黃欽江孫曉川
·綜 述·
CTA在顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤臨床應(yīng)用中的進(jìn)展
黃欽江*孫曉川*
動(dòng)脈瘤 CT血管成像
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤伴或不伴蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(subarachnoid haemorrhage,SAH)發(fā)病率約9/10萬(wàn),但波動(dòng)較大,可高達(dá)20/10萬(wàn),發(fā)病后若采取保守治療,第1個(gè)月內(nèi)死亡率高達(dá)50%~60%,首次出血后即使臨床癥狀完全康復(fù),在發(fā)病后6個(gè)月內(nèi)也有1/3患者死于再出血[1]。因此早期診斷并及時(shí)處理動(dòng)脈瘤就顯得尤為重要。目前數(shù)字減影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)仍是診斷顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但該檢查有創(chuàng),存在禁忌證較多。而CT血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)檢查無(wú)創(chuàng)、方便及快捷,目前廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,現(xiàn)就其主要作用及研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
特殊類型的Willis環(huán)模式與動(dòng)脈瘤形成有一定相關(guān)性。Kayembe[2]指出雙側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈A1段不對(duì)稱與前交通動(dòng)脈瘤形成有關(guān),雙側(cè)后交通動(dòng)脈不對(duì)稱易于形成后交通動(dòng)脈瘤。Kaspera[3]研究指出,雙側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈A1段不對(duì)稱以及A1段與A2段之間夾角小于100°是前交通動(dòng)脈瘤形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。當(dāng)前,CTA成像質(zhì)量高,可以清晰顯示顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈走行、血管形態(tài)及Willis環(huán)情況。對(duì)于存在Willis環(huán)變異,尤其是那些一側(cè)A1段發(fā)育不良或缺如而目前尚無(wú)動(dòng)脈瘤患者,應(yīng)隨訪CTA,警惕動(dòng)脈瘤形成。
目前數(shù)字減影血管造影仍是診斷顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但該檢查有創(chuàng),存在禁忌證較多、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,許多患者不愿接受此項(xiàng)檢查。而CTA檢查無(wú)創(chuàng)、方便,CTA對(duì)顱內(nèi)單發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤檢出率可達(dá)到與DSA相媲美的水平[4,5],但用于顱內(nèi)多發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤診斷時(shí)容易漏診,如呂發(fā)金等[6]報(bào)道CTA用于診斷118例共145個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤時(shí)漏診的6個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤均屬于多發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者中部分動(dòng)脈瘤,均為微小動(dòng)脈瘤,且全部為非責(zé)任動(dòng)脈瘤。同時(shí),CTA對(duì)動(dòng)脈瘤的正確檢出受動(dòng)脈瘤部位的影響,如Pradilla[7]曾報(bào)道CTA漏診的動(dòng)脈瘤絕大多數(shù)位于頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈海綿竇段及大腦中動(dòng)脈,且漏診的動(dòng)脈瘤均較?。?~5mm)。當(dāng)前,對(duì)于CTA檢查陰性的患者,仍有必要進(jìn)一步行DSA檢查。對(duì)CTA陽(yáng)性病例也應(yīng)進(jìn)一步行DSA檢查以免遺留其他部位的微小動(dòng)脈瘤。
目前評(píng)估顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要從以下方面進(jìn)行:①動(dòng)脈瘤大小、部位及形態(tài):日本一項(xiàng)研究[8]以3~4mm動(dòng)脈瘤作為參考,5~6mm、7~9mm、10~24mm及≥25mm破裂危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)分別為1.13、3.35、9.09、76.26,并指出前、后交通動(dòng)脈瘤、含有子囊的動(dòng)脈瘤易于破裂。并且小動(dòng)脈瘤在破裂動(dòng)脈瘤中也占到一定的的比例,如Dolati[9]等研究納入123例患者,其中37%患者破裂的動(dòng)脈瘤均小于5mm。Mehan等[10]研究證實(shí)具有多分葉形態(tài)是預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。李劍秋[11]等研究也指出,顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的瘤體長(zhǎng)度、瘤頸寬度和子囊形成是動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的危險(xiǎn)因素,瘤體越長(zhǎng)、瘤頸越小及有子囊形成,則動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大。