• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Major hotspots detected along the Scotia Ridge in autumn for southern right whales Eubalaena australis, Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella and Antarctic prions Pachyptila desolata

    2015-02-06 07:16:41ClaudeJoirisGrantHumphriesDiederikHertRenMarieLafontaineHenriRobertRoselineBeudelsJamar
    Advances in Polar Science 2015年4期

    Claude R. Joiris, Grant R. W. Humphries, Diederik D’Hert, René-Marie Lafontaine,2, Henri Robert,2 & Roseline C. Beudels-Jamar,2

    1 Laboratory for Polar Ecology (PolE), 1367 Ramillies, Belgium;

    2 Conservation Biology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;

    3 Department of Ecology and Evolution. Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA 11794

    1 Introduction

    The distribution of upper trophic level predators in the polar oceans reflects prey abundance and availability (e.g.,zooplankton, krill, nekton, and small fish), in turn responding to lower trophic level processes. These top predators therefore constitute the best indicators to localize areas of high biological production[1-6].

    In the Antarctic, biological studies mainly concern the Weddell, Ross and Bellingshausen seas[7-9]. Appreciable work has been conducted in the Scotia Sea as well, but not during autumn except in the Scotia-Weddell Confluence(about 50 papers resulting from AMERIEZ: Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Research in the Ice Edge Zone). Following the description of an important autumn aggregation around the South Shetland Islands[6], this paper reports on autumn observations of top predators in the Scotia Ridge in northern Scotia Sea.

    Water masses and fronts, pack ice and ice edge are well understood to be the main hydrological factors influencing the distribution of upper trophic level species (e.g., seabirds and marine mammals) in the ocean[10-18]. Bathymetry is often considered a factor in affecting species distribution and abundance due to its relationship with upwelling fronts and eddies[19-21]. Recent studies summarize the situation in the southern “ocean” in general[22]or for Antarctic Minke whaleBalaenoptera bonaerensisin particular[20], or an aggregation of fin whalesB. physalus, southern fulmarsFulmarus glacoidesand grey-headed albatrossesThalassarche chrysostomaaround the South Shetland Islands[6].

    Our study area covers the southwest sector of the Atlantic Ocean at the boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC) and the Polar Front (PF), as reflected by signatures of water temperature (SST) and salinity. We progressed longitudinally between Patagonia and the Scotia Ridge,including the vicinity of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, and the South Sandwich Trench. During both the outward leg, originating from Punta Arenas, Chile, and inward leg, terminating at the Falkland Islands, we conducted surveys of marine birds and mammals during daylight hours attempting to relate the results to hydrological variables.

    2 Material and methods

    During the PS81 (ANT-XXIX/4) expedition of icebreaker RVPolarsternfrom Punta Arenas, Chile to the North Scotia Sea Ridge, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Trench and back to the Falkland Islands from 22 March till 26 April 2013, three independent datasets were collected in order to establish the at-sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals. The main dataset was collected from the port side of the bridge (hereafter “l(fā)eft”,n= 365), another from the starboard side (“right”,n= 282); in both cases, one observer either side tallied marine birds and mammals. A third data set was derived from helicopter ぼights in a few locations (lasting two hours each, height 300 feet, speed 80 knots; two to three observers;n= 8). The transect counts, from 18 m above sea level, were partitioned into 30 min segments, without width limitation on a continuous basis, light and visibility permitting (see description and discussion in[4-5]).

    Sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity were continuously recorded using a thermo-salinometer at keel depth (-10 m). Ice cover was evaluated from the bridge and expressed as per-cent coverage within an approximated range of 500 m around the ship.

    Using the generalized boosted regression modelling technique[23], we tested the power of using seabird abundance as a predictor of the presence or absence of marine mammals:fur seals and whales. Due to low number of whale sightings,we combined whale sightings and converted abundance measurements to binary presences and absences. We performed three model runs: (1) oceanographic parameters(SST, distance to shore and bathymetry) and seabirds as predictors; (2) only oceanographic parameters as predictors,and (3) only seabird abundance as predictors. Crossvalidation assessment of model accuracy was performed on random subsets of observations using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

    Basic results were included in the Biodiversity dataset:http://www.gbif.org/dataset/0e8b0e10-1680-4d71-ae93-f61bd7933b1d.

