韓明霞
引述別人的話一般有兩種方式,一種是原封不動(dòng)地引用他人的原話,把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi),這叫做直接引語(yǔ);另一種是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述他人的話,不用引號(hào),叫做間接用語(yǔ)。直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)中的人稱(chēng)代詞、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、主謂語(yǔ)序、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等往往要作相應(yīng)的變化,而有時(shí)卻不需要變化。現(xiàn)將這些“變”與“不變”的情況作一歸納。
一、“變”的情況
1. 人稱(chēng)的變化
(1)直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)變?yōu)榈谌朔Q(chēng)。
例如:
He said, “I like reading newspapers.”
(他說(shuō):“我喜歡看報(bào)?!保?/p>
→He said he liked reading newspapers.
(他說(shuō)他喜歡看報(bào)。)
(2)直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)是第二人稱(chēng)時(shí),如果原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說(shuō)的,則間接引話中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱(chēng):但若原話是針對(duì)第三者說(shuō)的,則間接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為第三人稱(chēng)。
例如:
“You should do your homework carefully,” the teacher said to me.
(老師對(duì)我說(shuō):“你應(yīng)該認(rèn)真做作業(yè)?!保?/p>
→The teacher said to me that l should do my homework carefully.
(老師對(duì)我說(shuō)我應(yīng)該認(rèn)真做作業(yè)。)
“You mustnt play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
(警察對(duì)孩子們說(shuō):“不準(zhǔn)在街上踢球?!保?/p>
→The policeman said to the boys that they mustnt play football in the street.
(警察對(duì)孩子們說(shuō)他們不準(zhǔn)在街上踢球。)
(3)人稱(chēng)的變化還包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的相應(yīng)變化。
例如:
He said, “l(fā) have lost my pen.”
(他說(shuō):“我把鋼筆弄丟了。”)
→He said that he had lost his pen.
(他說(shuō)他把鋼筆弄丟了。)
She said “The book on the desk is mine.”
(她說(shuō)“桌子上的書(shū)是我的?!保?/p>
→She said that the book on the desk was hers.
(她說(shuō)桌子上的書(shū)是她的。)
2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
(1)如果直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)換成由連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,在口語(yǔ)中that 常被省略。
例如:
She says, “l(fā) am going to visit my uncle.”
(她說(shuō):“我將去看我的叔叔?!保?/p>
→She said that she was going to see her uncle.
(她說(shuō)她將去看她的叔叔。)
(2)如果直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句,將它們變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)變成由連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,該賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為陳述語(yǔ)序。
例如:
He asked, “Has she come?”
(他問(wèn):“她已經(jīng)來(lái)了嗎?”)
→He asked if she had come.
(他問(wèn)她是否已經(jīng)來(lái)了。)
Her brother asked, “Does the teacher know it or not?”
(她弟弟問(wèn):“老師知道這件事嗎?”)
→Her brother asked whether the teacher knew it or not.
(他弟弟問(wèn)老師是否知道這件事。)
(3)如果直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),仍用原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中要用陳述語(yǔ)序。
例如:
He asked, “When will we arrive in Shanghai?”
(他問(wèn):“我們什么時(shí)候到達(dá)上海?”)
→He asked when they would arrive in Shanghai.
(他問(wèn)他們什么時(shí)候到達(dá)上海。)
He asked, “What grade are you in?”
(他問(wèn):“你在哪個(gè)年級(jí)?”)
→He asked what grade I was in.
(他問(wèn)我在哪個(gè)年級(jí)。)
(4)如果直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句,將其變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)意義上的需要,選用“ask / tell / order / advise / request + 賓語(yǔ) + 帶to的不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
He says to us, “Be quite.”
(他說(shuō):“保持安靜?!保?/p>
→He asked us to be quiet.
(他讓我們保持安靜。)
“Dont go out,” she says to me.
(她對(duì)我說(shuō):“別出去?!保?
→She told me not to go out.
(她告訴我不要出去。)
3. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化
主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)需作以下變化:
(1)將直接引語(yǔ)中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)。
例如:
He said, “This book is yours.”
(他說(shuō):“這本書(shū)是你的?!保?/p>
→He said that book was mine.
(他說(shuō)那本書(shū)是我的。)
(2)將直接引語(yǔ)中的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
例如:
The teacher said, “The children are reading a text.”
(老師說(shuō):“孩子們正在讀課文?!保?/p>
→The teacher said the children were reading a text.
(老師說(shuō)孩子們正在讀課文。)
(3)將直接引語(yǔ)中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。
例如:
He said, “I have read the book.”
(他說(shuō):“我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這本書(shū)了?!保?/p>
→He said he had read the book.
(他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)看過(guò)這本書(shū)了。)
(4)將直接引語(yǔ)中的一般將來(lái)時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
例如:
He said, “Ill wait for you outside the school gate.”
(他說(shuō):“我將在校門(mén)外等你。”)
→He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.
(他說(shuō)他將在校門(mén)外等我。)
(5)將直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。
例如:
She said, “I bought the book yesterday.”
(她說(shuō):“我昨天買(mǎi)了這本書(shū)。”)
→She said she had bought the book the day before.
(她說(shuō)她前一天買(mǎi)了這本書(shū)。)
4. 其他變化
直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),其中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)以及某些對(duì)比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞也要作相應(yīng)的變化,如:yesterday變?yōu)閠he day before, here變?yōu)閠here, come變?yōu)間o, this變?yōu)閠hat, these變?yōu)閠hose等。
例如:
He said, “I will stay here.”
(他說(shuō):“我將呆在這兒?!保?/p>
→He said that he would stay there.
(他說(shuō)他將呆在那兒。)
“I bought these flowers for you,” she said.
(她說(shuō):“這些花是我為你買(mǎi)的?!保?/p>
→She said she bought those flowers for me.
(她說(shuō)這些花是她為我買(mǎi)的。)
二、“不變”的情況
1.如果說(shuō)話人引述自己的話,人稱(chēng)代詞便不必變化。
例如:
I said, “I have been to Beijing.”
(我說(shuō):“我去過(guò)北京?!保?/p>
→I said I had been to Beijing.
(我說(shuō)我去過(guò)北京。)
2. 主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí),直接引語(yǔ)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)在間接引語(yǔ)中不變。
例如:
He asks, “Where do you come from?”
(他問(wèn):“你是哪里人?”)
→He asks where I come from.
(他問(wèn)我是哪里人。)
3. 直接引語(yǔ)中比較具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),在間接引語(yǔ)中可以不變,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)也不變。
例如:
“It happened in 2008,” he said.
(他說(shuō):“那件事發(fā)生在2008年?!保?/p>
→He said it happened in 2008.
(他說(shuō)那件事發(fā)生在2008年。)
4. 如果直接引語(yǔ)敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、自然現(xiàn)象、諺語(yǔ)、格言等,那么,直接引語(yǔ)中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在間接引語(yǔ)中不變。
例如:
The boy asked, “Does water boil at 100℃?”
(男孩問(wèn):“水是否在100℃沸騰?”)
→The boy asked if water boils at 100℃.
(男孩問(wèn)水是否在100℃沸騰。)
The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
(老師說(shuō):“地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)?!保?/p>
→The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.
(老師說(shuō)地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。)
5. 如果是在當(dāng)時(shí)或當(dāng)?shù)剡M(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述,那么,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)以及某些對(duì)比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞等也可不變。
例如:
He said, “I came here three days ago.”
(他說(shuō):“我是三天前來(lái)到這兒的?!保?/p>
→He said he came here three days ago.
(他說(shuō)他是三天前來(lái)到這兒的。)