齊鵬 宋凱 張永剛 王巖 崔賡
強(qiáng)直性脊柱炎 ( ankylosing spondylitis,AS ) 是一種主要累及中軸骨及關(guān)節(jié)的慢性炎癥疾病,往往從侵犯骶髂關(guān)節(jié)開始,并向頭側(cè)進(jìn)展,持續(xù)的炎癥反應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致脊柱后凸畸形進(jìn)行性發(fā)展,以致后期影響到患者的站立、行走、平視、平臥、呼吸、飲食及外觀,從而嚴(yán)重影響了患者的生活質(zhì)量[1-4]。手術(shù)治療對(duì)于產(chǎn)生畸形的 AS 患者是一種有效的治療手段,1922 年 Lennan[5]首次提出了全椎體切除的脊柱截骨術(shù) ( vertebral column resection,VCR ),他采用后路頂椎 VCR 配合支具治療嚴(yán)重脊柱側(cè)凸;1945 年 Smith-Petersen 等[6]描述了后路 1~2 個(gè)節(jié)段的椎板截骨矯正 AS 后凸畸形,并將其命名為 Smith-Petersen截骨術(shù) ( Smith-Petersen osteotomy,SPO );1984 年P(guān)onte 等[7]報(bào)告了 Ponte 截骨術(shù),其運(yùn)用多水平的SPO 截骨矯正胸段嚴(yán)重的 Scheuermann 病后凸畸形;80 年代經(jīng)椎弓根脊柱截骨術(shù) ( pedicle subtraction osteotomy,PSO )[8]、蛋殼截骨技術(shù) ( transpedicular eggshell osteotomy )[9]同時(shí)出現(xiàn),各種手術(shù)方式的出現(xiàn)為患者手術(shù)方案的實(shí)施提供了多種選擇。但是手術(shù)方式僅僅是方法學(xué)的一種,如何達(dá)到最佳的療效與手術(shù)方案的設(shè)計(jì)是分不開的。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外普遍認(rèn)為,AS 后凸畸形矯形的最終目的在于:( 1 ) 重建矢狀面平衡;( 2 ) 矯正頜眉角[10-15]。然而,對(duì)于 AS 后凸畸形矢狀面平衡的重建目前還存在爭(zhēng)論,部分學(xué)者沿用 C7距離骶骨后上角的距離作為矢狀面平衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),部分學(xué)者將骨盆中立位確立為矢狀面平衡的參數(shù)[10-16]。近年來(lái),Song 等[17]根據(jù)幾何學(xué)及力學(xué)的相關(guān)分析,確定出人體的重心標(biāo)志,并以骨盆參數(shù)為基礎(chǔ)制定了 AS 后凸畸形的個(gè)性化矯形方案,并對(duì)此方案進(jìn)行了前瞻性研究。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)比個(gè)性化 PSO 截骨方案與傳統(tǒng)PSO 截骨方案對(duì)術(shù)后患者生活質(zhì)量影響的相關(guān)性分析,對(duì)個(gè)性化矯形進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
資料與方法
1. 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):( 1 ) 診斷為 AS 后凸畸形并行截骨矯形術(shù)者;( 2 ) 雙髖活動(dòng)良好者;( 3 ) 無(wú)脊髓神經(jīng)癥狀體征者;( 4 ) 影像學(xué)資料完善者。
2. 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):( 1 ) 雙髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限者;( 2 ) 無(wú)法自主完成調(diào)查問(wèn)卷者;( 3 ) 隨訪資料不完整者。
2007 年 1 月至 2011 年 11 月,共有 40 例無(wú)脊髓神經(jīng)癥狀體征、雙髖活動(dòng)良好的 AS 后凸畸形患者納入本研究,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將 40 例患者分為A、B 兩組,A 組男 14 例,女 6 例,平均年齡 ( 33±9.0 ) 歲,根據(jù) Song 等[17]個(gè)性化矯形設(shè)計(jì)手術(shù)方案( 圖 1,2 ),若患者頸部強(qiáng)直,則截骨角度應(yīng)≤自然站立位頜眉角+矯形前骨盆傾斜角 ( pelvic tilt,PT )-理論骨盆傾斜角 ( theoretic pelvic tilt,tPT )[18]。B 組男 16 例,女 4 例,平均年齡 ( 35±9.2 ) 歲,根據(jù) Suk 方法[10],參考術(shù)前頜眉角、正常脊柱生理曲度及力線特點(diǎn)[19],設(shè)定楔形截骨角度。
