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      中國城鎮(zhèn)化與區(qū)域居民生活直接用能研究

      2015-01-13 18:28:03樊靜麗劉健張賢
      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2015年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:城鎮(zhèn)化

      樊靜麗+劉健+張賢

      摘要我國城鎮(zhèn)化進程持續(xù)加快,1996年以來年均增長1.4個百分點,同時,居民生活直接能源消費快速增長。區(qū)域發(fā)展不平衡使各區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化水平與居民生活直接用能存在差異。本文探討2000-2011年間城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域居民生活直接用能的影響規(guī)律。根據(jù)Divisia指數(shù)分解法,將居民生活直接用能變化分解為人口增長效應(yīng)、城鎮(zhèn)化率增加效應(yīng)、城鎮(zhèn)居民人均生活用能變化效應(yīng)和農(nóng)村居民人均生活用能變化效應(yīng)。著重分析了東、中、西部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化率增加對區(qū)域生活直接用能總量變化、各類型能源品種變化的貢獻及邊際貢獻。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):①2000-2011年間,城鎮(zhèn)化進程對東、中、西部和東北區(qū)域居民生活直接用能的貢獻分別為4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,人口結(jié)構(gòu)的變動對中部居民直接用能的拉動作用明顯;②城鎮(zhèn)化率每提高一個百分點,對各區(qū)域間生活直接用能貢獻差別不大,其中,對東部區(qū)域增量貢獻最小;③與其他區(qū)域不同,中部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對煤炭消費有增量貢獻;東、中部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對油品消費增量的貢獻是西部區(qū)域的3-4倍;東部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對電力消費增量的貢獻接近0;④城鎮(zhèn)化率每增加一個百分點,對東部地區(qū)油品消費增量貢獻分別是中西部區(qū)域的1.9和2.3倍;對天然氣和熱力消費增量貢獻的情況類似,均是西部區(qū)域最高,是東部和中部1.4-2.6倍。研究結(jié)論對城鎮(zhèn)化進程下開展區(qū)域能源管理、節(jié)能減排具有指導意義。

      關(guān)鍵詞城鎮(zhèn)化;生活直接用能;Divisia分解

      中圖分類號F062.1;X24文獻標識碼A

      文章編號1002-2104(2015)01-0055-06doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.01.008

      在過去三十余年,我國城鎮(zhèn)化進程不斷加快,城鎮(zhèn)化率從1980年的19.4%增加到2011年的51.3%;尤其是1996年以來,城鎮(zhèn)化率年均增長1.4個百分點,明顯高于過去(1980-1995年)年均增長0.6個百分點的增長速度。未來幾十年,我國將繼續(xù)城鎮(zhèn)化進程,據(jù)“世界城市展望”估計,到2050年城鎮(zhèn)化水平將達到77.3%[1]。城鎮(zhèn)化進程伴隨著能源需求的快速增長,1980年以來我國能源消費總量和居民生活能源消費量總體上保持較快增長,2000年以來增長尤為顯著,年均增速均在8%以上。二元經(jīng)濟和區(qū)域發(fā)展不平衡是我國長期以來的社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展特征,城鄉(xiāng)居民、各區(qū)域居民之間收入水平、生活條件、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)等方面存在較大差異,進而表現(xiàn)出不同的生活能源消費水平、能源消費結(jié)構(gòu)。研究探討各區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化對能源消費的貢獻效應(yīng),對我國持續(xù)城市化進程中規(guī)范能源管理、節(jié)能減排、調(diào)整能源結(jié)構(gòu)、促進區(qū)域平衡發(fā)展等方面具有重要意義。

