zhp8270@sina.com.cn。
(2015-07-15)