A、B 兩組均行后路經(jīng)椎弓根單節(jié)段或雙節(jié)段楔形閉合截骨矯形椎弓根螺釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),截骨角度 ( 手術(shù)前、后截骨部位頭端椎體上終板與尾端椎體下終板之間的 Cobb’s 角度之差 ) 為 16°~85°,平均 39°。
( 1 ) 骨盆入射角 ( pelvic incidence,PI ),骶骨終板中點(diǎn)垂線與髖軸中點(diǎn)夾角;( 2 ) PT,髖軸中點(diǎn)與骶骨上終板中心鉛垂線的夾角;( 3 ) 術(shù)前及術(shù)后6 個(gè)月脊柱側(cè)凸研究學(xué)會(huì) ( scoliosis research society,SRS ) -22 評(píng)分;( 4 ) 術(shù)前及術(shù)后 6 個(gè)月 Oswestry 功能障礙指數(shù) ( oswestry disability index,ODI )。
圖1 骨盆側(cè)位示意圖 ( HA:髖軸中點(diǎn);SP:骶骨岬;PSCS:骶骨后上角;PI:骨盆入射角;PT:骨盆傾斜角;SS:骶骨傾斜角;PI = PT + SS )Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the lateral projection of the pelvis ( HA:hip axis. SP: sacrum promontory. PSCS: osterior superior corner of S1. PI: pelvic incidence. PT : pelvic tilt. SS: sacral slope. PI=PT+SS )
圖2 單節(jié)段個(gè)性化截骨設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例 a:測(cè)量術(shù)前 PI = 36°;b:tPT = 0.37 × PI - 7 =0.37 × 36 - 7 = 6° 通過(guò)理論 PT 作直線HA-HP’,將此線作為該患者骨盆中立位線[17-18];c:選擇 L2 作為截骨節(jié)段,將椎體皮質(zhì)前緣閉合點(diǎn)標(biāo)記為 RP,并作為圓心,RP-HP 為半徑作圓交骨盆中立位線與 HP’,也就是將肺門位置重置于骨盆中立位線上,則 ∠HP-RP-HP’ = 50° 即為設(shè)計(jì)截骨角度。d:L2 共取得 40° + 10° = 50° 的截骨角度,矯形后自然站立位實(shí)際 PT = 6°,骨盆處于中立位Fig.2 A case about single personalized pedicle subtraction osteotomies a: the preoperative PI was 36°and the kyphosis of the osteotomy site was 10°; b: tPT=0.37×36-7=6°.
采用 SPSS 12.0 軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料中正態(tài)分布者采用±s表示,非正態(tài)分布者以中位數(shù)表示。組間均值比較采用單因素方差分析,P<0.01 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。The postoperative plumb line was drawn according to the tPT; c: a circle was drawn by taking the anterior column of the second vertebra ( RP ) as the center, and the distance between this point to the hilus pulmonis and radius. The included angle was 50°, thus the exact required osteotomy angle was 50°; d: postoperative lumbar lordosis was 40°, PT was 6°, and the real osteotomy angle was 40°+10°=50°. Good sagittal balance was achieved
表1 A、B 兩組術(shù)前資料比較 (±s)Tab.1 Comparison of preoperative data between group A and group B (±s)
表1 A、B 兩組術(shù)前資料比較 (±s)Tab.1 Comparison of preoperative data between group A and group B (±s)
