鄒薇+鄭浩
〔摘要〕本文提出了一種反向VEP的貧困脆弱性測度方法,以個人或家戶在將來維持某一返貧概率之上的最小福利水平測度家戶脆弱性,從而更好地測算了在不同水平基礎(chǔ)上我國家戶脆弱性值及其結(jié)構(gòu)特征。對家戶脆弱性變動和家戶脆弱性差距進(jìn)行分解分析的研究結(jié)果表明,導(dǎo)致家戶脆弱性發(fā)生惡化的原因不僅是均值或方差的單向變動,更是兩者的同等幅度變動;家戶脆弱性差距的存在則是家戶規(guī)模、家戶支出和家庭負(fù)擔(dān)導(dǎo)致的,其中家戶支出是影響脆弱性強(qiáng)弱差距最重要的貢獻(xiàn)因素,其Shapley分解貢獻(xiàn)程度高達(dá)7310%!基于此,扶貧政策的制定應(yīng)當(dāng)有一定的區(qū)別。對于低收入家戶,改變其結(jié)構(gòu)性貧困的境地是最主要的,只有徹底提高收入水平或者完全控制不受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沖擊才能使其維持在一定的返貧水平之內(nèi);對于較高收入家戶,事前預(yù)警和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范以及事后提供合適的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)抵御工具都可以幫助其避免陷入再次貧困境地。
〔關(guān)鍵詞〕家戶;貧困脆弱性;貧困陷阱;反向VEP法;要素分解
〔中圖分類號〕F126〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼〕A〔文章編號〕1000-4769(2014)05-0054-12
為了考察不同因素對家戶脆弱性差距及變動的定量影響,本文主要分析了兩類分解問題:一是家戶脆弱性的變動,即同一家戶在前后兩期樣本中脆弱性發(fā)生惡化的原因;二是家戶脆弱性的差距,即同一時期強(qiáng)弱不同的兩個家戶之間脆弱性差距存在的原因。對于前者,我們選取了在2004年和2006年兩個時段脆弱性發(fā)生惡化的家戶為樣本,通過分解成均值變動和方差變動進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致家戶脆弱性惡化的原因不僅是均值或方差的單向變動,更是由兩者同等幅度的變動所導(dǎo)致的。對于后者,我們根據(jù)上下1/3分位數(shù)線為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選取脆弱性強(qiáng)弱不同的兩組家戶為樣本,通過使用Oaxaca分解法、Shapley分解法和Fields分解法將兩組變量之間的差異分解為各種不同要素對于造成家戶脆弱性差異的貢獻(xiàn)度。從分解結(jié)果可以看出,正是家戶壓力方面的信息,即家戶規(guī)模、家戶支出和家庭負(fù)擔(dān)導(dǎo)致了家戶脆弱性差距,其中家戶支出是脆弱性出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)弱差距最重要的貢獻(xiàn)因素,其Shapley分解貢獻(xiàn)程度達(dá)到7310%!基于此,扶貧政策的制定應(yīng)當(dāng)有一定的區(qū)別。對于低收入家戶,改變其結(jié)構(gòu)性貧困的境地是最主要的,只有徹底提高收入水平或完全控制其不受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沖擊才能使其維持在一定的返貧水平內(nèi);對于較高收入家戶,事前預(yù)警和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范以及事后提供合適的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)抵御工具都可以幫助其避免陷入再次貧困境地。
本文對于家戶脆弱性測度和貢獻(xiàn)因素的分析應(yīng)該還存在進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展的空間。在數(shù)據(jù)允許的情況下,可以考察那些遭受了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沖擊的家戶在事后應(yīng)對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力怎樣,以及各家戶面對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的沖擊程度與其應(yīng)對能力之間的差距有多大;還可以將高脆弱性群體內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)性差異對家戶脆弱性產(chǎn)生的影響做進(jìn)一步的分析。
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〔15〕Ravallion, M., S. Chen and P. Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank Economic Review,2009, Vol. 23(2),pp.163-184.
(責(zé)任編輯:張琦)社會科學(xué)研究20145
〔8〕Chambers & Conway, Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century, Discussion Paper 296,Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.1992;Morduch, J., Poverty and Vulnerability, American Economic Review, 1994, Vol. 48(2),pp.221-225.
〔9〕Elbers, C.; J. W. Gunning and B. Kinsey, Growth and Risk, Discussion Paper TI2003-068/2,Tinbergen: Tinbergen Institute, 2003;Kochar, A., Explaining household vulnerability to idiosyncratic income shocks. American Economic Review, 1995, 85 (2),pp.159-64;Jacoby, H. and E. Skoufias, Risk, Financial Markets, and Human Capital in a Developing Country, Review of Economic Studies, 1997, Vol.64(3),pp.311-35.