      已有研究探討了世界各國城鎮(zhèn)化和能源消費、碳排放之間的關(guān)系[2-5]。針對中國的研究中,F(xiàn)an等[6]、Zhang和Lin[7]用STIRPAT模型分別研究了全國層面上城鎮(zhèn)化對CO2排放的影響和東中西區(qū)域?qū)用娉擎?zhèn)化對能源消費和碳排放的影響。Liu[8]通過誤差修正模型的因果檢驗得出結(jié)論:僅僅存在城鎮(zhèn)化對總能源消費的單項Granger因果關(guān)系。在這些研究中,作者大多采用各類回歸模型、因果檢驗?zāi)P蛠硖接憜蝹€或多個國家、多個區(qū)域?qū)用嫔铣擎?zhèn)化與能源消費的長期方向性影響關(guān)系(雙向或單項,正或負)。與之不同,本研究試圖用Divisia分解法研究城鎮(zhèn)化進程對我國四大區(qū)域生活能源消費的貢獻,分別從生活能源消費總量和不同能源品種消費角度開展研究。

      1研究方法與數(shù)據(jù)

      1.1Divisia指數(shù)分解法

      采用絕對量形式的Divisia指數(shù)分解方法來研究城鎮(zhèn)化進程對居民生活直接用能的影響。Et表示t年度居民生活用能總量,E1,t和E2,t分別表示t年度城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民能源消費總量,Nt表示t年度人口總量。s1,t和s2,t分別表示t年度城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村人口占全國人口的比重,反映了城鎮(zhèn)化進程;e1,t和e2,t分別表示t年度城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民人均生活用能。

      樊靜麗等:中國城鎮(zhèn)化與區(qū)域居民生活直接用能研究

      中國人口·資源與環(huán)境2015年第1期

      Et=∑2i=1Ei,t=∑2i=1Nt·si,t·ei,t

      (1)

      Et·=

      ∑2i=1Nt··si,t·ei,t+

      ∑2i=1Nt·s·i,t·ei,t+

      ∑2i=1Nt·si,t·e·i,t

      =

      ∑2i=1Nt·Nt·si,t·ei,t·Nt+

      ∑2i=1Nt·s·i,tsi,t·ei,t·si,t+

      ∑2i=1Nt·si,t·e·i,tei,t·ei,t

      =∑2i=1Ei,t·Nt·Nt+

      ∑2i=1Ei,t·s·tsi,t+

      E1,t·e·1,te1,t+

      E2,t·e·2,te2,t

      (2)

      對式(2)求曲線積分,得到

      ∫ΓEt·=

      ∫?!?i=1Ei,t·Nt·Nt+

      ∫?!?i=1Ei,t·s·tsi,t+

      ∫ΓE1,t·e·1,te1,t+

      ∫ΓE2,t·e·2,te2,t

      (3)

      Γ為積分路徑,表示在時間區(qū)間(0,Γ)內(nèi)的曲線段。根據(jù)Hulten [9],在線性齊次條件下,式(3)的曲線積分與路徑無關(guān),于是有:

      ET-E0=

      ∫T0∑2i=1Ei,t·dlnNt

      人口增長效應(yīng)ΔEpop+

      ∫T0∑2i=1Ei,t·dlnsi,t

      城鎮(zhèn)化效應(yīng)ΔEurb+

      ∫T0Ei,t·dlne1,t

      城鎮(zhèn)人均用能變化效應(yīng)ΔEmeurb+

      ∫T0Ei,t·dlne2,t

      農(nóng)村人均用能變化效應(yīng)ΔEmerur

      (4)

      式(4)是連續(xù)形式下的指數(shù)分解,由積分中值定理,在實際應(yīng)用中將其近似寫成離散形式。可以采用Trnqvist[10]指數(shù)法或Sato [11]-Vartia[12]指數(shù)法近似。這里采用更精確的SatoVartia指數(shù)法。

      ΔE=ET-E0=ΔEpop+ΔEurb+ΔEeurb+ΔEerur+ΔErsd

      (5)

      其中,ΔErsd是余值部分,一般情況下接近于零,其余幾項分別為

      ΔEpop=∑2i=1[(Ei,T-Ei,0)/(lnEi,T-lnEi,0)]·(lnNT-lnN0)

