毛小炎, 唐世杰, 謝思田, 彭立紅, 石倫剛, 何運(yùn)鋪
論 著
單側(cè)唇裂手術(shù)前后唇鼻部外觀(guān)變化的數(shù)據(jù)分析
毛小炎, 唐世杰, 謝思田, 彭立紅, 石倫剛, 何運(yùn)鋪
目的獲得單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)前唇鼻形態(tài)的數(shù)據(jù)資料,根據(jù)唇鼻畸形特征設(shè)計(jì)手術(shù)修復(fù)方案,通過(guò)術(shù)后臨床觀(guān)察,評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)效果。方法單側(cè)唇裂患兒85例,分為單側(cè)完全性唇裂組、單側(cè)不完全性唇裂組。術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月分別測(cè)量裂隙兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度,采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)來(lái)比較各組患兒裂隙兩側(cè)測(cè)量值的差異。結(jié)果單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)前裂隙兩側(cè)唇鼻部各項(xiàng)參數(shù)均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);短期術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)表明,兩組1歲以?xún)?nèi)患兒在健-患側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)和鼻底寬度方面具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),裂隙側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)較健側(cè)小,鼻底寬度較健側(cè)大。完全性唇裂組患兒術(shù)后半年患側(cè)鼻小柱高度小于健側(cè)。1~2歲患兒在健-患側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論測(cè)量單側(cè)唇裂患兒唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、鼻底寬度、鼻小柱高度和人中嵴高度,對(duì)術(shù)前手術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)和術(shù)后對(duì)稱(chēng)性評(píng)估有很大的幫助。短期隨訪(fǎng)表明,1歲以?xún)?nèi)單側(cè)唇裂患兒患側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)變短,鼻底增寬,在今后的唇裂修復(fù)中,需要通過(guò)改進(jìn)手術(shù)方法來(lái)解決。
單側(cè)唇裂; 唇鼻畸形; 數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量; 唇長(zhǎng); 唇高
唇裂是人類(lèi)最常見(jiàn)的先天性畸形。單側(cè)唇裂畸形主要表現(xiàn)上唇和鼻部畸形,由于口輪匝肌的完整性受到不同程度的破壞,常表現(xiàn)為上唇的缺裂、人中和鼻小柱的偏斜、鼻底增寬、鼻翼塌陷等畸形。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外用于評(píng)價(jià)唇鼻部外觀(guān)的方法主要有以下3種:分級(jí)打分法、成像分析法和視頻分析法[1-6]。以上諸法操作簡(jiǎn)單,但存在主觀(guān)因素較大、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化成像困難、誤差大等缺點(diǎn)。我們通過(guò)手術(shù)前后對(duì)唇峰點(diǎn)、口角點(diǎn)、鼻小柱基底等解剖標(biāo)志點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定點(diǎn),直接測(cè)量各參數(shù)點(diǎn)間距離,可以對(duì)術(shù)前手術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)和術(shù)后效果評(píng)估提供幫助,獲得資料直接、可靠。
選取自2012年12月至2013年12月于汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院唇腭裂治療中心就診的3個(gè)月至2歲單側(cè)唇裂患兒85例作為研究對(duì)象,其中1歲以?xún)?nèi)患兒70例,1~2歲患兒15例。分為單側(cè)完全唇裂組、單側(cè)不完全性唇裂組。男性47例,女性38例;單側(cè)完全性唇裂54例,單側(cè)不完全性唇裂31例。排除綜合征性唇腭裂,所有患兒術(shù)前均未應(yīng)用NAM裝置(nasal alveolar molding)矯正治療。該項(xiàng)研究已獲汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)通過(guò)。
2.1 術(shù)前定點(diǎn)及數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量 術(shù)前分別定點(diǎn)裂隙兩側(cè)唇峰點(diǎn)、口角點(diǎn)、鼻翼外側(cè)腳、鼻小柱基底點(diǎn)等。使用分規(guī)和直尺,分別測(cè)量裂隙兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度(圖1,2)。
均采用氣管插管靜脈復(fù)合全身麻醉,氣管導(dǎo)管固定于下唇正中。采用健側(cè)Mohler切口+患側(cè)改良Pfeiffer切口修復(fù)上唇,紅白唇交界處設(shè)計(jì)小三角瓣插入健側(cè)(圖3,4)。應(yīng)用Tajima切口同期鼻畸形整復(fù)。手術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)充分考慮兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高不等問(wèn)題,優(yōu)先滿(mǎn)足唇高一致(兩側(cè)唇高盡量相差不超過(guò)3 mm),同時(shí)兼顧唇長(zhǎng)(兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)相差不超過(guò)5 mm)。鼻底寬度相差較大的患者,根據(jù)兩側(cè)鼻底寬度的差值,調(diào)整裂隙側(cè)鼻底內(nèi)切的長(zhǎng)度,原則上裂隙側(cè)鼻底內(nèi)切的長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)與兩側(cè)鼻底寬度的差值相等。運(yùn)用Mohler切口使兩側(cè)人中嵴等高。
2.2 術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng) 患兒術(shù)后1周拆線(xiàn),指導(dǎo)家長(zhǎng)對(duì)切口瘢痕按摩,佩戴硅膠鼻模6個(gè)月以上。唇裂術(shù)后約6個(gè)月患兒行腭裂手術(shù)麻醉后再次直接測(cè)量唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度。對(duì)不伴有腭裂患兒給予10%水合氯醛(0.2 ml/kg)口服,鎮(zhèn)靜后測(cè)量。測(cè)得數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS 13.0軟件進(jìn)行分析,采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)來(lái)比較裂隙兩側(cè)唇鼻對(duì)稱(chēng)性。
