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      中考英語熱點考點歸納總結(五)

      2015-03-11 21:10:29
      中學生英語·中考指導版 2014年11期
      關鍵詞:定語副詞賓語

      1. provide與offer

      (1) provide作動詞,意為“提供;配備;供給”。與supply用法相似。provide / supply sb. / someplace with sth. 或provide sth. for sb. / someplace。

      例如:

      On Sundays his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.

      Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing.

      (2) offer作動詞,意為“給予;提供;拿出;出示;提議”。offer sb. sth. 或offer sth. to sb.。

      offer還可作名詞,意為“提議;出價,開價;試圖;求婚”。

      例如:

      He offered me a glass of wine.

      They offered to help me.

      He offered to lend me some books.

      【中考鏈接】

      —Im going to the supermarket. Let me get you some fruit.

      —OK. Thanks for your _______. (2011湖北武漢)

      A. offer B. information

      C. message D. order

      【答案】A

      【解析】 考查名詞辨析。句意:“——我打算去超市,讓我給你買些水果吧?!玫模x謝你的提議(幫助)。”offer“提議”;information“消息,信息”;message“消息,口信”;order“命令;定單”。

      2. want, wish, hope和expect

      這四個動詞都可以表示愿望,意為“想要;希望;期望”等,但它們的用法有所不同。

      (1) want較為口語化,表達迫切的愿望。常用于下面結構中:

      ① want + n. / pron. 意為“想要某物”。

      例如:

      I want a new pen.

      ② want + to do sth. 意為“想要做某事”。

      例如:

      I want to buy a bike.

      ③ want + sb. to do sth. 意為“想要某人做某事”。

      例如:

      The teacher wants us to clean the classroom.

      (2) wish表示客觀上不太可能實現的希望或表示祝愿。常用于下面結構中:

      ① wish + to do sth. 意為“希望做某事”。

      例如:

      I wish to visit America some day.

      ② wish + sb. to do sth. 意為“希望某人做某事”。

      例如:

      His parents wish him to be a scientist in the future.

      ③ wish + sb. + n. / adj. 意為“祝愿某人……”。

      例如:

      I wish you success!

      I wish you happiness!

      (3) hope強調主觀上的“希望”。

      ① hope + to do sth. 意為“希望做某事” 。

      例如:

      We hope to visit Yanan soon.

      ② hope + that從句,意為“希望……”。

      例如:

      Our foreign friends hope that they can join in the May Day celebrations in Beijing.

      注意:不能說hope sb. to do sth.

      (4) expect強調客觀上可能實現的“期望”,“期待”等。

      ① expect + n. / pron. 意為“盼望或期待某物”,強調心理上的一種期盼、等待,而wait強調具體在某時、某地等待某人或某事。

      例如:

      He is expecting her letter.

      Dont expect too much of him.

      ② expect + to do. sth. “期望做某事”。

      例如:

      She expects to go there next week.

      ③ expect + sb. to do sth. 意為“盼望某人做某事”。

      例如:

      He expects you to finish the work on time.

      ④ expect + that從句,意為“期望/期待……”。

      例如:

      I expected that he would realize his mistake one day.

      【中考鏈接】

      Mary is tired of learning because she is _______ to do better than she can, both at school and at home. (2011山東菏澤)endprint

      A. thought B. expected

      C. hoped D. helped

      【答案】B

      【解析】考查動詞辨析。句意:瑪麗疲于學習,因為她在家里和學校都被期待著做得更好。因為hope sb. to do sth.不正確,也無此類被動語態(tài)。故選B。

      3. fix, repair和mend

      這三個動詞都可以用來表示“修理”某一事物,使其能恢復到原來的形狀或狀態(tài)的意思。

      (1) fix用于需要重新“調整”物體的結構,把松散的部件固定結實,將分離的物體各部分裝配起來。

      fix up安排;修理;安頓;為(某人)提供

      例如:

      Lets fix up to have a picnic together. 我們一起來安排一次野餐。

      (2) 動詞repair“修理”的對象多為破損、毀壞或發(fā)生故障不能正常使用的物體。

      例如:

      When I got home, my brother was repairing his radio.