      (6)

      ΔEurb=∑2i=1[(Ei,T-Ei,0)/(lnEi,T-lnEi,0)]·(lnsi,T-lnsi,0)

      (7)

      ΔEeurb=[(E1,T-E1,0)/(lnE1,T-lnE1,0)]·(lne1,T-lne1,0)

      (8)

      ΔEerur=[(E2,T-E2,0)/(lnE2,T-lnE2,0)]·(lne2,T-lne2,0)

      (9)

      1.2數(shù)據(jù)來源及預(yù)處理

      各省居民能源消費數(shù)據(jù)來源于《中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒》的地區(qū)能源平衡表[13-14],并按照全國實物量/標準量能源平衡表的折算比將地區(qū)平衡表中實物量轉(zhuǎn)換為標準量(電熱當量法)。各類能源中,煤炭指煤合計量和焦炭之和,油品指油品合計,煤氣包括焦爐煤氣和其他煤氣,天然氣、熱力和電力與能源平衡表中的名稱一致。各省城鄉(xiāng)人口和總?cè)丝跀?shù)據(jù)來源于《中國人口和就業(yè)統(tǒng)計年鑒2012》[15]。由于數(shù)據(jù)缺失,僅考察2000-2011年間的城鎮(zhèn)化與直接用能,其中四川省2000年城鄉(xiāng)人口數(shù)缺失,這里假設(shè)其比例與重慶一致。

      2居民生活直接用能的城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      我國幅員遼闊,人口眾多,面臨著區(qū)域發(fā)展不平衡的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)。以四大區(qū)域劃分為例(見表1),2011年東、中、西和東北區(qū)域的人均GDP分別為5.31,2.92,2.77和4.14萬元/人,城鎮(zhèn)化水平分別為60.8%,45.5%,43.0%和58.7%。相應(yīng)地,城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域生活直接用能的影響特點或?qū)⒉煌?。由于部分省份城?zhèn)和農(nóng)村人口數(shù)據(jù)缺失,地區(qū)分解中僅比較2000-2011年間城鎮(zhèn)化進程對生活直接用能變化的影響效應(yīng)。如圖1所示,2011年各區(qū)域居民生活用能總量分別是2000年的2-2.7倍,增量水平和增量結(jié)構(gòu)也有所不同。

      表1全國四大區(qū)域劃分方式

      Tab.1Pattern of four regions division in China

      地區(qū)劃分

      Regions

      省份

      Provinces

      東部區(qū)域

      北京、天津、河北、上海、江蘇、浙江、福建、山東、廣東、海南

      中部區(qū)域

      山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北、湖南

      東北區(qū)域

      遼寧、吉林、黑龍江

      西部區(qū)域

      內(nèi)蒙古、廣西、重慶、四川、貴州、云南、西藏、陜西、甘肅、青海、寧夏、新疆

      2.1各區(qū)域能源消費總量的城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      與2000年相比,東、中、西部和東北區(qū)域居民2011年生活能源消費增量分別大約為6 383,2 565,4 736和2 306萬t標準煤,其中,城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域生活直接用能的貢獻分別為4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%(見圖2)。這里由于東北區(qū)域農(nóng)村人口增長略高于城鎮(zhèn)人口,整體城鎮(zhèn)

      化率不但沒有提高,還略有降低,導致城鎮(zhèn)化效應(yīng)為負值,因此,本文暫不深入探討城鎮(zhèn)化進程對東北區(qū)域居民生活

      圖1各區(qū)域2000-2011年能源消費變化

      Fig.1Changes of residential energy consumption

      during 2000-2011 in China

      圖22000-2011年各區(qū)域能源消費總量的城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      Fig.2Urbanization effects of residential energy

      consumption in China

      用能增加的貢獻。此外,人口增長對東部區(qū)域居民生活用能貢獻最大,約為42.9%,反映了21世紀以來東部地區(qū)城

      鄉(xiāng)人口迅速增長帶來的用能影響;對中、西部和東北部區(qū)