〔10〕Dercon, S. and P. Krishnan, In Sickness and in Health: Risk Sharing within Households in Rural Ethiopia, Journal of Political Economy, 2000, Vol. 108(4),pp.688-727;Ligon, E. and L. Schechter, Measuring vulnerability, The Economic Journal, 2003, Vol.113,pp.95- 102;Chaudhuri, S. and L. Christiaensen, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: Illustrative examples and methodologies issues, paper presented at the IFPRI-World Bank Conference on Risk and Vulnerability, 23-24 September, Washington, D.C., 2002.
〔11〕Chaudhuri, S. and G. Datt, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: a methodology and estimates for the Philippines, mimeo: World Bank, 2001;Chaudhuri, S., Empirical methods for assessing household vulnerability to poverty, mimeo, New York: Columbia University, 2002;Dercon, S., Poverty traps and development: The equity-efficiency trade off revisited, mimeo, Oxford: University of Oxford, Department of Economics, 2003;Dercon, S., Risk and poverty: a selective review (or: can social protection reduce poverty?), mimeo, Oxford: Department of Economics, Oxford University, 2003;Dercon, S. (ed.), Insurance Against Poverty. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004;Dercon, S., Vulnerability: a micro perspective, Annual Bank Conference on Development Economies Paper, Amsterdam: The World Bank, 2005.
〔12〕Alwang, J., P. Siegel and S. Jorgensen, Vulnerability: a View from Different Disciplines, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, World Bank, May 2001.
〔13〕Christiaensen,L.J.& K. Shabarao, Towards an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya, Journal of African Economies, 2005, Vol.14(4),pp.520-558.
〔14〕Hausman, J. A., Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 1978, Vol. 46(6),pp.1251-1271.
〔15〕Ravallion, M., S. Chen and P. Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank Economic Review,2009, Vol. 23(2),pp.163-184.
(責(zé)任編輯:張琦)社會科學(xué)研究20145
〔8〕Chambers & Conway, Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century, Discussion Paper 296,Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.1992;Morduch, J., Poverty and Vulnerability, American Economic Review, 1994, Vol. 48(2),pp.221-225.
〔9〕Elbers, C.; J. W. Gunning and B. Kinsey, Growth and Risk, Discussion Paper TI2003-068/2,Tinbergen: Tinbergen Institute, 2003;Kochar, A., Explaining household vulnerability to idiosyncratic income shocks. American Economic Review, 1995, 85 (2),pp.159-64;Jacoby, H. and E. Skoufias, Risk, Financial Markets, and Human Capital in a Developing Country, Review of Economic Studies, 1997, Vol.64(3),pp.311-35.
〔10〕Dercon, S. and P. Krishnan, In Sickness and in Health: Risk Sharing within Households in Rural Ethiopia, Journal of Political Economy, 2000, Vol. 108(4),pp.688-727;Ligon, E. and L. Schechter, Measuring vulnerability, The Economic Journal, 2003, Vol.113,pp.95- 102;Chaudhuri, S. and L. Christiaensen, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: Illustrative examples and methodologies issues, paper presented at the IFPRI-World Bank Conference on Risk and Vulnerability, 23-24 September, Washington, D.C., 2002.
〔11〕Chaudhuri, S. and G. Datt, Assessing household vulnerability to poverty: a methodology and estimates for the Philippines, mimeo: World Bank, 2001;Chaudhuri, S., Empirical methods for assessing household vulnerability to poverty, mimeo, New York: Columbia University, 2002;Dercon, S., Poverty traps and development: The equity-efficiency trade off revisited, mimeo, Oxford: University of Oxford, Department of Economics, 2003;Dercon, S., Risk and poverty: a selective review (or: can social protection reduce poverty?), mimeo, Oxford: Department of Economics, Oxford University, 2003;Dercon, S. (ed.), Insurance Against Poverty. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004;Dercon, S., Vulnerability: a micro perspective, Annual Bank Conference on Development Economies Paper, Amsterdam: The World Bank, 2005.
〔12〕Alwang, J., P. Siegel and S. Jorgensen, Vulnerability: a View from Different Disciplines, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, World Bank, May 2001.
〔13〕Christiaensen,L.J.& K. Shabarao, Towards an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya, Journal of African Economies, 2005, Vol.14(4),pp.520-558.
〔14〕Hausman, J. A., Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 1978, Vol. 46(6),pp.1251-1271.
〔15〕Ravallion, M., S. Chen and P. Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank Economic Review,2009, Vol. 23(2),pp.163-184.
(責(zé)任編輯:張琦)社會科學(xué)研究20145