      (3) 動詞mend“修理”的對象多是一些瑣碎的物品。如粘貼的小用品、玩具,要縫補的衣物等。

      例如:

      My kite is broken. Can you mend it for me? 我的風箏壞了。你能為我修一下嗎?

      【中考鏈接】

      We shouldnt _______ our hopes. Everything will be better. (2011梧州)

      A. put up B. cheer up

      C. fix up D. give up

      【答案】D

      【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。題意為 “我們不能放棄希望”。put up“舉起來;張貼;懸掛”;cheer up“使……振奮”;fix up“修理”;give up“放棄”。

      4. embarrassed

      作形容詞用時意為“局促不安的;為難的;尷尬的;窘迫的”。

      作動詞用時意為“(使)窘迫,(使)局促不安”。

      例如:

      We have nothing to be embarrassed about.

      我們沒什么好難為情的。

      【中考鏈接】

      —I wore sports shoes to the ball yesterday evening by mistake!

      —Oh, dear, you must be very _____ at the ball?。?011湖北武漢)

      A. embarrassed B. satisfied

      C. tired D. surprised

      【答案】A

      【解析】考查形容詞辨析。穿運動鞋去參加舞會,當然會感到尷尬(embarrassed)。

      5. experience

      (1) experience用作名詞。

      ① 當experience表示經驗時,是不可數名詞。

      例如:

      She had no experience of life at all.

      Have you had any experience of teaching English?

      ② 當experience表示體驗、經歷時,是可數名詞。

      例如:

      an unforgettable experience 一次難忘的經歷

      Please tell us about your experiences in Africa. 請告訴我們你在非洲的經歷吧。

      I had a rather odd experience several days ago. 幾天前我有過一次相當古怪的經歷。

      (2) experience用作動詞時,意為“經歷;體驗;感受;遭受”。

      例如:

      The city experienced over 2,000 such incidents last year.

      He experienced a pang of sadness.

      【中考鏈接】

      —Mr Li was sent to teach Chinese in an American high school last year.

      —Yes, I know. He told me he would never forget his pleasant _____ while working there. (2012江蘇鎮(zhèn)江)

      A. experiments B. expressions

      C. experiences D. explorations

      【答案】C

      【解析】考查名詞的辨析。experiment意為“實驗”,expression意為“表達;表情”,experience意為“經驗;經歷”,exploration意為“探險”。根據句意“他說他將永不會忘記在那里工作的美好的經歷”,故答案選C。

      1. set up, build, found和put up

      (1) set up

      設立;豎立;架起;升起;裝配;創(chuàng)造(紀錄);創(chuàng)辦(公司);建立(事業(yè));成立(組織)。endprint

      例如:

      set up a bank / set up a help center

      The new hospital was set up in 2000.

      (2) build (built, building)

      v. 建造(模型船);建筑;造(房子)。

      n. 構造;體格,體形。

      例如:

      He built a model ship out of wood.

      The Crystal Palace was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851.

      The ancient temple was built of wood.

      Li Hua is of medium build.

      (3) found

      表示“建立”或“成立”,所建立的只是初步的,仍有待于進一步地發(fā)展和完善。

      (4) put up

      舉起;抬起;張開(傘);舉起手來;張貼;公布。

      例如:

      Put up a tent.

      Put your hands up!Put them up!

      【中考鏈接】

      On October 15th, 2003 China _______ its second lunar orbiter Change 2. (2011新疆阜康)

      A. set out B. set off

      C. sent up D. sent out

      【答案】C

      【解析】考查動詞短語辨析。set out意為“開始;著手;打算”;set off意為“出發(fā);動身”;send up意為“發(fā)射;發(fā)出”;send out意為“發(fā)送;派遣”。故選C。

      2. break out, break in, break into, break away from, break down, break through, break up和break off

      (1) break out意為“爆發(fā)”,主語多為戰(zhàn)爭、火災、瘟疫等。該詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)。

      例如:

      The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.

