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    地塞米松對(duì)胃腸手術(shù)患者術(shù)后血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度的影響

    2015-03-21 02:44:28陳鏡伊劉艷紅
    關(guān)鍵詞:皮質(zhì)醇胃腸麻醉

    陳鏡伊,劉艷紅,張 宏

    解放軍總醫(yī)院 麻醉手術(shù)中心,北京 100853

    地塞米松對(duì)胃腸手術(shù)患者術(shù)后血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度的影響

    陳鏡伊,劉艷紅,張 宏

    解放軍總醫(yī)院 麻醉手術(shù)中心,北京 100853

    目的觀察術(shù)前應(yīng)用地塞米松對(duì)胃腸手術(shù)患者術(shù)后血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度的影響。方法選擇2013年11月- 2014年7月在我院麻醉手術(shù)中心行胃腸手術(shù)的患者80例,隨機(jī)分成對(duì)照組(C組)和地塞米松組(D組),每組40例。術(shù)前1 ~ 2 h,C組靜脈注射0.9%氯化鈉注射液2 ml,D組靜脈注射地塞米松10 mg(2 ml)。分別在術(shù)前(T0)、術(shù)后第1天(T1)及第7天(T2)抽取外周靜脈血測(cè)量血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度。結(jié)果術(shù)前及術(shù)后第7天兩組血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后第1天D組血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度為345.8 nmol/L,C組為832.8 nmol/L,D組低于C組(P<0.05)。與術(shù)前相比,C組術(shù)后第1天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度明顯升高(P<0.05),D組無明顯變化(P>0.05)。結(jié)論術(shù)前應(yīng)用10 mg地塞米松可以抑制胃腸手術(shù)患者術(shù)后皮質(zhì)醇的過度產(chǎn)生,術(shù)后第1天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度較術(shù)前無明顯變化,術(shù)后早期血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。

    地塞米松;皮質(zhì)醇;胃腸手術(shù)

    大量研究已表明,術(shù)前應(yīng)用地塞米松可以有效減輕患者術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生[1],還可以減緩胃腸手術(shù)患者術(shù)后疲倦及疼痛,促進(jìn)術(shù)后恢復(fù)[2]。地塞米松作為皮質(zhì)類固醇激素,可以作用于下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical,HPA)軸,負(fù)反饋抑制腎上腺皮質(zhì)產(chǎn)生皮質(zhì)醇[3]。目前尚無文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道臨床上常規(guī)劑量(10 mg)地塞米松對(duì)胃腸手術(shù)患者術(shù)后皮質(zhì)醇濃度的影響如何。本研究旨在觀察術(shù)前1 ~ 2 h靜脈注射地塞米松對(duì)胃腸手術(shù)患者術(shù)后血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度的影響。

    資料和方法

    1 一般資料 選擇2013年11月- 2014年7月在我院麻醉手術(shù)中心行胃腸手術(shù)的患者80例,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)評(píng)級(jí)為Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有嚴(yán)重的心、肺、肝、腎、腦、內(nèi)分泌病史,術(shù)前長(zhǎng)期使用類固醇激素,術(shù)前皮質(zhì)醇濃度超過正常參考值范圍(198.7 ~797.5 nmol/L),對(duì)地塞米松過敏。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組(C組)和地塞米松(D組),每組40例。

    2 用藥及麻醉 患者入手術(shù)室后開通靜脈通路,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心率、血壓、脈搏氧飽和度及心電圖。術(shù)前1 ~ 2 h,C組靜脈注射0.9%氯化鈉注射液2 ml,D組靜脈注射地塞米松10 mg(2ml)。全麻誘導(dǎo):丙泊酚1.0 ~ 1.5 mg/kg,羅庫(kù)溴銨0.6 ~ 0.8 mg/kg、咪達(dá)唑侖0.02 ~ 0.03 mg/kg和芬太尼2 ~ 3 μg/kg。氣管插管后連接麻醉機(jī)行機(jī)械通氣,維持PaCO2在35 ~ 45 mmHg(1 mmHg= 0.133 kPa)。連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓,使其波動(dòng)幅度不超過基礎(chǔ)值的25%。術(shù)中持續(xù)泵注異丙酚、瑞芬太尼及吸入七氟醚維持麻醉,控制腦電雙頻指數(shù)(bispectralindex,BIS)值為40 ~ 60。術(shù)中根據(jù)需要靜注羅庫(kù)溴銨及芬太尼,手術(shù)結(jié)束停止麻醉用藥。