注:PI:骨盆入射角;PT:骨盆傾斜角;ODI:Oswestry 功能障礙指數(shù);SRS:脊柱側(cè)凸研究學(xué)會(huì)Notice: PI: pelvic incidence; PT: pelvic tilt; ODI: Oswestry disability index; SRS:Scoliosis research society
項(xiàng)目A 組B 組P 值病例數(shù)20 20性別 ( 男 / 女 ) 14 / 6 16 / 4 0.4652年齡 ( 歲 ) 33.0± 9.0 35.0± 9.2 0.4913術(shù)前 PI ( ° ) 46.0±10.0 45.0± 9.0 0.7414術(shù)前 PT ( ° ) 30.0±14.0 38.0±13.0 0.0688 ODI- 行走 2.0± 0.6 2.1± 0.7 0.4603 ODI- 站立 1.9± 0.9 2.6± 0.9 0.0174 ODI- 總分20.0± 6.0 17.5± 5.3 0.1627 SRS- 外觀 1.7± 0.5 1.6± 0.5 0.8961 SRS- 心理 2.3± 0.9 2.4± 0.9 0.5590 SRS- 疼痛 2.4± 1.0 2.6± 1.0 0.4384 SRS- 功能 2.6± 0.5 2.5± 0.5 0.6974 SRS- 滿意度 1.6± 0.3 1.4± 0.3 0.0443
表2 A、B 兩組術(shù)后 ODI 比較 (±s)Tab.2 Comparison of postoperative ODI between group A and group B (±s)
表2 A、B 兩組術(shù)后 ODI 比較 (±s)Tab.2 Comparison of postoperative ODI between group A and group B (±s)
項(xiàng)目 A 組 B 組P 值ODI- 行走 0.40±0.65 0.60±0.75 0.3746 ODI- 站立 0.40±0.60 0.60±0.75 0.3576 ODI- 總分 2.50±4.00 3.25±3.70 0.5395
表3 A、B 兩組術(shù)后 SRS-22 比較 (±s)Tab.3 Comparison of postoperative SRS-22 between group A and group B (±s)
表3 A、B 兩組術(shù)后 SRS-22 比較 (±s)Tab.3 Comparison of postoperative SRS-22 between group A and group B (±s)
注:aP<0.01,A、B 兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義Notice: aStatistically significant ifP < 0.01
項(xiàng)目 A 組 B 組P 值SRS- 外觀 4.6±0.3 4.3±0.3 0.0020a SRS- 心理 4.4±0.5 4.4±0.4 0.8989 SRS- 疼痛 4.6±0.4 4.4±0.4 0.2064 SRS- 功能 4.5±0.4 4.3±0.4 0.0997 SRS- 滿意度 4.7±0.3 4.7±0.4 0.8075
結(jié) 果
A、B 兩組性別、年齡、術(shù)前 PI、PT 值、ODI指數(shù)及 SRS-22 評(píng)分相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.01 ),術(shù)后 A、B 兩組患者外觀、心理、疼痛、功能及滿意度均趨于正常,且 ODI 指數(shù)較術(shù)前明顯改善 (P<0.01 ),A、B 兩組術(shù)后 SRS- 外觀評(píng)分分別為 ( 4.6±0.3 )、( 4.3±0.3 ),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.01 ),SRS- 心理、疼痛、功能、滿意度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.01 ),A、B 兩組術(shù)后 ODI 指數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P>0.01 ) ( 表 1~3 )。
討 論
AS 患者由于炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致局部骨破壞與骨修復(fù)反復(fù)交替[20],加上炎癥累及過(guò)程中,后方小關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)張力增高導(dǎo)致背部疼痛,人體為減輕小關(guān)節(jié)壓力,出現(xiàn)腰椎保護(hù)性前屈,這些可能是形成脊柱后凸畸形的原因?;尾粌H造成了患者外觀上的改變,同時(shí),由于軀干重心位置的病理性前移,人體為降低機(jī)體能量消耗,達(dá)到頭-脊柱-骨盆平衡鏈的穩(wěn)定,就需要通過(guò)代償矯正矢狀面的平衡[21],但是由于脊柱的強(qiáng)直,其代償能力有限,導(dǎo)致患者通過(guò)伸髖、屈膝、后傾骨盆來(lái)重置軀干重心位置,長(zhǎng)期的伸髖、屈膝帶來(lái)了持續(xù)的肌群緊張進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致疲勞性疼痛,使得直立活動(dòng)受限,而且當(dāng)畸形進(jìn)一步進(jìn)展,機(jī)體無(wú)法代償時(shí),會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者的日常生活[22-29]。