單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)前健-患側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。健-患側(cè)鼻底寬度差別最為明顯,小于1歲患兒的不完全性唇裂組和完全性唇裂組的平均差值,分別為4.688 mm和8.500 mm;1~2歲不完全性唇裂組和完全性唇裂組患兒平均差值,分別為4.000 mm和10.500 mm。見(jiàn)表1~2。
術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)6個(gè)月(圖5,6),1歲以?xún)?nèi)單側(cè)唇裂手術(shù)患兒在健-患側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)和鼻底寬度方面具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。裂隙側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)較健側(cè)小,鼻底寬度較健側(cè)大,完全性唇裂組患兒術(shù)后6個(gè)月,患側(cè)鼻小柱高度小于健側(cè)(表3)。1~2歲單側(cè)唇裂患兒在健-患側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表4)。
客觀(guān)地評(píng)價(jià)唇裂患兒手術(shù)前后唇鼻部外觀(guān),在臨床上是一個(gè)難點(diǎn),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一。常見(jiàn)的方法主要有分級(jí)打分法、成像分析法等,但可能受醫(yī)師主觀(guān)因素和攝像角度、距離等客觀(guān)因素影響[7-8]。我們通過(guò)選取唇鼻部特征最有說(shuō)服力的幾個(gè)參數(shù),如唇長(zhǎng)、唇高、人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度,通過(guò)直接測(cè)量來(lái)獲得數(shù)據(jù)資料,進(jìn)行定量對(duì)比分析,以了解唇鼻部各解剖學(xué)特征的變化。
圖1 術(shù)前測(cè)量裂隙兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)和唇高圖2 術(shù)前測(cè)量裂隙兩側(cè)人中嵴高度、鼻底寬度和鼻小柱高度圖3 唇裂術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì)
圖4 紅白唇處小三角瓣
Fig1 Preoperative measurements of lip length and lip height on the cleft-side and non-cleft-side.Fig2 Preoperative measurements of philtrum column height, nostril width and columella height on the cleft-side and non-cleft-side.Fig3 Preoperative design of cleft lip repair.Fig4 Small triangular flap on the junction of white lip and vermillion.
圖5 左側(cè)不完全性唇裂患兒手術(shù)前后對(duì)比 a. 術(shù)前 b. 術(shù)后6個(gè)月圖6 右側(cè)完全性唇裂手術(shù)前后對(duì)比 a. 術(shù)前 b. 術(shù)后6個(gè)月
Fig5 Comparison between the preview and the postview of left incomplete cleft lip patient. a. preview b. postview at 6 months.
Fig6 Comparison between the preview and the postview of right complete cleft lip patient. a. preview b. postview at 6 months.
表1 單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)前測(cè)量值統(tǒng)計(jì)分析(<1歲)
注:與健側(cè)比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ,*P<0.01
表2 單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)前測(cè)量值統(tǒng)計(jì)分析(1~2歲)
注:與健側(cè)比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,*P<0.05,**P<0.01
表3 單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)后半年測(cè)量值統(tǒng)計(jì)分析(<1歲)
注:與健側(cè)比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,*P<0.05;**P<0.01
表4 單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)后半年測(cè)量值統(tǒng)計(jì)分析(1~2歲)
單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)前裂隙兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高等各解剖學(xué)特征均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這些表現(xiàn)與患兒唇鼻部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的改變密不可分??谳喸鸭〉牟贿B續(xù)性,甚至是鼻底和上牙槽骨的裂開(kāi),使裂隙兩側(cè)的上唇和牙槽骨的發(fā)育失去了正常的平衡,從而表現(xiàn)為唇長(zhǎng)、唇高不一致,裂隙側(cè)鼻底增寬,鼻小柱變短等畸形。
術(shù)后短期隨訪(fǎng),唇高和人中嵴高度改善明顯,不完全性唇裂患兒兩側(cè)鼻小柱對(duì)稱(chēng)(圖5)。1歲以?xún)?nèi)單側(cè)唇裂手術(shù)患兒裂隙兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)和鼻底寬度方面存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能與患兒術(shù)前畸形本身以及手術(shù)方法的選擇有關(guān)[9]。單側(cè)唇裂患兒術(shù)前表現(xiàn)兩側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)、唇高不等。唇裂手術(shù)要想同時(shí)兼顧唇長(zhǎng)相等、唇高相等,首先要對(duì)唇裂患者唇鼻部各解剖學(xué)位點(diǎn)的變化資料有一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的了解。唇高不等的患兒外觀(guān)畸形表現(xiàn)明顯,我們?cè)谑中g(shù)設(shè)計(jì)中考慮優(yōu)先滿(mǎn)足唇高一致,再調(diào)整唇長(zhǎng),因患兒術(shù)后上唇唇峰和兩側(cè)鼻翼外側(cè)腳距離一致,可減少鼻翼腳下移,鼻部歪斜畸形的發(fā)生。唇裂患兒術(shù)前鼻底寬度差別大,完全性唇裂患兒通常合并有上牙槽裂,常表現(xiàn)為裂隙兩側(cè)牙槽骨“階梯”樣畸形,患兒術(shù)后失去了正常鼻底的支撐結(jié)構(gòu),這可能是術(shù)后裂隙側(cè)鼻底增寬,鼻小柱較健側(cè)短的一個(gè)原因(圖6)。