      域居民生活用能增量的貢獻率卻均不足4%。2000-2011年間城鄉(xiāng)人均生活用能增加對各區(qū)域生活直接用能增量的貢獻較大,相對而言,東部區(qū)域、西部區(qū)域和東北區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)人均生活用能增量對區(qū)域居民用能增量的貢獻比農(nóng)村人均生活用能增量的貢獻更大,2000-2011年間貢獻程度基本上均在2 000萬t標準煤以上;而中部區(qū)域農(nóng)村人均生活用能增量對居民用能增量的貢獻比城鎮(zhèn)人均生活用能的貢獻更大,亦接近2 000萬t標準煤,在一定程度反映了中部區(qū)域農(nóng)村居民生活水平的廣泛提高。

      從絕對量來看,城鎮(zhèn)化率提高對中部區(qū)域居民生活能源消費的貢獻最大,2000-2011年累計貢獻665萬t標準煤,是東部區(qū)域和西部區(qū)域的2.5倍和3.4倍,反映中部區(qū)域人口結(jié)構(gòu)變化對直接用能的拉動作用;從邊際量來看,城鎮(zhèn)化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部區(qū)域生活直接用能增量分別約為26.5,32.4和34.1萬t標準煤,盡管差異不大,但東部區(qū)域的平均城鎮(zhèn)化效應(yīng)相對最小。

      2.2各區(qū)域居民生活各種能源消費的城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      2.2.1城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域居民生活煤炭消費變化的貢獻

      與2000年相比,各區(qū)域2011年煤炭消費變化不同,東部地區(qū)居民生活煤炭消費減少近900萬t標煤,中部和東北區(qū)域降幅在6萬t標煤以內(nèi),而西部區(qū)域居民的生活煤炭消費量不降反升,增加了794萬t標準煤(圖1),反映了該時期城鎮(zhèn)化率增幅較大(增加20.5個百分點)。其中,城鎮(zhèn)化率提高對東、中、西部區(qū)域生活用煤變化的貢獻分別是-79.4,60.4和-36.9萬t標準煤(見圖3),城鎮(zhèn)人口比重和農(nóng)村人口比重的此消彼長共同作用使城鎮(zhèn)化率效應(yīng)相對其他效應(yīng)較小。此外,東部區(qū)域生活煤炭消費量的減少主要由城鄉(xiāng)居民人均生活用煤量共同降低引起的;中部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)居民人均生活用煤量降低和農(nóng)村居民人均生活用煤量增加對該區(qū)域居民生活用煤量變化的貢獻相當,方向相反,但絕對量均較大;西部區(qū)域生活煤炭消費量的增加主要由于城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民人均生活用煤量共同增加引起,其中后者貢獻是前者的4.3倍(見圖3)。城鎮(zhèn)化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部區(qū)域居民生活用煤炭量的變化約為-7.8,2.9和-6.4萬t標準煤。

      圖32000-2011年間各區(qū)域居民對煤炭消費的

      城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      Fig.3Urbanization effects of regional residential coal

      consumption during 2000-2011 in China

      2.2.2城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域居民生活油品消費變化的貢獻

      與2000年相比,2011年各區(qū)域居民生活油品消費有所增長,其中,東部區(qū)域增加最多(3 554萬t標準煤),中、

      西部和東北區(qū)域增加778-881萬t標準煤(圖1)。東、中、西部城鎮(zhèn)化率提高對該區(qū)域生活用油變化的貢獻率分別是4.5%,22.4%和4.8%;城鎮(zhèn)化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部生活用油增量分別約為15.8,8.5和7.4萬t標準煤。此外,東部區(qū)域居民生活用油品增量由其他三項因素——人口增長、城鎮(zhèn)居民人均生活用油增加和農(nóng)村居民人均生活用油增加——分別貢獻255%,44%和26%;城鎮(zhèn)居民和農(nóng)村居民人均生活用油增加對中部區(qū)域和西部區(qū)域居民生活用油增加貢獻較大,在31.2%-53%之間;這兩項因素對東北區(qū)域居民生活用油增量的貢獻率合計高達97.7%(見圖4)。