    3 Results and discussion

    During the 365 counts of the main dataset from the “l(fā)eft” side of the bridge, 129 cetaceans were encountered, belonging to seven species of which three were baleen whalesMysticeti:41 humpback whalesMegaptera novaeangliae, six fin whalesBalaenoptera physalusand six southern right whalesEubalaena australis(which totalled 22?sightings, including one individual seen twice.when adding tallies from helicopter ぼights; unidentified whales might belong to this species). Among pinnipeds, the vast majority were Antarctic fur sealsArctocephalus gazella(1635 out of 1650 individuals).Among seabirds, we counted 18900 individuals belonging to 36 identified species, not including the strictly coastal Patagonian ones. The most numerous species was Antarctic prionPachyptila desolatawith 9800 individuals (Table 1).

    3.1 Count reliability

    The result was a ratio of 1.3 for the five most abundant seabird species (min. 0.74, max. 1.73), 1.1 for the cetaceans(four species, 0.65 and 2.37) and 1.3 for the pinnipeds (two species, 1.84 and 4.81). We conclude that left and right datasets provided confidence in the reproducibility of our counting method.

    3.2 Species occurrence patterns

    The main water masses and fronts were recognised on the basis of SST (Figure 1) since salinity differences were very limited[24-27]. From North-West to South-East they were: Sub-Antarctic Surface Water (SASW), Antarctic Front (AF), Polar Front Water (PFW), Polar Front (PF) and Antarctic Surface Water (AASW) (Table 2). Many of the observed species distributions were limited by these hydrological features:chinstrap penguinPygoscelisantarctica, southern fulmarFulmarus glacoides, black-bellied storm-petrelFregetta tropicaand southern right whale were restricted to AASW;Antarctic prion and Antarctic fur seal to PFW; hourglass dolphinLagenorhynchus crucigerand humpback whale to PFW and AASW; black-browed albatrossThalassarche melanophrysand white-chinned petrelProcellaria aequinoctialisto SASW and PFW; and South American fur sealArctocephalus australisto SASW (Table 3, Figure 2).Areas of aggregation along the Scotia Ridge / Scotia Trench were comprised of Antarctic prions and Antarctic fur seals in six successive counts, southern right whales in four counts and humpback whales in five counts (Table 4).

    Table 1 Seabirds and marine mammals encountered along the North Scotia Ridge and South Sandwich Trench; total numbers recorded; n= number of half-an-hour transect counts on board Polarstern, and number of helicopter ぼights; mean per count: seabirds for total> 10, per hour respectively

    Continued

    Figure 1 Near-surface water temperature (SST, °C) registered on board RV Polarstern along the North Scotia Ridge and the South Sandwich Trench, March – April 2013; noon position; main water masses and fronts: Sub-Antarctic Surface Water (SASW, SST > 5°C,red); Antarctic Front (AF); Polar Front Water (PFW, 1.7°C < SST < 4.8°C, yellow); Polar Front (PF); and Antarctic Surface Water (AASW,SST < 1.7°C, green).

    Table 2 Main water masses and fronts detected along the North Scotia Ridge and South Sandwich Trench, and their SST and salinity values

    Table 3 Seabirds and marine mammals encountered along the North Scotia Ridge and South Sandwich Trench, grouped per water mass; main seabird species (total > 500); n = number of counts from the bridge (left); N: total number; mean: per count

    Figure 2 Distribution maps for the main species encountered on board RV Polarstern along the North Scotia Ridge and the South Sandwich Trench, March – April 2013 based on the “l(fā)eft” bridge dataset; number per transect count; species symbols and classes of abundance indicated on the map; large cetaceans: fin Balaenoptera physalus, southern right Eubanaena australis and humpback Megaptera novaeangliae whales (a); fur seal, mainly Antarctic Arctocephalus gazella (b); Antarctic prion Pachyptila desolata, red circles,and unidentified prion Pachyptila sp., yellow crosses (c); chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica (d).