因此,合理的截骨矯形應(yīng)當(dāng)達(dá)到患者脊柱序列的改善,軀干重心的后移,且機(jī)體不需要后旋骨盆代償維持直立姿勢(shì)這一目的,通過(guò) Song 等[17]的研究證實(shí),確保術(shù)后骨盆維持中立位 ( PT、SS 恢復(fù)至正常區(qū)間 ) 比單純矯正矢狀面平衡距離 ( SVA 恢復(fù)至正常區(qū)間 ) 更有意義,Qian 等[30]通過(guò)對(duì) 36 例經(jīng)單節(jié)段 PSO 截骨的 AS 患者的術(shù)前術(shù)后參數(shù)測(cè)量得出較大 PI 值容易導(dǎo)致矯形不足這一結(jié)論,也從一定程度上反映出骨盆參數(shù)對(duì)于矢狀面平衡的重要性。所以,重建人體矢狀面平衡,重置全脊柱合理的力線,恢復(fù)后旋骨盆至中立位,同時(shí)改善平視能力,應(yīng)為 AS 后凸畸形矯形設(shè)計(jì)的最重要目標(biāo)。
本研究中,A、B 兩組術(shù)后均獲得較高的滿意度,說(shuō)明經(jīng)椎弓根楔形截骨可以很好地提高 AS 后凸畸形患者的生活質(zhì)量,通過(guò)對(duì)比 A、B 兩組數(shù)據(jù),可見(jiàn) SRS- 外觀評(píng)分存在著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,分析兩組術(shù)后 PI、PT 值,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)變量間存在著直線相關(guān)性,進(jìn)一步作回歸分析,得出 B 組兩變量間存在 PT=0.59 PI - 5.7 直線回歸關(guān)系,與 A 組相比,B 組 PT均值偏大,說(shuō)明其平均骨盆后旋恢復(fù)程度不夠[18],從而導(dǎo)致術(shù)后患者骨盆未完全恢復(fù)至中立位,髖膝關(guān)節(jié)仍存在著一部分代償,且由于 PI 值的個(gè)體差異性和骨盆后旋程度的不同,導(dǎo)致了矯形術(shù)后頜眉角的不完全可控,雖然這些因素可能對(duì)患者心理、疼痛、功能及術(shù)后滿意度影響相對(duì)較小,但是對(duì)患者外觀的判定存在著一定的影響。同時(shí),代償性的伸髖、屈膝會(huì)導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)肌群持續(xù)性收縮,由此會(huì)產(chǎn)生肌群的疲勞性疼痛,最終導(dǎo)致行走、站立困難。一般來(lái)說(shuō),骨盆代償性后旋越明顯 ( PT 越大 ),其直立活動(dòng)能力越差[24,29]。雖然兩組 ODI 指數(shù)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但考慮到樣本量有限,存在著一定的偏倚,另外從統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中可以看出,A 組術(shù)后 ODI行走與站立指數(shù)均值較 B 組略小,從一定程度上也可以作出相關(guān)解釋,但是,Sahin 等[31]也指出,AS后凸畸形患者軀干強(qiáng)直會(huì)導(dǎo)致其平衡能力較正常人差,行走時(shí)必須更加謹(jǐn)慎,所以 AS 患者步行時(shí)水平作用力較正常人有所增加,這也使得各關(guān)節(jié)力矩相應(yīng)增加,更容易導(dǎo)致肌肉的疲勞,所以具體結(jié)論尚須進(jìn)一步的研究方能得出。
由于條件的限制,本研究也存在著一些不足,如隨訪資料不夠充足,無(wú)法比較兩組方案的遠(yuǎn)期效應(yīng)。同時(shí),樣本量比較有限,未能就截骨節(jié)段的不同證明其對(duì)矯形效果的影響,因此還需要更大的樣本量及長(zhǎng)期的隨訪資料進(jìn)一步的分析研究,但是通過(guò)初步的分析對(duì)比,可以看出個(gè)性化矯形在 AS 后凸畸形手術(shù)治療中的有效性及優(yōu)越性,特別是對(duì) AS 患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量有著較好的改善,同時(shí),對(duì)頜眉角的糾正也具有更好的可控性。熟練掌握個(gè)性化矯形方法后,可以明顯簡(jiǎn)化手術(shù)方案的討論與爭(zhēng)議,并能達(dá)到與傳統(tǒng)截骨方案相似甚至更好的效果。
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