      圖42000-2011年間各區(qū)域居民對油品合計消費的

      城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      Fig.4Urbanization effects of regional residential oil

      consumption during 2000-2011 in China

      2.2.3城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域居民生活天然氣消費變化的貢獻

      我國各區(qū)域天然氣消費增長迅速,2011年各區(qū)域?qū)μ烊粴庀M是2000年的8-15倍,遠高于其他能源消費增長速度(見圖1)。其中,東、中、西部區(qū)域分別增長854,345和1 001萬t標準煤,城鎮(zhèn)化率增加對三個區(qū)域生活天然氣消費增量的貢獻分別是7.6%,26.3%和67%。各區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)居民人均生活天然氣消費量增加的貢獻占絕對主導地位,均在70%以上;人口增長僅對東部區(qū)域天然氣增量貢獻較大(貢獻率15.7%);東北區(qū)域2000-2011年間天然氣增量僅為55萬t標準煤,其中,主要由城鎮(zhèn)居民人均生活用能變化驅(qū)動,貢獻率達93%以上。城鎮(zhèn)化率每增長一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部天然氣消費增量分別約為6.4,4.4和11.7萬t標準煤(見圖5)。

      2.2.4城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域居民生活熱力消費變化的貢獻

      我國各區(qū)域居民對熱力消費增長較快,2011年是2000年的3-7倍,東、中、西部地區(qū)分別增長494,318,910萬t標準煤(見圖1),城鎮(zhèn)化率增加分別貢獻17.1%,

      圖52000-2011年間各區(qū)域居民對天然氣消費的

      城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      Fig.5Urbanization effects of regional residential

      natural gas consumption during 2000-2011 in China

      34%,7.3%。東部區(qū)域人口增長效應(yīng)貢獻15.7%,其他區(qū)域貢獻在3%以內(nèi)(見圖6);城鎮(zhèn)居民人均生活用熱力消費增量對東北區(qū)域生活熱力消費增量貢獻在各區(qū)域均較大,其中對西部和東北區(qū)域貢獻達92%以上。城鎮(zhèn)化率每增加1個百分點,東、中、西部區(qū)域居民生活熱力消費增量將分別增加8.3,5.3,11.5萬t標準煤。

      圖62000-2011年間各區(qū)域居民對熱力消費的

      城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      Fig.6Urbanization effects of regional residential heat

      consumption during 2000-2011 in China

      2.2.5城鎮(zhèn)化進程對各區(qū)域居民生活電力消費變化的貢獻

      2011年東、中、西部區(qū)域居民生活電力消費是2000年的3.3-4.7倍,高于生活用能總量的增長幅度,分別增長約2 412,1 142,1 183萬t標準煤,東北區(qū)域居民生活用電量是2000年的2.3倍,增長817萬t標準煤(見圖1)。與居民油品消費變化不同,城鎮(zhèn)化率提高對東部區(qū)域居民生活用電增量的貢獻非常小,不足3%,對中部和西部區(qū)域生活用電增量的貢獻率分別為15.1%和3.4%;城鎮(zhèn)化率每提高一個百分點,由此引起的東、中、西部區(qū)域的生活用電量分別增加0.6,8.4和6.9萬t標準煤。其他因素對各區(qū)域居民生活用電增量的影響程度與油品合計消費增量的情形大致一致(見圖7)。

      圖72000-2011年間各區(qū)域居民對電力消費的

      城鎮(zhèn)化分解

      Fig.7Urbanization effects of regional residential electricity

      consumption during 2000-2011 in China

      3主要結(jié)論與啟示

      根據(jù)以上結(jié)果分析與討論,就各區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化與居民生活直接用能變化之間關(guān)系得出以下幾條結(jié)論。