      (2) break in意為“闖入”。其中in為副詞,不加賓語。

      例如:

      Two robbers broke in and robbed the bank of a lot of money.

      (3) break into意為“闖入;破門而入”。其中into為介詞,加賓語。

      例如:

      They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.

      (4) break away from意為“脫離”。

      例如:

      Lincoln said it was not right for the south to break away from the union.

      (5) break down 意為“(機器,車輛)壞了;失敗了;摧毀;分解”。

      例如:

      We are sorry to arrive late, but the car broke down.

      The police broke the door down.

      (6) break through意為“突破”。

      例如:

      The marchers broke through the line of the police.

      (7) break off意為“折斷;中斷;斷絕”。

      例如:

      Lets break off for half an hour and have some tea.

      The two countries have broken off diplomatic relations between each other.

      (8) break up意為“驅散;拆散”。

      例如:

      The police broke up the crowd.

      【中考鏈接】

      We had to _____ our discussion because one of us suddenly got ill. (2010四川巴中)

      A. take off B. turn off

      C. break off

      【答案】C

      【解析】考查動詞辨析。句意:我們不得不中斷我們的討論,因為我們中有一個突然生病了。正確答案為C。

      3. go off

      (1) go off,動詞短語,意為“(鬧鐘等)發(fā)出響聲”。

      例如:

      Listen!The alarm clock is going off!聽!鬧鈴響了。

      The alarm went off when they got in. 他們一進去,鬧鈴就響了。

      (2) go off 也有“(食物等)變質,變壞”的意思。

      例如:

      Meat goes off quickly in hot weather. 肉在熱天很容易變壞。endprint

      (3) go off 還有“離開(尤指去做某事)”的意思。

      例如:

      I had to sit down and wait for her because I could not just go off like that without explain-ing. 我只好坐下來等她,因為我不能就那樣不作解釋就一走了之。

      【中考鏈接】

      How I wish I could sleep longer! However, I had to get up as soon as the alarm clock ______. (2011山西)

      A. ran off B. went off

      C. took off

      【答案】B

      【解析】考查動詞短語的辨析。句意:鬧鐘一響我就得起床。正確答案為B。

      4. sell out

      sell out賣完,用光。

      例如:

      We have sold out the model. 我們的樣品已賣完了。

      【中考鏈接】

      —Do you have Nokia E72 mobiles?

      —Sorry, they have been ______. You may come next week. (2011連云港)

      A. given out B. looked out

      C. sold out D. come out

      【答案】C

      【解析】考查動詞詞組。句意:它們已經被賣完了。give out意為“分發(fā);用完;消耗盡”;look out意為“小心,注意”;sell out意為“賣完;用光”;come out意為“出版”。正確答案為C。

      1. 定語從句

      在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞、作定語的句子叫定語從句。

      引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞,包括關系代詞和關系副詞。定語從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”,因為它總是處在定語從句的前面,比定語從句先行一步。

      (1) 關系代詞:

      who, which, that作從句的主語

      whom, which, that作從句的賓語(可省略)

      whose作從句的定語

      例如:

      He is the man who helped us out of trouble two days ago.

      Where is the pen that / which was sent by my uncle?

      The film star (whom) we like will come to the city next week.

      The book (which / that) I bought yesterday is interesting.

      【注意】

      ① 以下情況只能用that,不能用which:

      a. 先行詞為不定代詞all, little, none, any, every, no, much, anything, nothing;

      b. 先行詞有最高級和序數詞修飾時(包括the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等);

      c. 先行詞既有人又有物。

      ② 以下情況只能用which,不能用that:

      a. 引導非限制性定語從句(包括代表整個主句的意思時);

      b. 關系代詞表示整個主句的內容時。

      例如:

      The moon moves around the earth, which / as we all know.

      c. 介詞 + 關系代詞的結構。

      【中考鏈接】

      —What shall we do next?

