鞠毅
初中英語閱讀理解五大有效解題策略淺析
鞠毅
本文就英語學習中閱讀理解題對中學生興趣和自信心的重要影響和作用聯(lián)想到學生解題技巧差、失分嚴重這一現(xiàn)狀,提出了達到任務型教學對讀的五級要求所必須具備的“跳讀(Skimm ing)、掃讀(Scanning)和細讀(Careful reading)”等閱讀方式和“審視標題,猜測大意;初讀全文,把握整體;推理判斷;猜測詞義;細讀題目,抓住問點”五大閱讀技巧。
任務型教學;閱讀理解;解題策略
大多數(shù)初中一線教師都有同感:學生在初中一年級開始時對英語比較感興趣,可一到初一下學期或初二上學期就出現(xiàn)了兩極分化。大家認為這種分化不是因為學生的智力差異,不是因為教師教得不好,也不是教材的原因,而是學生興趣和自信心的原因——學生在學習中遇到了挫折,興趣淡化,自信喪失,對進一步學習產(chǎn)生了畏懼感。隨手翻翻無論是學業(yè)檢測題還是中考試卷,顯然閱讀理解這一題型占比重最大,失分是最嚴重的,這就是導致學生失去興趣和自信的最強大的“攔路虎”(包天仁 2012)。教師必須多給這些無助的孩子支招——告訴他們更多的關于解這種題的竅門(skills)。
新課程標準明確規(guī)定:現(xiàn)代教學的目的不是教學生簡單的傳承和傳授,而是讓學生學會學習,學會探究,學會創(chuàng)造;更多地著眼于學生未來的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,即由重知識轉(zhuǎn)向重技能;由學得轉(zhuǎn)向習得;由知識的記憶轉(zhuǎn)向語言的綜合運用。重新定位英語教學的首要任務是“激發(fā)學習興趣,培養(yǎng)學生自信”(教育部 2005),這就要求我們的教學操作可行性更高。
新課標對“閱讀”技能的五級目標做了這樣的要求和規(guī)定:
能讀懂供7~9年級學生閱讀的簡單讀物和報刊,克服生詞障礙,能根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷,理解生詞的含義;能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關系;能找出文章的主題,理解故事的情節(jié),預測故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展和可能的結(jié)局;理解文章大意;能讀懂常見題材的閱讀材料;就日常生活的各種話題與他人交換信息并陳述意見;能根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的運用簡單的閱讀策略獲取信息;能利用字典等工具書進行學習;除教材外課外閱讀量達到15萬詞以上。
那么如何圍繞這些目標對學生進行閱讀理解方法的有效指導呢?
初中學生畢業(yè)時的閱讀量達15萬詞以上!閱讀的內(nèi)容可能會包羅萬象,但大致可分為以下類型:信息傳遞型,邏輯推理型,觀點闡述型(羅先達、尹世寅、周蓉 2003),還有的三者兼有。根據(jù)閱讀材料類型的不同,所運用的閱讀方式和解題技巧各有側(cè)重。
例A(2010萊蕪市中考題)
We pick up your children at school,and give them a safe place to play,do homework,and learn after school.
Experienced Teacher/Lunch&Snack/Toys &Books.
Aged 6 to 12.
Our Programs:
*Languages*Math*Computer*Music
Open 11:00a.m.to 7:00 p.m.,Mon.to Fri.
26MarketRoad,Star City
TEL:8765-4321
1.What can’tchildren learn in Little Rabbit?
A.Art B.Music
C.Computer D.Languages
2.M r.Green can send her daughter Lucy to Little Ra b b i t e x c e p t__.
A.6:00p.m.on Friday
B.7:00 a.m.onWednesday
C.11:00 a.m.on Tuesday
D.12:00 a.m.on Monday
3.Li t t l eRabbi twi l l beopen f o r__ina week?
A.4 hours B.8 hours
C.20 hours D.40 hours
4.Who can have fun and learn in Little Rabbit?
A.M ike,a schoolboy of13.