    3 血標(biāo)本采集及檢測(cè) 分別在術(shù)前、術(shù)后第1天及第7天從外周靜脈抽取血樣3 ml,靜置1 ~ 2 h后在4 000 r/min下離心15 min,取血清保存在-80℃冰箱中,用化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析法檢測(cè)血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度。

    4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS15.0軟件。計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)用或中位數(shù)(最小值-最大值)表示。組間比較用t檢驗(yàn)或Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較用方差分析,定性資料比較用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

    結(jié) 果

    1 一般情況比較 兩組患者年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量、身高、ASA分級(jí)、估計(jì)術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。

    2 血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度比較 術(shù)前、術(shù)后第7天兩組血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后第1天,D組血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度較C組低(345.8 nmol/L vs 832.8 nmol/L)(P<0.05)。C組術(shù)后第1天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度較術(shù)前顯著升高(P<0.05),術(shù)后第7天和術(shù)前比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。D組術(shù)后第1天、第7天與術(shù)前比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。

    表1 80例患者基本資料Tab. 1 Clinical data about 80 patients included in this study ()

    表1 80例患者基本資料Tab. 1 Clinical data about 80 patients included in this study ()

    Group C (n=40)Group D (n=40)P Gender (M/F)34/628/120.11 Age (yrs)69.6±5.767.2±5.20.10 Height (cm)165.7±7.2166.5±6.00.91 Body weight (kg)65.1±12.066.8±10.10.61 ASA classification (Ⅱ/Ⅲ)29/1125/150.34 Estimated blood loss (ml)156.4±65.7191.5±77.60.11 length of surgery (min)182.2±51.6201.4±52.40.75

    表2 兩組患者血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度比較Tab. 2 Comparison of serum levels of cortisol between the two groups (median)

    討 論

    本研究表明,在接受胃腸手術(shù)患者中,術(shù)前給予臨床常用劑量(10 mg)地塞米松可以降低術(shù)后第1天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度,但與術(shù)前無明顯差異,血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度較平穩(wěn)。

    糖皮質(zhì)激素具有抗炎及免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,地塞米松是人工合成的糖皮質(zhì)激素,抗炎作用強(qiáng),作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng),被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[4]。手術(shù)會(huì)引起以炎癥反應(yīng)及內(nèi)分泌改變?yōu)橹鞯囊幌盗袘?yīng)激反應(yīng),過度應(yīng)激會(huì)使機(jī)體代謝增強(qiáng),各器官營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求增加,這也許會(huì)導(dǎo)致術(shù)后患病率增加[5-6]。多數(shù)研究表明,術(shù)前單劑量(8 ~ 10 mg)地塞米松可以有效降低患者循環(huán)中炎癥因子濃度,減輕術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、疼痛,減緩術(shù)后疲倦,促進(jìn)術(shù)后肺功能恢復(fù)等[2,7-10]。因此現(xiàn)在臨床上術(shù)前應(yīng)用地塞米松非常普遍。

    手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷引起HPA軸活動(dòng)增強(qiáng),患者循環(huán)皮質(zhì)醇濃度增高[11],可引起骨骼肌萎縮、骨質(zhì)疏松、皮膚變薄、淋巴組織萎縮、海馬退化、血管并發(fā)癥等不良反應(yīng)[12-13]。Crema等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在膽囊切除術(shù)的患者中,術(shù)后第1天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度顯著高于術(shù)前。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)照組患者術(shù)后第1天時(shí)血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度顯著高于術(shù)前水平,這和之前Crema等得出的結(jié)果相似。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,成年人在非應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下每天產(chǎn)生的皮質(zhì)醇含量為10 ~20 mg,但在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下產(chǎn)生的皮質(zhì)醇量急劇增加,為10 ~ 15 mg/h[15]。地塞米松生物效能為皮質(zhì)醇的25倍[7],那么術(shù)前應(yīng)用10mg地塞米松對(duì)患者循環(huán)皮質(zhì)醇濃度影響如何?目前為止研究甚少。Elston等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),健康成年人在非應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下(非手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷刺激),靜脈注射8 mg地塞米松后第1天循環(huán)皮質(zhì)醇濃度被抑制到基礎(chǔ)水平(應(yīng)用地塞米松之前)的5%左右。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前應(yīng)用10 mg地塞米松的患者術(shù)后第1天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度雖低于術(shù)前,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,然而術(shù)前未注射地塞米松的患者術(shù)后第1天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度較術(shù)前顯著升高(P<0.05)。這與手術(shù)本身引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致皮質(zhì)醇增多有關(guān),地塞米松的抑制作用一定程度上抵消了手術(shù)應(yīng)激引起的皮質(zhì)醇濃度升高部分,使得循環(huán)皮質(zhì)醇濃度相對(duì)平穩(wěn)。兩組患者術(shù)后第7天血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度和術(shù)前相比,均無明顯差異,這說明術(shù)后第7天患者HPA軸功能基本恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平,并且地塞米松的抑制作用也已消失。