      —Take the advice _______ is given by Dr. Bloch. (2012福建泉州)

      A. who B. which

      C. whose

      【答案】B

      【解析】考查定語從句。先行詞advice,指物體,關系代詞應用which。

      (2)關系副詞的用法比較單一,它們在從句中只起狀語的作用,表示時間的就用when,表示地點的就用where,而why只修飾一個詞,即reason。而表示地點的要注意which和where的區(qū)別,which指“……地方”,where指“在 / 去……地方”。

      例如:

      Wuhan is a good place which I know very much.

      Wuhan is a good place where I have been living.

      Wuhan is a good place where I really want to go.

      【中考鏈接】

      This is the primary school ______ I studied three years ago. (2012四川宜賓)

      A. where B. when

      C. that D. which

      【答案】A

      【解析】考查定語從句關聯詞的用法。定語從句的先行詞the primary school, 在定語從句中充當的是地點狀語,所以用關系副詞where引導, 故選A。endprint

      2. 短語動詞

      (1) 短語動詞的構成

      英語中的動詞,按其構成,可分為單詞動詞和短語動詞。短語動詞指由兩個或兩個以上單詞構成的動詞。這種動詞主要有三種組合形式:

      ① 動詞+介詞,例如:take after(長得像……)。

      ② 動詞+副詞,例如:cheer up(使振奮;使高興)。

      ③ 動詞+副詞+介詞,例如:come up with(想起)。

      在“動詞+副詞+介詞”的組合中,短語動詞只能看作是一個動詞,絕對不能拆開。另外,還需要注意的是,以上三類短語動詞都是一些固定搭配,這些短語動詞與某些非固定搭配是有區(qū)別的。試比較:

      a. The lights went out.

      b. He put on his coat and went out.

      a句中的went out(熄滅)是由“動詞+副詞”構成的短語動詞。b句中的went out(出去)不是短語動詞,went是動詞,out是副詞,作狀語。

      ④ 動詞 + 名詞 + 介詞,例如:take care of (照顧)。

      (2) 及物與不及物短語動詞

      由動詞和副詞構成的短語動詞有的起及物動詞的作用,有的起不及物動詞的作用。短語動詞是及物的還是不及物的主要取決于短語動詞的意思。因為一個短語動詞可能具有兩個或幾個不同的意思,用作某個或某幾個意思時可能是及物的,用作其他意思時又可能是不及物的。

      例如:

      He took off his coat when he entered the house and put it on again when he went out. (take off是及物短語動詞)

      At airports people can watch the planes taking off and landing.(take off是不及物短語動詞)

      【中考鏈接】

      Smoking is not allowed in public places since May 1st. It may be a good chance for some people to ______ smoking. (2011浙江舟山)

      A. put up B. give up

      C. pick up D. look up

      【答案】B

      【解析】此題考查短語動詞的辨析。句意:也許這是人們戒煙的好機會。put up意為“搭起”,give up意為“放棄”,pick up意為“撿起”,look up意為“查詢”,只有give up符合句意。

      3. 過去完成時

      (1) 過去完成時的概念

      過去完成時表示在過去的某個時間以前已經發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),即“過去的過去”,也可以指過去的動作延續(xù)到過去的某時。

      (2) 過去完成時的構成形式

      had + 動詞的過去分詞(had通用于任何人稱)

      (3) 過去完成時的用法

      ① 常與by the end of及by the time等引導的從句連用。

      例如:

      By the end of last term, we had learned 1600 English words.

      ② 常與when, before, after, until等引導的時間狀語從句連用,其中從句的謂語動詞用一般過去式。

      例如:

      They had finished their work before we arrived.

      It had stopped raining when I woke up.

      ③ 表示從過去某一時間開始持續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài),常與“for + 時間段”,“since + 時間點 / 從句”連用。在肯定句中,謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞。

      例如:

      The film had been on for half an hour when we arrived at the cinema.

      Mr. Gao had worked in the school since it opened in 1995.

      ④ 如果時間狀語從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之間,則從句可用過去完成時。

      例如:

      After I had finished my homework, I went to bed.

      ⑤ 當主句的謂語動詞為said, asked, told, though等時,賓語從句常用過去完成時。

      例如:

      He asked me why I had been late.