      (1)2000-2011年間,城鎮(zhèn)化進程對東、中、西部和東北區(qū)域居民生活直接用能的貢獻分別為4.2%,20.6%,4.1%,-0.01%,體現(xiàn)了各區(qū)域不同的城鎮(zhèn)化效應(yīng)特征。此外,特別地,東部地區(qū)城鄉(xiāng)人口迅速增長導致該區(qū)域居民生活用能變化的人口增長效應(yīng)高達42.9%;中部區(qū)域農(nóng)村居民生活水平的廣泛提高使農(nóng)村人均生活用能對中部區(qū)域居民用能增量的貢獻達61.2%。

      (2)從絕對量來看,城鎮(zhèn)化率提高對中部區(qū)域居民生活能源消費的貢獻最大,累計665萬t標準煤,是東部和西部區(qū)域的2.5倍和3.4倍,反映了人口結(jié)構(gòu)的變動對中部居民直接用能的明顯拉動作用;從邊際量來看,城鎮(zhèn)化率每提高一個百分點,對西部區(qū)域生活直接用能增量貢獻最大,為34萬t標煤,對東部區(qū)域增量貢獻最小,為26.5萬t標煤,地區(qū)間總體差異不大。

      (3)中部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對該區(qū)域各類生活能源消費增量的貢獻,在各區(qū)域中均最大。與其他區(qū)域不同,中部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對煤炭消費有增量貢獻;東、中部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對油品消費增量的貢獻相近,是西部區(qū)域的3-4倍;東部區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對電力消費增量的貢獻接近0;各區(qū)域城鎮(zhèn)化進程對天然氣和熱力消費增量的貢獻差別不大。

      (4)城鎮(zhèn)化率每增加一個百分點,對各區(qū)域煤炭消費變化的相對排序與絕對量貢獻類似;對東部地區(qū)油品合計消費增量貢獻最大,分別是中西部區(qū)域的1.9和2.3倍;對東部區(qū)域電力消費增量貢獻遠低于中西部區(qū)域;對天然氣和熱力消費增量貢獻的情況類似,均是西部區(qū)域最高,是東部和中部的1.4-2.6倍。

      致謝:本研究是在中國能源報告2010部分研究基礎(chǔ)上完成的,感謝廖華教授對部分研究內(nèi)容的討論和建議,感謝杜云飛同學在數(shù)據(jù)收集方面提供的幫助,感謝北京理工大學能源與環(huán)境政策研究中心成員對研究的討論。

      (編輯:劉照勝)

      參考文獻(References)

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      [2]Almulali U, Sab C N B C, et al. Exploring the Bidirectional Long Run Relationship between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and Carbon Dioxide Emission[J]. Energy, 2012, 46(1):156-167.

      [3]Almulali U, Fereidouni H G, et al. Exploring the Relationship between Urbanization, Energy Consumption, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 23:107-112.

      [4]O′Neill B C, Ren X L. The Effect of Urbanization on Energy Use in India and China in the IPETS model[J]. Energy Economics, 2012, 34(3):S339-S345.

      [5]Kazim A M. Assessments of Primary Energy Consumption and Its Environmental Consequences in the United Arab Emirates[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2007, 11(3):426-446.

      [6]Fan Y, Liu ?L C, et al. Analyzing Impact Factors of CO2 Emissions Using the STIRPAT Model[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2006, 26: 377-395.

      [7]Zhang C G, Lin Y. Panel Estimation for Urbanization, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: A Regional Analysis in China[J]. Energy Policy, 2012, 49:488-498.

      [8]Liu Y B. Exploring the Relationship between Urbanization and Energy Consumption in China Using ARDL (Autoregressive DistributedLag) and FDM (Factor Decomposition Model) [J]. Energy, 2009, 34(11):1846-1854.