B.Mary,an eight-year-old girl
C.Cathy,an experienced teacher
D.Linda,ahousewifew ithoutwork
5.(略)
例A是信息傳遞型的,本質(zhì)是對了解后的語言進行轉(zhuǎn)述,把語言轉(zhuǎn)換成圖表形式,或把圖表轉(zhuǎn)換成語言表述。在這篇文章中我們審視標題可以大概地猜測到文意是有關娛樂和學習的,跳讀(Skimm ing)和掃讀(Scanning)就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)Our Programs一項,輕松選出第1題答案為A,當然前提是我們要注意到can’t,這兒其實是個小小的細讀(Careful reading)。然后我們繼續(xù)掃讀,經(jīng)過推理(Inferring)計算(Calculating)不難得出第2題、第3題的答案。與之相比,第4題要理解except詞義后細讀才能成功選出答案。
顯而易見,在這種信息型的閱讀理解中,我們常會采用掃讀、跳讀,在遇到有關數(shù)字的題目時我們才細讀,發(fā)現(xiàn)關鍵詞。
例B(2010煙臺中考)
M r.Green once worked in a big company.He wasquite busy so thathe couldn’tdo any reading.So he gave up his job and opened a bookshop in the centerof the town.Itwasn’tbig butall thebookwere nice andmost people liked to buy some there.When the shopwas closed,he could read athome.He knew a lot and many learned people were glad to make friendswith him.
Itwas Sunday and itwas cold outside.M r.Green was very busy.At nine in the evening all the buyers leftbuta woman was still there.She was dressed up and seemed to bewaiting for somebody there.Standing by the shelves,she looked over the books one after another,andmade them in a terriblemess.M r.Green came up to her and asked,“Excuseme Madam,what can Ido for you?”
“Your books are not interesting atall,”said the woman,“Iwanta deliciousone.”
“That’s easy,”M r.Green sm iled.He brought outa cookbook and said,“Here you are,madam.”
1.Why did M r.Green changed his job?
A.He didn’t like reading.
B.Hewas too busy to read books.
C.He liked the life in centerof the town.
D.Hewanted tow ritea cookbook himself.
2.Most people liked to buy books in the shop because__.
A.the bookshop was in the centerof the town
B.all thebookswereallgood forpeople
C.itwasvery large
D.thebooks therewereallgood for people
3.From the storywe know that“l(fā)earned people”means__.
A.peoplewho are free
B.peoplewho are studying hard
C.peoplewho havemuch know ledge
D.peoplewho havemuchmoney
4.What’s themostsuitable ending of the story?
5....
閱讀這些問題的題干我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),問題大多包括why,because,reason,infer等,這篇文章屬于邏輯推理型,這樣的文章我們往往不能直接從字面獲取所需信息。這就需要我們透過字里行間捕捉隱含信息,綜合全部事實加以分析,推理判斷作者的真實意圖。這更需要考生細心閱讀,反復推敲。這類文章細讀點更多,讀到與問題相關處最好做出標記,以供細細體味檢查。
例C(2010日照市中考)
Raising pets isa popular online game teenagers. “More than 20 ofmy classmateshaveadopted(領養(yǎng))petsonline,while lastyear thenumberwas just10,”said Wang Hui,am iddle school student from Beijing,who also raisespetsonline.
If you go to some website,you can adopt virtual(虛擬)pets like penguins,chickens,dogsand elephants.You can feed,wash,talk to and playw ith your pet.
Dai Ying of Shanghai raises pets in Kaixin001. com.The 15-year-old said it is great fun.She thinks thatshe hasalso learned how to take careofothers.
Ifonedoesn’tfeed and care for thepet,itbecomes unhappy and unhealthy.So raising an online pet meansspending a lotof timeonline.
This makes many parents worried.They fear therew illbebad influence in the children’sstudies.
Dai said that she usually asks her uncle to take careof her pet,while she isatschool.
Wang Zhao Tong,from Anhui,hasbeen raising a penguin on QQ.com since lastyear.The 14-year-old takesgood of the penguin.
She said her parentsknew about the penguin and thoughtitwasOK.
If the students can keep the balance between studying and playing,it’snotbad for them to“raise”petsonline.