    Table 4 Hotspot concentration of selected species close to South Georgia; number per count from the bridge (left)

    Southern right whales were encountered from 29 March till 9 April, with most individuals being observed in five consecutive days (29 March to 2 April),i.e., between 54.5°S and 58.5°S, 25°W and 35°W, East and South-East of South Georgia corresponding to Antarctic Water (Figure 1,Tables 4 and 5). Most individuals of the three species were actively feeding. The right whales were detected during the south-eastern journey, but not the return journey along the same route. Their position was clearly linked to the strong frontal system (SACCF) with an abrupt change in water temperature close to 3°C (Table 2, Figure 1). They were often seen at the edge of medium-sized icebergs and approached the ship when stationary. Attraction to ships by southern right whales has been noted in the past (e.g., in December 1925 in South Georgia[28]). One individual seen during this expedition deserves special attention (Figure 3). This whale was photoidentified in October 1972 at Peninsula Valdès, Argentina as an adult and therefore must currently be at least 45 years old(see more detail in Reference [29]). A large concentration of humpback whales was also observed from a single helicopter flight (26 individuals at 59°S). Additional concentrations of Antarctic fur seals and Antarctic prions were detected in the same area. For these species this could correspond to the proximity to their main breeding colonies, and may reflect post-breeding aggregations (Table 4). Large numbers of chinstrap penguins were also observed on icebergs (more than 4000 on ten icebergs). Some chinstrap penguins were also seen swimming close to southern right whales, seemingly exploiting the same prey.

    Figure 3 Southern right whale Eubalaena australis, 6 April 2013,58°S?27°W, close to an iceberg. Photo was taken by H. Robert.The same individual was photographed on 18 October 1972 at Peninsula Valdès (more detail in Reference [29]).

    Table 5 Synopsis of the records of southern right whales Eubaleana australis along the N Scotia Ridge and the S Sandwich Trench,March-April 2013, from the different platforms; n = number of transect counts, of ぼights respectively

    3.3 Modelling: importance of hydrological variables in characterizing hotspots

    When we modelled fur seal and whale occurrence along transects, bathymetry, distance to shore, and abundance of Antarctic prions were the most important predictor variables.When using only oceanographic data, depth and SST were the top two variables explaining the presence of whales,while distance to shore and bathymetry were the top two variables for fur seal. When we limited the predictors to only seabird abundance, Antarctic prion was the top predictor variable for both whales and fur seal, while southern fulmar and king penguin were the second most important variables (for whales and fur seal respectively). Models that included both oceanographic data and seabird abundance as predictors showed the top two predictors for whales to be bathymetry and abundance of Antarctic prion, and for fur seal to be distance to shore and abundance of blue petrel(Table 6). AUC values were lowest for the models using only seabird abundance (0.75 and 0.74 for whales and fur seal respectively). Models using only oceanographic data had AUC values of 0.85 and 0.84 for whales and fur seal respectively. The most accurate models were those that combined both seabird abundance data and oceanographic data (0.89 and 0.85 for whales and fur seal respectively;Table 6). Our models found that high concentrations of whales, fur seals and Antarctic (>150 birds) coincided when compared to presences and absences of both mammal groups. However, whales were commonly located in deeper waters (mean 4424 m), while fur seal were mostly present in shallower waters (mean 1268 m; Table 7).

    Table 6 Top two predictor variables contributing to presences of whales and fur seal from generalized boosted regression models for models run using only oceanographic data, only seabird data, and oceanographic data combined with seabird data. Area under the receiver’s operating characteristic curve (AUC) values are reported to assess model accuracy

    Table 7 Means and standard deviations (in brackets) of the most important predictors for whales and fur seal (abundance of Antarctic prions and bathymetry) at locations where they were observed (Presences), and not observed (Absences)

    3.4 Discussion

    Southern right whale observations can be considered significant with a total of 22 individuals (all platforms pooled), as the global population is estimated to be only 7500 individuals. The ocean around South Georgia represents their main summering ground, while breeding populations were estimated for Peninsula Valdès as 2600 (in 1997) and in South Africa as 3600 (in 2008)[30-32]. During the whaling era (1785-1913), the distribution of southern right whales was defined as 20°S and 57°S, mainly between 30°S and 50°S[33], with the area north-west of South Georgia recognised as important[34].The majority of southern right wales, fur seals and prions as well as fin and humpback whales were concentrated in a very limited region (i.e., a “hotspot” clearly delimited in space and time). Such aggregations can be considered reflecting high local concentration of their prey[1-6,35]. The position of the fronts and water masses can strongly vary on a small time scale, and thus inぼuence seabird abundance[36]. This system also happens to inぼuence large-scale krill transport possibly from the west of the Antarctic Peninsula to South Georgia[37].