②動(dòng)脈瘤相關(guān)徑線比值及角度有關(guān):Dhar[12]指出動(dòng)脈瘤最大高度/載瘤動(dòng)脈平均直徑(Size ratio,SR)與動(dòng)脈瘤傾斜角度(動(dòng)脈瘤長(zhǎng)軸與動(dòng)脈瘤瘤頸所在平面的夾角)是動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小較好的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。Lin等[13]指出,動(dòng)脈瘤最大垂直高度/瘤頸寬度(Aspect ratio,AR)、血流角度以及載瘤動(dòng)脈與其分支夾角在預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面的價(jià)值大于動(dòng)脈瘤大小的價(jià)值。Backes等[14]研究顱內(nèi)多發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤患者破裂與未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤后指出動(dòng)脈瘤頸/體比≥1.3是動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。③動(dòng)脈瘤生長(zhǎng):Villablanca[15]等用CTA隨訪無(wú)癥狀未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤,研究得出,生長(zhǎng)的顱內(nèi)未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是未生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)脈瘤的12倍。Zylkowski[16]等研究也指出生長(zhǎng)較快的動(dòng)脈瘤易破裂。得益于影像學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤檢出人數(shù)正在增長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)前評(píng)估動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小的相關(guān)參數(shù)可以通過(guò)CTA直接或間接獲得,且可綜合參考以上指標(biāo),為臨床治療提供一定的參考價(jià)值。但目前對(duì)用于預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)參數(shù)界定值國(guó)內(nèi)外研究尚不統(tǒng)一,究竟將這些參數(shù)值界定在何種程度才能更好地預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)還有待進(jìn)一步大樣本研究。
CTA主要有三種重建技術(shù):表面遮蓋法重建(Surfaceshade display,SSD)、最大密度投影重建(Maximum intensity projection,MIP)及容積重建(Volume rendering,VR)。SSD可用于顯示血管的三維空間結(jié)構(gòu)。MIP為能顯示血管壁及瘤頸部鈣化、動(dòng)脈瘤血栓形成,能清晰顯示某些DSA未能清晰顯示的瘤頸。VR技術(shù)是可對(duì)瘤頸多角度旋轉(zhuǎn),使其對(duì)瘤頸的寬度、位置及形態(tài)顯示更佳。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,MIP及VR應(yīng)用最多。Nakabayashi等[17]在對(duì)54例破裂動(dòng)脈瘤患者進(jìn)行診治時(shí),術(shù)前通過(guò)CTA圖像處理得到多層融合圖像,不僅可以清晰顯示動(dòng)脈瘤信息,同時(shí)還可以獲得有關(guān)載瘤動(dòng)脈、靜脈系統(tǒng)、腦組織、顱骨以及頭皮相關(guān)信息,可術(shù)前多次模擬手術(shù)入路,選擇最佳手術(shù)入路,降低術(shù)中副損傷。在解剖結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜區(qū)域,CTA提供信息量多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)更易體現(xiàn),而且這方面是DSA無(wú)法展現(xiàn)的,如Inoue等[18]對(duì)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈床突段及海綿竇段動(dòng)脈瘤進(jìn)行診治時(shí),CTA診斷與術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)完全一致,且可同時(shí)顯示周圍組織及骨性結(jié)構(gòu)。其他有關(guān)研究[19,20]也證實(shí)了CTA在動(dòng)脈瘤術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備中的重要作用。同時(shí),CTA檢查還可縮短術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間,在一定程度上為治療贏得時(shí)間,降低再出血率,改善預(yù)后[21]。
腦血管痙攣是動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血后常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥之一,Dankbaar等[22]研究表明嚴(yán)重腦血管痙攣患者發(fā)生遲發(fā)性腦缺血(Delayed cerebral ischemia,DCI)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于無(wú)腦血管痙攣者。Tsutsumi等[23]研究54例重度腦血管痙攣患者中46%發(fā)生腦梗死,明顯高于輕中度腦血管痙攣患者。因此,對(duì)腦血管痙攣早期診斷及治療就顯得重要。當(dāng)前,CTA可用于診斷腦血管痙攣,Yoon等[24,25]指出CTA可通過(guò)顯示腦實(shí)質(zhì)的密度、腦動(dòng)脈顯影時(shí)間、血管直徑及數(shù)量,判斷血管痙攣的嚴(yán)重程度。