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    糞菌移植在腸易激綜合征中的研究進(jìn)展

    2015-04-15 18:34:47弓三東崔立紅
    關(guān)鍵詞:糞菌菌群桿菌

    弓三東,崔立紅

    海軍總醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,北京 100048

    糞菌移植在腸易激綜合征中的研究進(jìn)展

    弓三東,崔立紅

    海軍總醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,北京 100048

    糞菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,F(xiàn)MT)可以糾正腸道微生態(tài)失衡,近年來(lái)已成功應(yīng)用于部分腸道微生態(tài)相關(guān)疾病的治療,但FMT在腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)中的研究仍較少。本文對(duì)腸道微生態(tài)與IBS的關(guān)系、FMT在IBS中的臨床應(yīng)用、可能機(jī)制、安全性及應(yīng)用前景等方面的最新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

    糞菌移植;腸道菌群;腸道微生態(tài);腸易激綜合征

    1 腸道微生態(tài)與腸易激綜合征的關(guān)系

    1.1 正常腸道微生態(tài) 人體腸道內(nèi)含有100萬(wàn)億多的微生物,種類(lèi)多達(dá)500 ~ 1 000[6]。這些微生物包括細(xì)菌(99.9%以上)、真菌、病毒、原蟲(chóng)和寄生蟲(chóng)等[7]。它們參與維持腸道的正常生理和免疫功能。因此,F(xiàn)MT實(shí)際上應(yīng)為“糞微生態(tài)移植”。人類(lèi)腸道微生態(tài)受遺傳、生活環(huán)境、飲食習(xí)慣和抗生素的影響而存在個(gè)體和地域差異[8-9]。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比于人體其他部位(皮膚、口腔),腸道微生態(tài)能長(zhǎng)期保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定[10-11]。

    有學(xué)者將人類(lèi)腸道菌群宏基因組分為擬桿菌屬、普里沃菌屬和瘤胃球菌屬為代表的3個(gè)腸型[12]。腸道菌群可分為共生菌、條件致病菌和過(guò)路菌3類(lèi)[13]:1)共生菌是腸道的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群,對(duì)機(jī)體營(yíng)養(yǎng)及免疫調(diào)節(jié)具有重大益處;2)條件致病菌在特定條件下具有侵襲性;3)過(guò)路菌在微生態(tài)失調(diào)而數(shù)量超出正常水平時(shí)可致人體發(fā)病。腸道微生態(tài)的多樣性下降會(huì)破壞微生物群的穩(wěn)定性。已有研究表明,腸道微生態(tài)紊亂與多種腸內(nèi)外疾病相關(guān)[14],如難辨梭狀芽胞桿菌感染[15]、炎癥性腸病[16]、腸易激綜合征[17-18]、代謝綜合征[19]、帕金森病[20]、特發(fā)性血小板紫癜[21]、腫瘤[22]、慢性疲勞綜合征[23]和食物過(guò)敏等[24-26]。

