重慶市銅梁一中 曾華
在高中階段,閱讀理解也是高考英語(yǔ)試卷中所占比例最大的必考內(nèi)容并且體裁廣泛。所以學(xué)生在進(jìn)行廣泛的閱讀的同時(shí),遇到生詞再所難免。常用的猜測(cè)詞義的方法有:
構(gòu)詞法是高中生必須掌握的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一,主要是通過(guò)詞根或詞干,從詞的前綴,后綴,合成或轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)判斷出詞的詞性和詞義。如表示否定的前綴常見(jiàn)的有dis,un,im,in,il,ir等。如:
(1)Shylock is so iron-hearted that he required a pound of flesh instead of money.
(2)The reorganization of the whole class is a ough task for the head teacher after a long vacation.
這種情況下,生詞往往出現(xiàn)在前面,而定義或解釋跟在生詞的后面。復(fù)述即換用不同的詞語(yǔ)重新表達(dá)同一內(nèi)容,可以是單詞,短語(yǔ),也可以是從句。要注意復(fù)述部分與被復(fù)述部分往往構(gòu)成同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系,在句中多用逗號(hào)連接,有時(shí)用破折號(hào),冒號(hào)或者分號(hào)來(lái)連接。如:
(1)His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does esearch on animals.
(2)As a freshman,a student who is in his first ear in college,he behaves very politely.
在一篇含有因果關(guān)系的文章中,往往原因在前,因果在后,或者結(jié)果在前,原因在后。這可以根據(jù)特定的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。如:
(1)The river is so turbid that it is impossible to ee the bottom clearly even when it is shallow.
(2)He is such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.
這類(lèi)題要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和分析能力去搜尋和領(lǐng)會(huì)相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)but,unlike,in spite of,however等一些介詞或副詞。如:
(1)Mary is wearing so traditional while her twin ister is so modish.
(2)My husband love violent sports very much,but
show a distaste for them.
語(yǔ)言表達(dá)中,人們通常利用同義詞或者近義詞來(lái)避免詞匯重復(fù),使文章生動(dòng)活潑,增加文章的色彩。有的閱讀理解中,作者往往會(huì)用反義詞來(lái)揭示事物的不同點(diǎn),形成鮮明的對(duì)比以增強(qiáng)鮮明的效果。如:
Thin people might feel depressed during cold weather.Overweight people,on other hand,may feel unhappy in hot summer months.
一詞多義的現(xiàn)象是常見(jiàn)的。閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)某些生詞或者一詞多義的詞匯時(shí),文章的作者通常會(huì)在下文舉個(gè)例子,使詞義易懂。常見(jiàn)的例證詞有:for example,such as,like等。如:
Most of us know to control basic drives such as hunger when we are very young.此例中drive是熟詞新義,讀了such as后的具體例子,考生就會(huì)很快理解drive的特定意義。再如:
(1)I am a terrible coward when it comes to dealing with sick people,i.e.it scares me and I avoided it.
(2)This parrot is an amazing mimic.For example,it may say“hello”and“goodbye”to you if you say those words to your family in front of it often.
語(yǔ)言是文化的載體。在閱讀文章中,作者會(huì)或多或少滲透一定的特定文化。在閱讀中,學(xué)生也必須考慮到一定的語(yǔ)言文化背景,也要求利用自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析推斷。如:
(1)Chongqing is a livable city,all people there feel comfortable and happy with the good environment.
(2)Most people in Chongqing love hot-pot so much no matter how spicy it is.
(3)Terracotta warriors and horses in Xi’an attract a lot of visitors from abroad every year as they are the heritages of the world.
總之,在閱讀過(guò)程中,詞義猜測(cè)是學(xué)生不可缺少的重要能力之一。如果學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用和掌握這種能力,就會(huì)很大程度上減少生詞的數(shù)量,有助于提高閱讀速度和提升閱讀能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解能力的提升和成績(jī)的提高是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程,學(xué)生只要找到適合自己的訓(xùn)練方法并堅(jiān)持下去,就能攻下閱讀理解這個(gè)難關(guān)。
張士輝.淺析閱讀理解詞義猜測(cè)的方法[J].英語(yǔ)通,2007(04).