Hebert等[26]也指出CTA用于診斷腦血管痙攣時(shí)與DSA相比,具有較好一致性,但CTA在診斷前循環(huán)腦血管痙攣時(shí)可能高估腦血管痙攣程度。CTA檢查可與CT灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)一并進(jìn)行,CTP常用參數(shù)指標(biāo)包括:腦血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)、腦血容量(cerebral blood volume,CBV)、平均通過(guò)時(shí)間(mean transit time,MTT)及達(dá)峰時(shí)間(time to peak,TTP)。CTA聯(lián)合CTP不僅可檢測(cè)蛛血患者腦血管痙攣程度,還可以同時(shí)了解腦微循環(huán)的改變[27],協(xié)助診斷腦缺血。一篇meta分析[28]指出CTP評(píng)估腦血管痙攣的參數(shù)中,MTT具有較高的敏感度(91%),CBF具有較高的特異度(93%)。Hickmann等[29]研究報(bào)道TTP是預(yù)測(cè)腦梗死的一個(gè)敏感且特異的指標(biāo),可用于有腦血管痙攣高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者,在臨床癥狀惡化之前早期治療。Cremers等[30]指出:DCI的發(fā)生與CBF下降及MTT增加有關(guān),CTP可以用于診斷DCI,但并不能用于預(yù)測(cè)DCI,而Sanelli等[31]認(rèn)為MTT和CBF預(yù)測(cè)DCI準(zhǔn)確率較高,并進(jìn)一步指出用于診斷DCI時(shí),CBF和MTT閾值分別為350mL/(kg.min)、5.5s。有關(guān)研究[32]還指出,CTP可以用于判斷大腦梗死灶與缺血半暗帶缺血程度,以便于決定是否行再灌注治療。CTP亦可用于協(xié)助判斷預(yù)后,如Honda等[33]納入94例患者,研究得出Hunt-Hess分級(jí)II-III級(jí)的患者與Hunt-Hess分級(jí)IV-V級(jí)的患者相比,CBF值較高,MTT值較低;預(yù)后良好與預(yù)后較差的患者相比,CBF值較高,MTT值較低。同時(shí)CTP在手術(shù)決策方面也有一定指導(dǎo)作用,Kunert研究[34]指出,對(duì)Hunt-Hess分級(jí)IV且腦灌注正常或僅有局部異?;颊?,應(yīng)積極手術(shù)干預(yù),然而,對(duì)Hunt-Hess分級(jí)V且大腦半球甚至全腦灌注異?;颊?,不建議積極手術(shù)。
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率雖較低,但夾閉后仍可能有一部分患者因各種原因致瘤頸甚至瘤體殘留。即使動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉完全的病例仍有可能因動(dòng)脈瘤復(fù)發(fā)或新生破裂導(dǎo)致再發(fā)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血。Kunert[35]等對(duì)119例共143個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤隨訪3~11年(平均6年),4個(gè)瘤頸殘留,1個(gè)瘤夾滑脫,1個(gè)再出血,另6個(gè)夾閉不滿意動(dòng)脈瘤中2個(gè)再次行手術(shù)治療,14例出現(xiàn)新發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤19個(gè)。Zali[36]等對(duì)119例患者行CTA隨訪,5例出現(xiàn)新發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤,其中4例再發(fā)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血,占再次出現(xiàn)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的1/2。因此,有必要對(duì)動(dòng)脈瘤術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期隨訪。CTA用于動(dòng)脈瘤術(shù)后隨訪,具有簡(jiǎn)便、快捷、易于接受、準(zhǔn)確率高及費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),用于了解動(dòng)脈瘤有無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)及新生、瘤頸有無(wú)殘留、載瘤動(dòng)脈有無(wú)狹窄等[37-40]。早期,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[41,42]指出使用鈷夾夾閉動(dòng)脈瘤時(shí),若術(shù)后存在殘留,進(jìn)行CTA檢查時(shí)容易漏診,而使用鈦夾的患者,若術(shù)后存在殘留,CTA可以較滿意地顯示瘤頸殘留。隨著動(dòng)脈瘤夾質(zhì)量的不斷改進(jìn),瘤夾對(duì)CTA顯示瘤頸殘留的影響已經(jīng)很小。
隨著CT技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,CTA在顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤診治中將發(fā)揮更大的作用。但實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,應(yīng)考慮到CTA具有一定局限性,CTA圖像為重建圖像,個(gè)人技術(shù)及參數(shù)設(shè)置對(duì)圖像質(zhì)量存在一定影響,同時(shí)CTA不能動(dòng)態(tài)反映血流方向及優(yōu)勢(shì)供血,對(duì)細(xì)小血管顯示能力較差等缺點(diǎn),必要時(shí)仍需行DSA檢查。
[1]Steiner T,Juvela S,Unterberg A,et al.European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage[J].Cerebrovasc Dis,2013,35(2): 93-112.