      ⑥ 在含有定語從句的復合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事情,先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。

      例如:

      I returned the books that I had borrowed from the library.

      4. 賓語從句

      (1) 賓語從句是一種名詞性從句,在句中作及物動詞的賓語,或介詞的賓語。

      ① 由that引導的賓語從句。此時that只有語法作用,沒有實際的意義,在口語和非正式文體中可以省略。

      例如:

      I am sure (that) he will succeed.

      ② 由if或whether引導的賓語從句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。endprint

      例如:

      He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

      ③ 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當某個成分。

      例如:

      Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?

      (2) 賓語從句的語序應為陳述句的語序。

      例如:

      I think (that) you will like this school soon.

      應特別注意以下陳述句式的區(qū)別:

      ① She asked what was the matter with him?

      ② Can you tell us what is on the desk?

      ③ Teachers know what all the students are doing in class.

      當疑問詞在句中作主語時,疑問句式不變,而其他情況一般都要變成陳述句式。

      (3) 賓語從句的時態(tài):

      ① 如果主句的時態(tài)是一般現在時,賓語從句則可根據實際情況而定。

      例如:

      I dont think (that) you are right.

      Please tell us where he is.

      ② 如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時,賓語從句只能用相應的過去時態(tài)(一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時等)。

      例如:

      He asked what time it was.

      He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

      ③ 如果賓語從句所陳述的是客觀真理,其時態(tài)常用一般現在時。

      例如:

      Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.

      Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

      【中考鏈接】

      —Pardon? I didnt catch _______.

      —I said the book sold very well in our school. (2012福建泉州)

      A. what you said

      B. where you would go

      C. who you talked about

      【答案】A

      【解析】考查賓語從句的用法。由答句“我說那本書在我們學校賣得好”可推出上句句意:我沒有聽見你說的話。what you said意為“你所說的話”。所以選A。

      1. 關于詢問意愿的方法

      —What do you like doing?

      —I love playing football.

      —What kind of job do you like to do?

      —I like house-keeping work.

      —What kind of volunteer work would you like to do?

      —Ill help clean up the city parks.

      【中考鏈接】

      —Would you like to go to the hospital to help the sick kids this Sunday?

      —______, Ill be free then. (2012浙江溫州)

      A. Sorry, I cant B. Not at all

      C. Thank you D. Sure, Id love to

      【答案】D

      【解析】考查情景交際。Would you like to do sth.?的意思是“你愿意做……嗎?”否定回答: Id love to, but ...;肯定回答:Yes, Id love to. 故選D。

      2. 關于問路和指路(asking and pointing to the way)

      (1) 問路

      Excuse me. Wheres the washroom?

      Can you tell me how to get to the post office?

      Excuse me. Which bus goes to the World Park?

      Excuse me. Which is the way to the Bank of China?

      Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the station, please?

      How can I get to No. 4 Middle School?

      Excuse me. Is there a book store near here?

      (2) 指路

      Its over there.

      Its about 400 meters from here.

      Walk along this road. / Go ahead. Its on your right / left.

      Go down this street until you see the red building.

      Turn right / left at the first / second crossing / corner.

      You cant miss it.

      You can take bus No. 106.

      Youd better take a taxi.

      Sorry. I dont know. Im a stranger here.

      【中考鏈接】

      —Excuse me. Could you please tell me where I can get the dictionary?

      —______. Theres a bookstore on Yimeng Road. (2011山東臨沂)

      A. Sorry B. Sure

      C. Good idea D. Thank you

      【答案】B

      【解析】考查口語交際。通過答語的下半句可知答語為肯定回答,用sure來應答Could you please ...引導的表示委婉語氣的一般疑問句。

      —Leo, could you tell me _______?

      —I heard they were very mad at you. (2012 貴州遵義)

      A. why they decided to do so

      B. where have they gone

      C. what trouble did they meet

      【答案】A

      【解析】在口語交際中考查賓語從句語序的用法。賓語從句應用陳述句語序而不能用疑問句語序,B、C為疑問句語序,故選A。endprint

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      當代修辭學(2013年3期)2013-01-23 06:41:24
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