    Most whales and penguins were encountered around free-drifting icebergs. Their presence could be linked to higher local prey abundance (mainly krillEuphausia sp.),due to higher primary production under and close to freedrifting icebergs[38], the basic mechanism being that meltwater can cause a vertical upwelling transport for nutrients and therefore increase primary production, zooplankton and seabirds (synopsis in Reference [39]). Previous work has highlighted a similar association between crabeater sealsLobodon carcinophagusand icebergs[40]. Icebergs can also provide a certain protection against predators such as leopard sealsHydrurga leptonyxand/ or killer whalesOrcinus orca.

    Seasonal factors might be of importance for large cetacean aggregations, namely their seasonal migration towards the tropics in autumn, as well as for seabirds[41].They could also be correlated to the movements of adult krill towards the shelf slope in autumn[42]. Two large groups of humpbacks (~100 individuals) were observed on 22 January 2008 around 62°S, 0°E (Polarsternexpedition PS71,HR). Another major autumn feeding ground for fin whales,southern fulmars and grey-headed albatrossesThalassarche chrysotomawas detected around the South Shetland Islands[6]. A comparable high aggregation was observed in the Western Antarctic Peninsula in May 2009, with more than 300 humpback whales encountered in 65 km of transect,corresponding to an exceptionally large krill swarm[43].

    Comparisons with other polar marine ecosystems based on data collected by the same team, same platform and same counting method allow us to express a kind of rough measurement for biodiversity based on number of species and individuals. In the Weddell Sea during the first leg of the EPOS 1??First European Polarstern Study.expedition, 31 seabird species were observed with a mean of 150 individuals per count[7]. In the South Shetland Islands area, 40 species were recorded for a mean of 340 individuals per count, and maximal value of 485 individuals[6].In the South Georgia area, 37 species were represented with a mean of 50 per count (Table 1) and a maximal value of 1320 per count in seven counts close to the Antarctic Front (5000 in one count, Table 4). We consider that these data reぼect a kind of low biodiversity index for the Antarctic marine areas characterized by small numbers of species and large number of individuals for some of them. Qualitative differences were detected as well, Antarctic prion being the most numerous species in this study, southern fulmar in the South Shetland,Antarctic petrelThalassoica antarcticain the south-eastern Atlantic, and Adélie penguinPygoscelis adeliaeand Cape petrelDaption capensein the Weddell Sea.

    This study further investigated how seabirds could be used to predict the occurrence of whales and fur seal. Models using just seabirds proved reasonable with AUC values that are greater than 0.74. Of importance here is that a model combining seabirds and oceanographic data provided much better results than either oceanographic data or seabird data alone. This provides evidence towards the use of seabird data to help project the distributions of marine mammals (andvice versa). Ecosystem-style modelling efforts, where all species are taken into account simultaneously, would likely improve the management situation in the Southern Ocean.

    3.5 Conservation

    The South Georgia and South Sandwich Island Marine Protected Area, established in 2012 and covering more than one million km2, includes a large “no take zone” of 12 nmiles around each island. The objectives of the protected area already include the conservation of the environment, the restoration of native biodiversity, the sustainable management of fisheries to ensure minimal impact on non-target species and it underlines the need to encourage high quality scientific research[44]. Together with the seasonal closure of krill fishery, it was an essential step toward reducing potential competition between marine mammals, seabirds and krill, in an area previously known as a very important krill fishery[45]. Observations outlined in this paper stress again the international conservation importance of the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia area for krill and top predators-seabirds and marine mammals especially southern right whale. An appropriate conservation strategy should ensure that krill fishery does not cause local reduction in krill abundance in key periods,i.e., at least during the breeding and post-breeding seasons of top predators. This area therefore deserves more protection and management measures, with spatial and temporal extension of the protected zone. These measures should include restrictions in krill fisheries and of“scientific” whaling.