    1.2 IBS發(fā)病機(jī)制及影響因素 IBS發(fā)病因素眾多,涉及復(fù)雜的腦-腸軸、免疫系統(tǒng)和腸道微生態(tài)之間的互相作用[27]。其病理生理學(xué)改變包括腸道蠕動(dòng)異常,內(nèi)臟高敏感性,腸道細(xì)菌感染后狀態(tài),食物過(guò)敏及腸道微生態(tài)改變等[28]。腸道微生態(tài)失調(diào)和IBS患者的免疫、運(yùn)動(dòng)及神經(jīng)等特征變化相關(guān)[29-30]。越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,IBS是一種免疫-炎癥模式的胃腸道疾病。IBS存在一個(gè)顯著復(fù)雜的低度炎癥常態(tài),以T細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞因子和C反應(yīng)蛋白等炎性因子為特征[31]。IBS免疫改變包括Toll樣受體(toll-like receptors,TLRs)表達(dá)和促炎細(xì)胞因子、巨細(xì)胞及淋巴細(xì)胞增加[32-33]。TLRs常表達(dá)于免疫細(xì)胞如巨噬細(xì)胞、樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞以及腸上皮細(xì)胞等。穩(wěn)定的腸道微生態(tài)有賴于TLRs與腸道干細(xì)胞Wnt信號(hào)通道的正常調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制[13]。其中,TLR2連同TLRl或TLR6形成二聚體可以識(shí)別細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞壁脂蛋白;TLR4可在CD14和MD-2輔助下識(shí)別革蘭陰性菌產(chǎn)生的脂多糖;TLR5能識(shí)別細(xì)菌鞭毛蛋白,激活胞內(nèi)信號(hào)核因子NF-κB、誘生黏附分子和炎性細(xì)胞因子。感染后IBS即為一重要的具體的病理類(lèi)型。有研究證實(shí),與傳統(tǒng)飼養(yǎng)小鼠相比,無(wú)菌小鼠表現(xiàn)出胃排空延遲,腸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間減慢,更易發(fā)生腸道感染[34-35]。當(dāng)機(jī)體發(fā)生急性胃腸炎后,病原菌可釋放致死性細(xì)胞腫脹毒素,并通過(guò)分子模擬和自身抗體機(jī)制干擾內(nèi)臟正常運(yùn)動(dòng)[36],導(dǎo)致腸道微生態(tài)失調(diào)而發(fā)展為IBS,最初疾病持續(xù)時(shí)間是發(fā)展為IBS的高危因素[37]。感染后IBS患者外周血中可見(jiàn)腫瘤壞死因子-α、IL-1、IL-6等水平升高,在腸黏膜中可見(jiàn)CD3、CD25細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞[37]。腸黏膜細(xì)胞組成改變、促炎/抗炎細(xì)胞因子失衡和神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)紊亂是感染后IBS的可能發(fā)病機(jī)制[38]??股乜蓪?duì)腸道微生態(tài)造成短期或長(zhǎng)期影響。一項(xiàng)26 107病例的回顧性研究顯示,暴露于廣譜抗生素的患者IBS發(fā)病率較高[39]。這有可能是抗生素的使用改變了腸道微生態(tài),從而導(dǎo)致IBS的進(jìn)展。清腸可能對(duì)腸道生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有害?;诰垡叶嫉哪c道清潔劑的使用可導(dǎo)致腸道黏膜黏附細(xì)菌的損失[40]。這種清腸對(duì)IBS的影響從未被研究,但對(duì)腸道微生態(tài)的危害是可能的。

    Tana等[41]研究顯示,IBS中乳酸桿菌和韋永球菌的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致短鏈脂肪酸,如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和總有機(jī)酸升高。IBS中由于乳酸桿菌等降低而導(dǎo)致短鏈脂肪酸的減少可能與IBS的癥狀相關(guān)。有研究證實(shí)短鏈脂肪酸可直接影響IBS患者的癥狀表達(dá)及嚴(yán)重程度[42]。IBS患者糞便和腸道黏膜中丁酸生產(chǎn)菌群的比例較健康對(duì)照組低。丁酸是最主要的短鏈脂肪酸,由未消化的糖類(lèi)在腸道經(jīng)微生物發(fā)酵而成,是上皮細(xì)胞能量的重要來(lái)源,并對(duì)結(jié)腸黏膜有許多有益的作用。這些作用包括抑制炎癥和癌變,增強(qiáng)結(jié)腸黏膜防御屏障等[43]。