[2]Kayembe KN,Sasahara M,Hazama F.Cerebral aneurysms and variations in the circle of Willis[J].Stroke,1984,15(5):846-850.
[3]Kaspera W,Ladzinski P,Larysz P,et al.Morphological,hemodynamic,and clinical independent risk factors for anterior communicating artery aneurysms[J].Stroke,2014,45(10):2906-2911.
[4]Prestigiacomo CJ,Sabit A,He W,et al.Three dimensional CT angiography versus digital subtraction angiography in the detection of intracranial aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2010,2(4):385-389.
[5]Lu L,Zhang LJ,Poon CS,et al.Digital subtraction CT angiography for detection of intracranial aneurysms:comparison with three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography[J].Radiology,2012,262(2):605-612.
[6]Li Q,Lv F,Yao G,et al.64-section multidetector CT angiography for evaluation of intracranial aneurysms:comparison with 3D rotational angiography[J].Acta Radiol,2014,55(7):840-846.
[7]Pradilla G,Wicks RT,Hadelsberg U,et al.Accuracy of computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms[J].World Neurosurg,2013,80(6):845-852.
[8]Morita A,Kirino T,Hashi K,et al.The natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a Japanese cohort[J].N Engl J Med,2012,366(26):2474-2482.
[9]Dolati P,Pittman D,Morrish WF,et al.The Frequency of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage from Very Small Cerebral Aneurysms(<5 mm):A Population-Based Study[J].Cureus,2015,7(6):e279.
[10]Mehan WA Jr,Romero JM,Hirsch JA,et al.Unruptured intracranial aneurysms conservatively followed with serial CT angiography:could morphology and growth predict rupture?[J].J Neurointerv Surg,2014,6(10):761-766.
[11]李劍秋,陳莉,姚開(kāi)情,等.顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤形態(tài)學(xué)特征及破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)CTA評(píng)估[J].第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2012,34(15):1552-1555.
[12]Dhar S,Tremmel M,Mocco J,et al.Morphology parameters for intracranial aneurysm rupture risk assessment[J].Neurosurgery,2008,63(2):185-196.
[13]Lin N,Ho A,Gross BA,et al.Differences in simple morphological variables in ruptured and unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms[J].J Neurosurg,2012,117(5):913-919.
[14]Backes D,Vergouwen MD,Velthuis BK,et al.Difference in aneurysm characteristics between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms in patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms[J].Stroke,2014,45(5):1299-1303.
[15]Villablanca JP,Duckwiler GR,Jahan R,et al.Natural history of asymptomatic unruptured cerebral aneurysms evaluated at CT angiography:growth and rupture incidence and correlation with epidemiologic risk factors[J].Radiology,2013,269(1):258-265.
[16]Zylkowski J,Kunert P,Jaworski M,et al.Changes of size and shape of small,unruptured intracranial aneurysms in repeated computed tomography angiography studies[J].Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne,2015,10(2):178-188.
[17]Nakabayashi H,Shimizu K.Stereoscopic virtual realistic surgical simulation in intracranial aneurysms[J].Neurol India,2012,60(2):191-197.
[18]Inoue S,Hosoda K,F(xiàn)ujita A,et al.Utility of 320-detector row CT for diagnosis and therapeutic strategy for paraclinoid and intracavernous aneurysms[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),2014,156(3): 505-514.
[19]Wada K,Nawashiro H,Ohkawa H,et al.Feasibility of the combination of 3D CTA and 2D CT imaging guidance for clipping microsurgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysm[J].Br J Neurosurg,2015,29(2):229-236.
[20]Hayashida E,Sasao A,Hirai T,et al.Can sufficient preoperative information of intracranial aneurysms be obtained by using 320-row detector CT angiography alone?[J].Jpn J Radiol,2013,31(9):600-607.
[21]Nagai M,Watanabe E.Benefits of clipping surgery based on three-dimensional computed tomography angiography[J].Neurol Med Chir(Tokyo),2010,50(8):630-637.
[22]Dankbaar JW,Rijsdijk M,van der Schaaf IC,et al.Relationship between vasospasm,cerebral perfusion,and delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Neuroradiology,2009,51(12):813-819.