    1 Hunt G L Jr. The pelagic distribution of marine birds in a heterogeneous environment. Polar Res,1990, 8: 43–54

    2 Bost C A, Le Maho Y. Seabirds as bio-indicators of changing marine ecosystems: new perspectives. Acta Oecol, 1993, 14: 463–470

    3 Furness R W, Camphuysen K C J. Seabirds as monitors of the marine environment. ICES J Mar Sci, 1997, 54(4): 726–737

    4 Joiris C R. At-sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in the Greenland and Norwegian seas: impact of extremely low ice coverage//Cardinal D, Lipiatou E. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Polar Environment and Climate. The Challenges:European research in the context of the International Polar Year,Brussels, 5-6 March 2007. Climate Change and Natural Hazards Series, 11. Official Publications of the European Communities:Luxembourg. 2007: 197. http//ec.europa.eu/research/environment/newsanddoc/agenda0307_en.htm

    5 Joiris C R, Falck E. Summer at-sea distribution of little auksAllealleand harp sealsPagophilus (Phoca) groenlandicain the Fram Strait and the Greenland Sea: impact of small-scale hydrological events.Polar Biol, 2011, 34(4): 541–548, doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0910-0

    6 Joiris C R, Dochy O. A major autumn feeding ground for fin whales,southern fulmars and grey-headed albatrosses around the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Polar Biol, 2013, 36(11): 1649–1658,doi:10.1007/s00300-013-1383-8

    7 Joiris C R. Spring distribution and ecological role of seabirds and marine mammals in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol, 1991,11(7): 415–424, doi:10.1007/BF00233076

    8 van Franeker J A. Top predators as indicators for ecosystem events in the conぼuence zone and marginal ice zone of the Weddell and Scotia seas, Antarctica, November 1988 to January 1989 (EPOS Leg 2).Polar Biol, 1992, 12(1): 93–102

    9 Ainley D G, O’Connor E F, Boekelheide R J. The marine ecology of birds in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union, 1984: 97

    10 Wynne-Edwards V C. On the habits and distribution of birds on the North Atlantic. Proc Boston Soc Nat Hist, 1935, 40: 233–346

    11 Joiris C R. Seabirds recorded in the northern North Sea in July: the ecological implications of their distribution. Le Gerfaut, 1979, 68:419–440

    12 Pocklington R. An oceanographic interpretation of seabird distributions in the Indian Ocean. Mar Biol, 1979, 51(1): 9–21

    13 Kinder T H, Hunt G L Jr, Schneider D, et al. Correlations between seabirds and ocenic fronts around the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci, 1983, 16(3): 309–319

    14 Elphick C S, Hunt G L Jr. Variations in the distributions of marine birds with water mass in the Northern Bering Sea. Condor, 1993,95(1): 33–44

    15 Bost C A, Cotté C, Bailleul F, et al. The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the southern oceans. J Mar Syst, 2009, 78(3): 363–376

    16 Ainley D G, Boekelheide R J. An ecological comparison of oceanic seabird communities of the South Pacific Ocean. Stud Avian Biol,1983, 8: 2–23

    17 Ribic C A, Ainley D G. Constancy of seabird species assemblages: an exploratory look. Biol Oceanogr, 1989, 6(2): 175–202

    18 Woehler E J, Raymond B, Watts D J. Decadal-scale seabird assemblages in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 2003,251: 299–310

    19 Hunt G L, Mehlum F, Russell R W, et al. Physical processes, prey abundance, and foraging ecology of seabirds//Adams N, Slotow R. Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress,Durban. Johannesburg: Birdlife South Africa,1999: 2040–2056

    20 Yen PP W, SydemanW J, Hyrenbac K D. Marine bird and cetacean associations with bathymetric habitats and shallow-water topographies: implications for trophic transfer and conservation. J Mar Syst, 2004, 50(1-2): 79–99

    21 Nur N, Jahncke J, Herzog M P, et al. Where the wild things are:predicting hotspots of seabird aggregations in the California Current System. Ecol Applic, 2011, 21(6): 2241–2257

    22 Ainley D G, Jongsomjit D, Ballard G, et al. Modeling the relationship of Antarctic minke whales to major ocean boundaries. Polar Biol,2012, 35(2): 281–290, doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1075-1.