    1.3 IBS腸道微生態(tài)特點(diǎn) 數(shù)據(jù)表明,IBS組的腸道微生態(tài)與健康對(duì)照組不同,并且腹瀉型IBS及便秘型IBS間也不同[44]。2005年有研究首次應(yīng)用定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS患者的糞便樣本中鏈狀雙歧桿菌和擬球梭菌含量低[45]。Saulnier等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS兒童γ-蛋白菌含量較健康者顯著增高。Rajili?-Stojanovi?等[47]檢測(cè)到IBS患者糞便的厚壁菌門(mén)和擬桿菌的比例有所增加。Parkes等[48]利用原位雜交技術(shù)研究IBS患者的直腸黏膜相關(guān)菌群,發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS患者總體上細(xì)菌含量較高,尤以類(lèi)桿菌和產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌屬為著。Simrén等[49]研究也表明IBS患者的菌群成分明顯不同于健康對(duì)照組。Carroll等[50]應(yīng)用了分子指紋技術(shù)調(diào)查腹瀉型IBS患者的糞便和結(jié)腸黏膜,發(fā)現(xiàn)其微生物群落明顯和正常對(duì)照組不同,且糞便樣本中微生物多樣性明顯減少。便秘型IBS的腸道微生態(tài)表現(xiàn)為硬壁菌門(mén)和擬桿菌門(mén)的比例增加[51]。Chassard等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn)以便秘為主要表現(xiàn)的IBS患者腸道中硫酸鹽還原菌較健康人明顯減少。Kim等[53]對(duì)便秘型IBS和甲烷呼氣試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性患者的腸道微生態(tài)分析后分離出了產(chǎn)甲烷菌-史氏甲烷短桿菌,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其數(shù)量增加?;旌闲虸BS患者糞便中腸桿菌顯著增加,乳桿菌明顯減少,腸道定植抗力降低[54]。還有研究顯示混合型IBS的亞利菌和擬桿菌含量較高[44,48]。

    大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IBS患者的腸道細(xì)菌差異豐富,然而沒(méi)有具體哪一種特異性微生物和IBS特別相關(guān)[55]。目前關(guān)于IBS患者的腸道微生態(tài)變化有以下5個(gè)較為一致的結(jié)論[56]:1)腸道中優(yōu)勢(shì)微生物群數(shù)量顯著降低;2)腸道微生物群多樣性以及微生態(tài)穩(wěn)定性遭到破壞而下降;3)腸道主要菌群代表如乳酸桿菌和雙歧桿菌數(shù)量減少,而大腸菌群和擬桿菌屬數(shù)量增加;4)腹瀉型IBS較便秘型IBS患者的腸道微生群結(jié)構(gòu)改變和數(shù)量變化更明顯;5)腹瀉型IBS與炎癥性腸病及其他腹瀉型疾患的腸道微生物群落的組成和數(shù)量改變具有一定相同之處。

    IBS癥狀與菌群豐富度相關(guān)。Rajili?-Stojanovi?等[47]報(bào)道,厚壁菌門(mén)和變形菌的部分成員與IBS癥狀評(píng)分相關(guān),例如雙歧桿菌與疼痛評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Jeffery等[44]報(bào)道,藍(lán)藻與飽腹感、腹脹以及胃腸道癥狀評(píng)分相關(guān),而變形菌與心理和疼痛閾值相關(guān)。Parkes等[48]檢測(cè)到雙歧桿菌和乳酸桿菌與排便頻率呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Malinen等[57]采用定量PCR的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),瘤胃球菌與IBS癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。產(chǎn)硫化氫菌可增加IBS內(nèi)臟敏感性并減少腸道傳輸時(shí)間[58]。Attaluri等[59]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢傳輸型便秘患者的甲烷短桿菌檢出率顯著高于正常傳輸型便秘患者和對(duì)照者。

    需要指出的是,糞菌樣品不一定代表腸道黏膜細(xì)菌組成[5]。黏膜相關(guān)細(xì)菌與宿主密切接觸,并有可能會(huì)對(duì)人體健康產(chǎn)生重大影響,因而應(yīng)用黏膜活檢來(lái)分析菌群成分對(duì)于澄清IBS背后的病理生理機(jī)制而言必不可少。

    2 糞菌移植治療腸易激綜合征的臨床應(yīng)用

    目前治療腸易激綜合征的主要方法包括止瀉藥、解痙藥、抗抑郁藥以及改善腸道微生態(tài)治療等。益生菌能重建IBS患者的腸道微生態(tài)[18,60]。從某種意義上說(shuō),糞菌移植可能比益生菌更為有利,因?yàn)榧S菌是人類(lèi)的終極益生菌[61]。目前在糞菌的人性化獲取、移植菌群的數(shù)量、移植的流程、糞菌庫(kù)的建立、有效減少細(xì)菌死亡等方面已進(jìn)行了一系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)[62],且國(guó)內(nèi)已經(jīng)研發(fā)出了智能化糞菌分離系統(tǒng),顯著提高了糞菌分離效率[63],因而有利于FMT的推廣應(yīng)用。目前FMT已被成功應(yīng)用于嚴(yán)重的難辨艱難梭菌感染,以及炎癥性腸病、多發(fā)性硬化、自閉癥和慢性疲勞綜合征等方面,然而,用來(lái)治療腸易激綜合征是最近才開(kāi)始探究的[64-65],研究報(bào)道較少。據(jù)目前可查文獻(xiàn)資料,F(xiàn)MT治療IBS僅見(jiàn)于一些歐美國(guó)家的研究報(bào)道,并顯示出了良好的療效,但國(guó)內(nèi)尚未開(kāi)展此方面的研究。