      [9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

      [10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

      [11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

      [12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

      [13]國家統(tǒng)計局.中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒(2008)[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

      [14]國家統(tǒng)計局. 中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒(2011)[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

      [15]國家統(tǒng)計局人口與就業(yè)統(tǒng)計司. 中國人口與就業(yè)統(tǒng)計年鑒2012[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

      Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

      FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

      (1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

      2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

      3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

      4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

      AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

      Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

      [9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

      [10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

      [11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

      [12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

      [13]國家統(tǒng)計局.中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒(2008)[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

      [14]國家統(tǒng)計局. 中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒(2011)[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

      [15]國家統(tǒng)計局人口與就業(yè)統(tǒng)計司. 中國人口與就業(yè)統(tǒng)計年鑒2012[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

      Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

      FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

      (1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

      2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

      3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

      4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

      AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

      Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

      [9]Hulten C R. Divisia Index Numbers[J]. Econometrica, 1973, 41 (6):1017-25.

      [10]Trnqvist L. The Bank of Finlands Consumption Price Index[J]. Bank of Finland Monthly Bulletin, 1936, 10:1-8.

      [11]Sato K. The Ideal Logchange Index Number[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1976, 58 (2):223-228.

      [12]Vartia Y O. Ideal Logchange Index Numbers[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics Theory and Applications,1976, 3 (3):121-126.

      [13]國家統(tǒng)計局.中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒(2008)[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2009.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2008)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2009.]

      [14]國家統(tǒng)計局. 中國能源統(tǒng)計年鑒(2011)[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2012.[ National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook (2011)[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2012.]

      [15]國家統(tǒng)計局人口與就業(yè)統(tǒng)計司. 中國人口與就業(yè)統(tǒng)計年鑒2012[M].北京:中國統(tǒng)計出版社,2013.[Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook 2012[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press,2013.]

      Urbanization Effect on Regional Household Energy Consumption in China

      FAN JingLi1,2LIU Jian3ZHANG Xian4

      (1. Faculty of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing(CUMTB),Beijing 100083,China;

      2.Centre for Energy Environment Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;

      3. 61741 Troops, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Beijing 100094,China;

      4. The Administrative Centre of Chinas Agenda 21, Beijing 100038, China)

      AbstractChina is experiencing acceleration of urbanization process that with an average annual growth of 1.4% since 1996. Meanwhile residential energy consumption in China is also in a rapid growth in this period. Moreover, given the fact of Chinas unbalanced regional development, the evolutions of urbanization and residential energy use, and the relationships between them in different regions may differ from each other. This paper then studies the individual evolutions of urban effects on direct use of residential energy in Chinese four regions during 1996-2011. By using Divisia index decomposition method, we decompose the changes of residential energy consumption in four regions into four driving factors, i.e. population growth effect, urbanization effect, effect of urban residential energy consumption per capita and effect of rural residential energy consumption. Impacts of urbanization rate increase on residential energy consumption in eastern, western, and central regions are focused, of which absolute and marginal contributions on total energy consumption and each type of energy consumption are analyzed. The results show that: (1) urbanization rate increase contributes to residential energy consumption in eastern, central, western, northeastern regions by 4.2%, 20.6%, 4.1%, and -0.01% respectively. (2) Contribution from urbanization rate increases to residential energy consumption exists little difference among regions, of which that to eastern region is the least. (3) Unlike other regions, urbanization effect in central region on its coal consumption is positive; urbanization increases in eastern and central regions contribute to their oil consumption by 3-4 times of that in western region; urbanization effect in eastern region on its electricity consumption is close to zero. (4) Every one percentage rise in urbanization rate in eastern region contributes to its residential oil consumption by 1.9 and 2.3 times of that in central and western regions respectively, and the situations to natural gas consumption and heat consumption are similar, both with highest contribution in western region. The conclusions provide some implications for regional energy management and energy conservation and emission reduction.

      Key wordsurbanization; residential energy consumption; divisia decomposition

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