    23 Friedman J H. Stochastic gradient boosting. Comput Stat Data An,2002, 38(4): 367–378.

    24 Orsi A H, Whitworth III T, Nowlin W D Jr. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Res Pt I,1995, 42(5): 641–673

    25 Thorpe S E, Heywood K J, Brandon M A, et al. Variability of the southern Antarctic circumpolar current front north of South Georgia. J Mar Syst, 2002, 37(1-3): 87–105

    26 Smith I J, Stevens D P, Heywood K J, et al. The ぼow of the Antarctic circumpolar current over the north scotia ridge. Deep-Sea Res Pt I,2010, 57(1): 14–28, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.10.010

    27 Graham R M, De Boer A M. The dynamical subtropical front. J Geophys Res, 2013, 118(10): 5676–5685, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20408

    28 Matthews L H. Notes on the southern right whale,Eubalaenaaustralis.Cambridge: University Press, 1938: 169–182

    29 Nijs G, Rowntree V. Photo-identification of southern right whalesEubalaena australisaround South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Mar Mammal Sci, 2016, 32 (In press)

    30 Shirihai H, Jarrett B. Whales, dolphins and seals: A field guide to the marine mammals of the world. London: A&C Black Publishers Ltd,2006: 384

    31 Shirihai H. A complete guide to Antarctic wildlife: A complete guide to the birds, mammals and natural history of the Antarctic. London: A& C Black Publishers Ltd, 2007: 544

    32 Curry B E, Brownell R L Jr. FamilyBalaenidae//Wilson D E,Mittermeier R A. Handbook ofthe Mammals of the World. Vol 4: Sea Mammals. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2014: 211–212

    33 Townsend C H. The distribution of certain whales as shown by logbookrecords of American Whaleships. Zoologica, 1935, 19(1):1–50

    34 Hinton M A C. Report on papers left by the late Major G.E.H. Barrett-Hamilton, related to the whales of South Georgia. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1925: 57–209

    35 Ainley D G, Ribic C A, Fraser W R. Does prey preference affect habitat choice in Antarctic seabirds? Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 1992, 90:207–221

    36 Hunt G L Jr, Priddle J, Whitehouse M J, et al. Changes in seabird species abundance near South Georgia during a period of rapid change in sea surface temperature. Antarct Sci, 1992, 4(1): 15–22,doi:10.1017/S0954102092000051

    37 Hofmann E E, Klinck J M, Locarnini R A,et al. Krill transport in the Scotia Sea and environs. Antarct Sci, 1998, 10(4): 406–415,doi:10.1017/S0954102098000492

    38 Smith K L Jr, Robison B H, Helly J J, et al. Free-drifting icebergs:hot spots of chemical and biological enrichment in the Weddell Sea.Science, 2007, 317(5837): 478–482, doi:10.1126/science.1142834

    39 Smith K L Jr, Sherman A D, Shaw T J, et al. Icebergs as unique Lagrangian ecosystems in polar seas. Ann Rev Mar Sci, 2013, 5(1):269–287, doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172317

    40 Joiris C R, D’Hert D. Summer social structure of crabeater sealLobodon carcinophagainthe Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol,2015, doi: 10.1007/s00300-015-1778-9

    41 Ainley D G, Ribic C A, Fraser W R. Ecological structure among migrant and resident seabirds of the Scotia–Weddell Confluence region. J Anim Ecol, 1994, 63(2): 347–364

    42 Krafft B A, Skaret G, Knutsen T. An Antarctic krill (Euphausiasuperba) hotspot: population characteristics, abundance and vertical structure explored from a krill fishing vessel. Polar Biol, 2015,38(10): 1687–1700

    43 Nowacek D P, Friedlaender A S, Halpin P N, et al. Super-aggregations of krill and humpback whales in Wilhelmina Bay, Antarctic Peninsula.PLoS One, 2011, 6(4): e19173, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019173

    44 Strategy for SGSSI 2010–2015. 2015. http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28g%29

    45 Croxall J P, Nicol S. Management of Southern Ocean Fisheries: global forces and future sustainability. Antarct Sci, 2004, 16(4): 569–584