    澳大利亞悉尼消化疾病中心的研究人員曾首次通過(guò)腸鏡行FMT治療IBS和慢性便秘患者,結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)MT的治愈率可達(dá)36%(20/55)[66]。荷蘭阿姆斯特丹學(xué)術(shù)醫(yī)療中心的一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期的隨訪研究顯示,45例慢性便秘患者給予結(jié)腸鏡下FMT治療后,排便困難、腹脹和腹痛等癥狀明顯減輕者占89%,其中18例患者在9 ~ 18個(gè)月后已能正常排便[1,19]。美國(guó)紐約貝斯以色列醫(yī)學(xué)中心最近一項(xiàng)13例難治性IBS患者接受FMT治療的研究結(jié)果顯示,癥狀有所改善者占70%,包括腹痛(72%)、排便習(xí)慣(69%)、消化不良(67%)、腹脹(50%)和排氣(42%)[67]。

    3 糞菌移植治療腸易激綜合征的可能機(jī)制

    腸道微生態(tài)失衡是IBS的重要病因之一,故目前幾種治療方法目的都是重新建立一個(gè)健康、有益的腸道微生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。重建腸道微生態(tài)主要有3種途徑:抗生素、益生菌和FMT[68]。FMT可以調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生態(tài),改善腸黏膜通透性;通過(guò)TLR途徑激活腸道體液免疫反應(yīng)合成IgA、IgG和IgM,對(duì)腸黏膜起保護(hù)作用;通過(guò)降低腸腔內(nèi)的pH值,增加細(xì)菌素或H2O2的合成以競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制病原菌的黏附和易位[69]。FMT還可通過(guò)抑制促炎因子、Th1分化/細(xì)胞因子、T細(xì)胞活性、白細(xì)胞的黏附、免疫刺激因子和抗炎因子來(lái)改善免疫失調(diào)[13]。

    總之,糞菌移植能夠發(fā)揮確切療效的原因,是移植的人糞菌群盡可能維持了健康供者的功能腸道微生態(tài),并最終在受者腸道內(nèi)重建了適合受者的腸道微生態(tài)平衡。其本質(zhì)是通過(guò)對(duì)異常免疫、炎性反應(yīng)、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)數(shù)量與活性、血管活性物質(zhì)數(shù)量與活性、能量代謝等的調(diào)節(jié)而治療疾病[70]。

    4 糞菌移植的安全性探討

    FMT的途徑包括灌腸、鼻胃管、十二指腸、空腸、結(jié)腸鏡等,其中應(yīng)用較多的是鼻胃(腸)管、結(jié)腸鏡和灌腸[15,71],報(bào)道較多的是結(jié)腸鏡和灌腸途徑[22,72-73]。盡管通過(guò)結(jié)腸鏡或灌腸的FMT在術(shù)前及術(shù)后有其嚴(yán)格的篩查和監(jiān)測(cè)機(jī)制,但是FMT作為一種新型的治療手段,其安全性必然受到關(guān)注。因?yàn)榧S便由成千上萬(wàn)的充滿生物活性物質(zhì)的細(xì)菌菌株組成,且某些細(xì)菌可能與特定疾病有關(guān),所以人們擔(dān)心FMT可能導(dǎo)致新疾病的發(fā)生。迄今為止,F(xiàn)MT的安全性研究主要在難辨艱難梭菌感染方面,F(xiàn)MT不良反應(yīng)較少,大多數(shù)患者在接受FMT治療當(dāng)天有一過(guò)性的腹瀉,少數(shù)患者可能有腹脹、噯氣等癥狀,但多不嚴(yán)重,一般2 ~ 3 d后消失[74-75]。然而FMT在腸易激綜合征方面的安全性研究仍然缺乏。一項(xiàng)13例IBS患者接受FMT治療的長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),只有1例有短暫的腹脹[67]。一項(xiàng)平均11個(gè)月的長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究表明,F(xiàn)MT沒(méi)有長(zhǎng)期不良反應(yīng),并且參與者沒(méi)有患有任何新疾病[29]。初步研究支持FMT重建腸道動(dòng)態(tài)平衡有助于IBS的治療。關(guān)于FMT的長(zhǎng)期安全性,如是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致機(jī)體遠(yuǎn)期出現(xiàn)感染、炎癥和消化道腫瘤等,目前缺乏長(zhǎng)期隨訪資料[76]。