1.(略)
2.What does Dai Ying think of raising pets online?(選項略)
3.Which of the following isNOT TRUE according to the passage?(選項略)
4.Whatdoes the passagemainly talk about?(選項略)
5.(略)
這篇文章談的是對青少年網(wǎng)上領養(yǎng)寵物的看法,所以問題大多跟“觀點”和“看法”有關。這是一篇觀點闡述型的材料,讀者要初讀全文把握整體。解答這樣的題目往往要舉出文中實例來論證,要學會根據(jù)作者的文章走勢推測結(jié)局,不能主觀臆斷,要弄清題目問的是誰的觀點,然后作答。
例D(2010菏澤升學題)
A man was walking along the street when he saw awoman carrying a large box.Itwas half in and out of her car.So theman went up and said,“The box looksvery heavy.Letmegive you ahand.”
“That’s very kind of you,”the woman said,“I am having a lotof troublew ith it.Maybe itsticks(卡?。﹊n the cardoor.”
“Together we’ll soon move it,”theman said. “I’llgetinand takeotherhand.”And hegotin thecar.
“Right,”theman said.“I’m ready,”and he began to push the box hard.
For severalm inutes,the man and the woman tried tomove thebox.Soon they feltvery tired.
They rested for a moments.Then the woman said,“Let’s try again.One,two,three!”theywent onmoving the box.
At last,when they wereexhausted,the man said,“I’m sorry,but Idon’t think there is any way to get in outofyour car.”
“Get itout?”thewoman cried.“I’m trying to get itin!You know?”
1.2.4.5.(略)
3.Theunderlinedword exhaustedmeans__in Chinese.
A.精疲力竭的 B.激動的C.充滿希望的 D.沮喪的
在敘事型的閱讀中我們對本身不影響理解的詞可以忽略,在該篇中我們不可避免地要猜測exhausted的意思。根據(jù)語境的變化,抓住敘述的脈絡:Soon they felt very tired.Let’s try again,One,two,three!At last...Iam sorry等可以判斷他們用盡了所有的力氣,答案選A。這種題考查的多為名詞、動詞或詞組。第一可以根據(jù)詞的構(gòu)成,看是否與學過的詞有關,是否由學過的詞派生而來;第二就是根據(jù)上下文來猜測詞義,充分利用詞的語境綜合考慮,確定生詞的意義。
在閱讀教學工作中,我利用了兩個月的時間采用不同的方法對比實驗:第一階段是閱讀練習的時候,重視閱讀材料的意義,講解時逐字逐句,不放過任何細小瑣碎的知識點和語法,不惜花大氣力講解練習。第二階段是注重閱讀方式和解題方法的指導,抓住作者的考查意圖和解題思路,理解意義時該忽略的忽略,該簡化的簡化,著重方法、策略、能力、觀念的改變,讓學生活學活用。兩種同樣的考試題型,兩種不同的新舊教學理念,兩種不同的教學方式,會收獲兩種什么樣的勞動果實呢?
結(jié)果第二階段成績出來后我發(fā)現(xiàn):學生的閱讀理解平均得分普遍提高,總分提高也很顯著。我又了解了幾個原來一學習英語就頭疼的同學,結(jié)果出乎意料的是他們竟然說第二套題簡單,其實我出第二階段的題時有意地找了幾篇難理解的話題,他們要完全詳細地理解翻譯是很困難的。當我問一個同學“其實我覺得后來這組題難,你怎么會覺得它簡單呢”時,他是這樣笑著回答的:“以前不知道怎樣做,現(xiàn)在知道怎樣做了,就覺得簡單。”答案很平凡,笑得很輕松、很開心,他收獲了很多。
“工欲善其事,必先利其器?!敝灰椒ㄕ_,問題就會迎刃而解。在學法指導上教師幫助和指導學生系統(tǒng)地掌握“泛讀、快讀、略讀、細讀”等多種方式,以及“審視標題,猜測大意;初讀全文,把握整體;推理判斷;猜測詞義;細讀題目,抓住問點”(羅先達、尹世寅、周蓉 2003)五大閱讀技巧,這樣才能開卷有益,讓學生在學習英語的過程中獲得成就感,并使這種積極情緒真正遷移到今后的學習中,真正體驗學習的樂趣,向英語的珠峰進軍。
引用文獻
包天仁.2012.英語閱讀理解障礙成因分析及對策[C].基礎英語教改論壇.
教育部.2005.英語課程標準(實驗)[S].北京:北京師范大學出版社.
羅先達,尹世寅,周蓉.2003.課程目標與課程內(nèi)容、課程的教學設計[M].英語教學實施指南,(46).
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