    色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 国产男女超爽视频在线观看| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密 | 久久精品久久久久久久性| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 婷婷成人精品国产| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 最黄视频免费看| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 蜜桃国产av成人99| 亚洲国产日韩一区二区| 视频区图区小说| 午夜免费鲁丝| 狠狠精品人妻久久久久久综合| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| www.精华液| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 亚洲精品一区蜜桃| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 国产在视频线精品| 日韩视频在线欧美| 国产精品 国内视频| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 美女中出高潮动态图| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 9191精品国产免费久久| 亚洲图色成人| 男女之事视频高清在线观看 | 在线观看三级黄色| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 午夜久久久在线观看| 曰老女人黄片| 考比视频在线观看| 国产精品成人在线| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 777米奇影视久久| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 赤兔流量卡办理| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| xxx大片免费视频| 不卡av一区二区三区| 日本91视频免费播放| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 日韩大片免费观看网站| 精品少妇内射三级| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 国产极品天堂在线| e午夜精品久久久久久久| netflix在线观看网站| 久久久久久人妻| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 国产成人系列免费观看| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 久久热在线av| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 久久国产精品大桥未久av| 桃花免费在线播放| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 亚洲精品一二三| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 丁香六月天网| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 亚洲成人免费av在线播放| 在线看a的网站| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 日韩免费高清中文字幕av| 国产免费又黄又爽又色| 国产一区二区三区av在线| 看免费av毛片| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久 | 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 咕卡用的链子| 国产一级毛片在线| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 五月开心婷婷网| 一区二区三区精品91| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 久久青草综合色| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 亚洲精品在线美女| 咕卡用的链子| 青春草国产在线视频| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 亚洲成人免费av在线播放| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 国产精品成人在线| 久久久久视频综合| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| av在线app专区| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区 | 国产99久久九九免费精品| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 一级片免费观看大全| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 色94色欧美一区二区| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 天天添夜夜摸| 一级毛片电影观看| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播 | 香蕉国产在线看| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av | 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 午夜91福利影院| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 1024香蕉在线观看| 一区二区av电影网| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说| 中文字幕人妻丝袜一区二区 | 久久久精品免费免费高清| 中文欧美无线码| 热re99久久国产66热| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲 | 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 乱人伦中国视频| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 在线观看人妻少妇| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 午夜福利,免费看| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 国产成人精品在线电影| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久 | 一本一本久久a久久精品综合妖精| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 在线 av 中文字幕| 日韩熟女老妇一区二区性免费视频| av网站在线播放免费| 如何舔出高潮| 丝袜美足系列| 考比视频在线观看| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 国产一级毛片在线| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| av在线播放精品| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 91国产中文字幕| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 亚洲久久久国产精品| bbb黄色大片| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 999久久久国产精品视频| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 制服诱惑二区| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 黄色视频不卡| 成人影院久久| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 韩国av在线不卡| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区| 一级片'在线观看视频| 老汉色∧v一级毛片| 男女之事视频高清在线观看 | 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 免费观看av网站的网址| 91老司机精品| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 精品午夜福利在线看| 悠悠久久av| 中文天堂在线官网| 亚洲综合精品二区| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 考比视频在线观看| 成人三级做爰电影| 狠狠精品人妻久久久久久综合| 国产精品 国内视频| netflix在线观看网站| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 夜夜骑夜夜射夜夜干| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 电影成人av| 91老司机精品| 黄色 视频免费看| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 老司机影院毛片| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 精品国产一区二区久久| 亚洲国产欧美网| 精品亚洲成国产av| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 国产不卡av网站在线观看| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 国产av国产精品国产| 伊人久久国产一区二区| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| av卡一久久| 国产成人一区二区在线| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 亚洲精品第二区| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 最新在线观看一区二区三区 | 飞空精品影院首页| 日本av免费视频播放| 黄色视频在线播放观看不卡| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 国产视频首页在线观看| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 国产成人91sexporn| 超碰97精品在线观看| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 天天躁日日躁夜夜躁夜夜| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 久热这里只有精品99| 最新在线观看一区二区三区 | 国产淫语在线视频| 亚洲综合色网址| 亚洲图色成人| 最黄视频免费看| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 色播在线永久视频| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 