唇裂修復(fù)手術(shù)是外科學(xué)中最早開(kāi)展的手術(shù)之一。目前唇裂修復(fù)方法主要有Tennison法和Millard法。1952年,Tennison法也稱(chēng)三角瓣插入法,是現(xiàn)代唇裂修復(fù)手術(shù)的開(kāi)始,但其最主要的缺點(diǎn)是術(shù)后瘢痕破壞了人中部自然形態(tài),術(shù)后雙側(cè)唇部有不對(duì)稱(chēng)生長(zhǎng)傾向。DR Jr Millard在1958年發(fā)表了唇裂修復(fù)新法,即旋轉(zhuǎn)推進(jìn)瓣法,隨后又對(duì)該法進(jìn)行了多次改進(jìn)。Millard的旋轉(zhuǎn)推進(jìn)瓣法是目前世界上應(yīng)用最廣,且是修復(fù)唇裂較好的方法。根據(jù)Millard和石冰等[10-12]諸多國(guó)內(nèi)外唇裂修復(fù)大師的設(shè)計(jì)思想,同時(shí)結(jié)合單側(cè)唇裂患者的畸形特點(diǎn),我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)以健側(cè)Mohler切口來(lái)解決兩側(cè)人中嵴不等高的問(wèn)題,并通過(guò)下降裂側(cè)唇峰點(diǎn),同時(shí)運(yùn)用Noordhooff紅白唇交界小三角瓣來(lái)糾正術(shù)后直線(xiàn)形瘢痕帶來(lái)的攣縮,并重建人中凹。患側(cè)行改良Pfeiffer切口以改善兩側(cè)鼻底寬度不一致問(wèn)題。通過(guò)術(shù)后測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)分析,患兒唇弓及人中形態(tài)恢復(fù)良好,但存在患側(cè)唇長(zhǎng)變短、鼻底變寬的問(wèn)題。因此,這在今后的手術(shù)修復(fù)中可能需要通過(guò)術(shù)前正畸、過(guò)度矯正等方法來(lái)糾正。
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Changesoflipandnoseinunilateralcleftlippatientsbeforeandaftersurgeryadataanalysis
MAOXiao-yan,TANGShi-jie,XIESi-tian,etal.
(TreatmentCenterofCleftLipandPalate,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofShantouUniversityMedicalCollege,Shantou515041,China)
ObjectiveTo obtain the morphological characteristics data of lip and nose in unilateral cleft lip patients before operation, and design the surgical treating process according to the lip and nasal deformity. And to evaluate the effects of operation by the clinical observation after surgery.MethodsEighty-five unilateral cleft lip patients aged from 3 months to 2 years were divided into complete cleft lip group and incomplete cleft lip group. Lip length, lip height, philtrum column height, nostril width and columella height were measured before operation and at 6months after operation. Matched-pair t test analyses were used to assess the statistical significance of differences in cleft-side versus non-cleft-side measurements for each group.ResultsThe measurement data of nose and lip were all significantly different between cleft-side and non-cleft-side before operation in unilateral cleft lip patients (P<0.01). Statistically significant differences in lip length and nostril width were observed for both groups in short-term follow-up. The lip length in the cleft-side were less than those in non-cleft-side , and the nostril width were larger than that in non-cleft-side. The columella height in complete cleft lip group was less than that of non-cleft-side in the sixth month. No statistical significance was found in 1-2 years patients in lip length, lip height, philtrum column height, nostril width and columella height.ConclusionMeasurements of lip length, lip height, philtrum column height, nostril width and columella height were useful in surgical design before operation and asymmetry evaluation after surgery in unilateral cleft lip patients. A short lip and wide nostril base were observed in short-term follow-up in young patients (<1 year), which was necessary to solve with further modification technique.
Unilateral cleft lip; Nasolabial deformity; Data measurement; Lip length; Lip height
515041 廣東 汕頭,汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院 唇腭裂治療中心
毛小炎(1982-),男,湖北廣水人,主治醫(yī)師,碩士.
唐世杰,515041,汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院 唇腭裂治療中心,電子信箱:Tang2302@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-7040.2014.12.009
R782.2
A
1673-7040(2014)12-0727-04
2014-07-16)