[23]Crowley RW,Medel R,Dumont AS,et al.Angiographic vasospasm is strongly correlated with cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Stroke,2011,42(4):919-923.
[24]Yoon DY,Choi CS,Kim KH,et al.Multidetector-row CT angiography of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:comparison of volume-rendered images and digital subtraction angiography[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2006,27(2): 370-377.
[25]Sorimachi T,Osada T,Aoki R,et al.Density of the cerebral cortex in computed tomography angiography source images and clinical outcomes in Grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Neurol Res,2015,37(6):484-490.
[26]Hebert J,Roncarolo F,Tampieri D,et al.320-Row MultidetectorComputed Tomographic Angiogram in the Evaluation of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:A Pilot Study[J].J Comput Assist Tomogr,2015,39(4):541-546.
[27]Zhang H,Zhang B,Li S,et al.Whole brain CT perfusion combined with CT angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vasospasm[J].Clin Neurol Neurosurg,2013,115(12):2496-2501.
[28]Sun H,Zhang H,Ma J,et al.Evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of CT perfusion in patients with cerebral vasospasm after aneurysm rupture:a meta-analysis[J].Turk Neurosurg,2014,24(5): 757-762.
[29]Hickmann AK,Langner S,Kirsch M,et al.The value of perfusion computed tomography in predicting clinically relevant vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J]. Neurosurg Rev,2013,36(2):267-278.
[30]Cremers CH,van der Schaaf IC,Wensink E,et al.CT perfusion and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2014,34(2):200-207.
[31]Sanelli PC,Ugorec I,Johnson CE,et al.Using quantitative CT perfusion for evaluation of delayed cerebral ischemia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2011,32(11):2047-2053.
[32]Huang AP,Tsai JC,Kuo LT,et al.Clinical application of perfusion computed tomography in neurosurgery[J].J Neurosurg,2014,120(2):473-488.
[33]Honda M,Sase S,Yokota K,et al.Early cerebral circulatory disturbance in patients suffering subarachnoid hemorrhage prior to the delayed cerebral vasospasm stage:xenon computed tomography and perfusion computed tomography study[J].Neurol Med Chir(Tokyo),2012,52(7):488-494.
[34]Huang AP,Arora S,Wintermark M,et al.Perfusion computed tomographic imaging and surgical selection with patients after poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(4):964-975.
[35]Kunert P,Prokopienko M,Gola M,et al.Assessment of long-term results of intracranial aneurysm clipping by means of computed tomography angiography[J].Neurol Neurochir Pol,2013,47(1):18-26.
[36]Zali A,Khoshnood RJ,Zarghi A.De novo aneurysms in long-term follow-up computed tomographic angiography of patients with clipped intracranial aneurysms[J].World Neurosurg,2014,82(5):722-725.
[37]Golitz P,Struffert T,Ganslandt O,et al.Contrast-enhanced angiographic computed tomography for detection of aneurysm remnants after clipping:a comparison with digital subtraction angiography in 112 clipped aneurysms[J].Neurosurgery,2014,74(6): 606-613.
[38]Golitz P,Struffert T,Ganslandt O,et al.Optimized angiographic computed tomography with intravenous contrast injection:an alternative to conventional angiography in the follow-up of clipped aneurysms?[J].J Neurosurg,2012,117(1):29-36.
[39]Tomura N,Sakuma I,Otani T,et al.Evaluation of postoperative status after clipping surgery in patients with cerebral aneurysm on 3-dimensional-CT angiography with elimination of clips[J].J Neuroimaging,2011,21(1):10-15.
[40]Sun H,Ma J,Liu Y,et al.Diagnosing residual or recurrent cerebral aneurysms after clipping by computed tomographic angiography:Meta-analysis[J].Neurol India,2013,61(1):51-55.
[41]Thines L,Dehdashti AR,Howard P,et al.Postoperative assessment of clipped aneurysms with 64-slice computerized tomography angiography[J].Neurosurgery,2010,67(3):844-853.
[42]Zachenhofer I,Cejna M,Schuster A,et al.Image quality and artefact generationpost-cerebral aneurysmclippingusinga 64-row multislice computer tomography angiography(MSCTA)technology:A retrospective study and review of the literature[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg,2010,112(5):386-391.
R651.1+2
2015-08-21)
A
(責(zé)任編輯:甘章平)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2015.10.013
*重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科(重慶 400016)