亚洲四区av| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡| 黄片播放在线免费| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 国产亚洲最大av| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 国产精品国产三级专区第一集| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 1024视频免费在线观看| 韩国av在线不卡| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 久久精品亚洲熟妇少妇任你| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 制服人妻中文乱码| 亚洲国产精品999| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 国产野战对白在线观看| 中文字幕色久视频| 日本欧美视频一区| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 丝袜喷水一区| 国产成人欧美在线观看 | 免费观看人在逋| 9191精品国产免费久久| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 一级毛片我不卡| 一级爰片在线观看| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 777米奇影视久久| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| 一级毛片 在线播放| 97在线人人人人妻| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 国产成人欧美在线观看 | 99国产综合亚洲精品| 国产1区2区3区精品| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 国产福利在线免费观看视频| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 只有这里有精品99| 久久人人爽人人片av| 一级片免费观看大全| 国产精品免费视频内射| 超色免费av| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 亚洲伊人色综图| 亚洲国产av新网站| videos熟女内射| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 欧美97在线视频| 国产男女内射视频| 赤兔流量卡办理| 久久久久人妻精品一区果冻| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 久久国产精品大桥未久av| 美国免费a级毛片| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 欧美日韩av久久| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 一区二区三区激情视频| 日韩伦理黄色片| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆 | 久久影院123| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 不卡av一区二区三区| 精品福利永久在线观看| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 一区在线观看完整版| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 桃花免费在线播放| 久久婷婷青草| 人人澡人人妻人| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 嫩草影院入口| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看 | av有码第一页| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 性少妇av在线| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 七月丁香在线播放| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 欧美另类一区| tube8黄色片| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频 | 高清欧美精品videossex| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 成年av动漫网址| 一区在线观看完整版| 韩国av在线不卡| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 亚洲国产日韩一区二区| 国产成人av激情在线播放| 蜜桃在线观看..| 夫妻午夜视频| 美女中出高潮动态图| 国产激情久久老熟女| 亚洲国产看品久久| 人人澡人人妻人| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 丁香六月欧美| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频 | 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 黄频高清免费视频| 青春草国产在线视频| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 在线亚洲精品国产二区图片欧美| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 久久毛片免费看一区二区三区| 久久青草综合色| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 亚洲精品第二区| 美女主播在线视频| 国产成人系列免费观看| 搡老乐熟女国产| 成人免费观看视频高清| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 国产亚洲最大av| 国产在线免费精品| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 日本av免费视频播放| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 日韩熟女老妇一区二区性免费视频| av不卡在线播放| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 国产男女内射视频| 国产欧美亚洲国产| av不卡在线播放| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 午夜久久久在线观看| 国产在线视频一区二区| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 只有这里有精品99| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| h视频一区二区三区| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 中文字幕人妻丝袜制服| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区 | 99久久99久久久精品蜜桃| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 亚洲av福利一区| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 91国产中文字幕| 亚洲成人免费av在线播放| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 精品少妇一区二区三区视频日本电影 | 国产男女内射视频| 国产在线免费精品| 欧美日韩av久久| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 美女午夜性视频免费| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 超碰97精品在线观看| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 深夜精品福利| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 国产精品无大码| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 色视频在线一区二区三区| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 制服诱惑二区| 天天影视国产精品| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 午夜久久久在线观看| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 高清不卡的av网站| 美女大奶头黄色视频| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 色吧在线观看| 一区福利在线观看| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 多毛熟女@视频| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 1024香蕉在线观看| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看 | 1024视频免费在线观看| 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看| 人人澡人人妻人| 国产福利在线免费观看视频| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| av天堂久久9| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 欧美另类一区| 在线天堂最新版资源| 国产成人欧美| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 青春草国产在线视频| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 日韩伦理黄色片| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 久久久久网色| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 宅男免费午夜| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 成人国产麻豆网| a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 最黄视频免费看| 久久久欧美国产精品| 亚洲综合精品二区| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 一本久久精品| av免费观看日本| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 午夜91福利影院| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 日韩伦理黄色片| 宅男免费午夜| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区| 精品国产一区二区久久| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 午夜激情av网站| 中国三级夫妇交换| 美女高潮到喷水免费观看|