    5 結(jié)語(yǔ)

    糞菌移植有較好的臨床應(yīng)用前景,但也存在相當(dāng)多問(wèn)題。FMT在治療IBS方面的初步病例報(bào)告和回顧性研究已顯示出了滿意結(jié)果。但迄今為止,還沒(méi)有前瞻性、隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[29]。雖然有研究證實(shí)腸易激綜合征患者和健康組的糞便菌群有所差異,但是未來(lái)的研究仍需通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)酶鏈聚合反應(yīng)來(lái)進(jìn)一步評(píng)估FMT前后腸道菌群的組成情況,以及比較健康對(duì)照組和捐助者的細(xì)菌種群,觀察改變的菌群及其代謝產(chǎn)物在IBS治療中的作用和機(jī)制。相信隨著FMT技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展、多中心臨床研究的證實(shí)及相應(yīng)倫理學(xué)跟進(jìn),F(xiàn)MT的研究和應(yīng)用將獲得全面、長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展。

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    Advances in fecal microbiota transplantation in irritable bowel syndrome

    GONG Sandong, CUI Lihong
    Department of Gastroenterology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China

    CUI Lihong. Email: luckycui861@sina.com

    Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can correct intestinal dysbiosis, and it has been successfully used in the treatment of partial intestinal microflora related diseases in recent years, but still few researches are found on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this article, the latest progresses of the relationship between gut microflora and IBS, clinical applications, possible mechanisms, safety and application prospects of FMT in IBS will be reviewed.

    fecal microbiota transplantation; intestinal flora; gut microflora; irritable bowel syndrome人糞菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,F(xiàn)MT)是將健康人糞便中的功能菌群移植到患者胃腸道內(nèi),使患者重建具有正常功能的腸道菌群,實(shí)現(xiàn)腸道及腸道外疾病的診療[1-2]。FMT至少已有1 700年歷史[3],近年來(lái)又成為腸道微生態(tài)研究領(lǐng)域的熱門(mén)而備受世界關(guān)注。腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一種以腹痛或腹部不適伴排便習(xí)慣改變?yōu)樘卣鞯墓δ苄约膊4]。按照羅馬Ⅲ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IBS主要有腹瀉型、便秘型、混合型及不確定型4種亞型。IBS全球患病率為10% ~ 20%[5],是一種多因素疾病,其病因和病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜。目前已有大量研究證實(shí)IBS與腸道微生態(tài)失衡密切相關(guān)。臨床上采用益生菌治療IBS已取得了很好的療效,但用FMT治療IBS的報(bào)道仍較少?,F(xiàn)就糞菌移植在腸易激綜合征中的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。

    R 574

    A

    2095-5227(2015)10-1006-05 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.10.012

    時(shí)間:2015-08-05 17:20

    http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150805.1720.008.html

    2015-06-15

    吳階平臨床科研專項(xiàng)資助基金(320.6750.13175)

    Supported by the Foundation of WU Jie-Ping(320.6750.13175)

    弓三東,男,碩士,主治醫(yī)師。研究方向:酸相關(guān)疾病及功能性胃腸病診治。Email: gsd945@com。

    崔立紅,女,博士,主任醫(yī)師,教授,主任,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email: luckycui861@sina.com

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