    地塞米松通過和細(xì)胞內(nèi)受體結(jié)合影響細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄而發(fā)揮生物效應(yīng),起效時(shí)間較慢,為1 ~ 2 h[17],為充分獲得其治療效益,選擇在手術(shù)開始切皮刺激前1 ~ 2 h靜脈注射。

    本研究中,術(shù)后第1天地塞米松組患者與對(duì)照組相比,血清皮質(zhì)醇濃度明顯降低,說明腎上腺皮質(zhì)功能在一定程度上被抑制,但與術(shù)前相比卻無明顯差異。然而我們僅僅觀察了血清指標(biāo)的變化,并未觀察這種變化對(duì)患者的恢復(fù)影響如何,所以并不能說明臨床上這種地塞米松對(duì)皮質(zhì)醇反應(yīng)的抑制作用對(duì)患者是有利還是有害。Henzi等[18]通過對(duì)一系列文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)后發(fā)現(xiàn),抗吐劑量的地塞米松對(duì)手術(shù)患者并未產(chǎn)生任何明顯的不良反應(yīng),若從過度應(yīng)激(皮質(zhì)醇濃度過高)影響患者恢復(fù)的理論來看,可以大膽的提出術(shù)前10 mg地塞米松對(duì)腎上腺皮質(zhì)功能的抑制是一種保護(hù)作用。本研究觀察的術(shù)后時(shí)間點(diǎn)較少,并未記錄皮質(zhì)醇濃度的連續(xù)變化,以后我們會(huì)做更多關(guān)于術(shù)前應(yīng)用地塞米松對(duì)患者預(yù)后影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制的研究,為臨床應(yīng)用提供參考意見。

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    Effects of dexamethasone on serum cortisol levels in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery

    CHEN Jingyi, LIU Yanhong, ZHANG Hong
    Anesthesiology and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

    ZHANG Hong. Email: mazuimao301@163.com

    ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of preoperative administration of dexamethasone on serum levels of cortisol in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery.MethodsEighty patients scheduled for elective gastrointestinal surgery were included in this study, and they were randomly divided into control group (Group C) and dexamethasone group (Group D). Patients in Group C received 2 ml of normal saline 1-2 hour before surgery while patients in Group D received 10 mg of dexamethasone. Serum levels of cortisol were determined on the day before surgery (T0), post-operative day 1 (T1) and day 7 (T2).ResultsThere were no significant differences in serum cortisol levels on T0 and T1 between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with Group C, Group D had significantly lower serum level of cortisol (345.8 nmol/L vs. 832.8 nmol/L, P<0.05) on T1. Compared with T0, patients in group C had significantly higher levels of cortisol on T1(P<0.05), while there were no differences between T0 and T1 in Group D (P>0.05).ConclusionPreoperative administration of 10 mg of dexamethasone can decrease the serum levels of cortisol on postoperative day 1, and shrink the fluctuation of serum levels of cortisol.

    dexamethasone; cortisol; gastrointestinal surgery

    R 614

    A

    2095-5227(2015)06-0580-03

    10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.06.016

    時(shí)間:2015-03-12 08:42

    http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150312.0842.002.html

    2015-01-14

    總后勤部衛(wèi)生部保健專項(xiàng)課題(13BJZ38)

    Supported by the Health Care Project of Health Ministy of General Logistic Department of PLA(13BJZ38)

    陳鏡伊,女,碩士。Email: cjy823957912@163.com

    張宏,女,博士,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email: mazuimao301@163.com

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