摘要:目的:探討振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練對(duì)技巧啦啦操底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力和最大力量的影響,豐富啦啦操力量訓(xùn)練方法。方法:21名男性啦啦操運(yùn)動(dòng)員隨機(jī)分成對(duì)照組(10名)和實(shí)驗(yàn)組(11名),對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練方法,實(shí)驗(yàn)組在傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練基礎(chǔ)上輔助振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練。實(shí)驗(yàn)前后測試膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸肌慢速相對(duì)峰值力矩、單次最大做功功率,臥推尖子和站立肋木推尖子指標(biāo)。結(jié)果:實(shí)驗(yàn)后,對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組相對(duì)峰值力矩、單次最大功率均顯著提高,對(duì)照組(屈伸P<0.05),實(shí)驗(yàn)組(屈P<0.01,伸P<0.001);相對(duì)峰值力矩實(shí)驗(yàn)組顯著高于對(duì)照組(屈P<0.05,伸P<0.01);最大功率實(shí)驗(yàn)組顯著高于對(duì)照組(屈伸P<0.01)。實(shí)驗(yàn)前后,對(duì)照組臥推尖子和肋木推尖子差異顯著,P<0.05;實(shí)驗(yàn)組差異非常顯著,P<0.01;且實(shí)驗(yàn)組臥推尖子和肋木推尖子均非常顯著高于對(duì)照組,P<0.01。結(jié)論:振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練可顯著提高男性啦啦操底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員的爆發(fā)力和最大力量,提示在傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上輔助振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練,效果更佳。
關(guān)鍵詞:振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練;技巧啦啦操;底座;爆發(fā)力;最大力量
中圖分類號(hào):G808文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1006-2076(2014)04-0098-04
Abstract:Objective:To study the effects of vibration strength training for muscle explosive force and the maximum strength of base athletes of skill cheerleading, rich cheerleading strength training method.Methods:21 male gymnasts randomly divided into control group (n=10) and the experimental group (n=11), the control group using traditional strength training method, the experimental group on the basis of traditional strength training as well as vibration strength training. Before and after the experiment test knee flexor slow relative peak torque, the single maximum power, bench press and standing ribs on top.Results:After the experiment, the relative peak torques of the control group and the experimental group were significantly increased, the single maximum power were significantly increased in the control group (flexion P<0.05) and the experimental group (flexion P<0.01, stretch P<0.001); relative peak torque of experimental group was significantly higher (flexion P<0.05, stretch P<0.01); maximum power of experimental group was significantly higher (flexion P<0.01). For the control group, there was difference in bench press and wall bar push before and after the experiment (P<0.05);for the ex
技巧啦啦操底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽中主要參與托舉、拋接、“金字塔”等難度動(dòng)作的完成,對(duì)底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員身體素質(zhì)的要求極高,尤其是肌肉最大力量和肌肉爆發(fā)力,它決定了托舉、拋接、“金字塔”等難度的系數(shù)及動(dòng)作的穩(wěn)定性[1]。因此,對(duì)技巧啦啦操底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員肌肉力量的訓(xùn)練顯得尤為重要。目前,對(duì)肌肉力量的訓(xùn)練方法在不斷完善,其中振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練是一種發(fā)展較新的力量訓(xùn)練方法,在國外九十年代開始廣泛應(yīng)用,國內(nèi)在近幾年研究較多。其振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練力量的原理主要是通過外源性振動(dòng)刺激肌肉本體感受器,經(jīng)單突觸和多突觸的神經(jīng)反饋調(diào)節(jié),反射引起肌肉不隨意收縮,導(dǎo)致肌肉力量發(fā)生變化[2-3]。本研究將應(yīng)用振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練刺激,結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練,探討振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練對(duì)啦啦操底座男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力和最大肌肉力量的影響,為豐富啦啦操力量訓(xùn)練方法提供理論和實(shí)踐參考。
1研究對(duì)象與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
選取啦啦操底座男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員21名(均為一級(jí)及以上運(yùn)動(dòng)員),隨機(jī)分成兩組,對(duì)照組10名,實(shí)驗(yàn)組11名。所有研究對(duì)象在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間身體健康狀況良好,具體情況見表1。表1受試者基本情況
組別人數(shù)性別年齡(歲)身高(cm)體重(kg)訓(xùn)練年限(年)對(duì)照組10男19.39±2.54172.32±3.2565.40±4.184.79±2.04實(shí)驗(yàn)組11男19.77±2.82172.05±3.6365.95±4.224.58±2.42山東體育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)第30卷第4期2014年8月 郭希振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練對(duì)技巧啦啦操底座男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力和最大力量的影響No.4 20141.2研究方法
1.2.1測試儀器
實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器:Power Plate振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練儀(美國),Isomed 2000等速肌力測試及訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)(德國),負(fù)重沙袋背心(可調(diào)整重量)。
1.2.2測試指標(biāo)
膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸肌慢速相對(duì)峰值力矩(反映最大肌肉力量)、單次最大做功功率(反映爆發(fā)力)指標(biāo),等速肌力測試選擇慢速600/s和快速2 400/s。專項(xiàng)核心力量指標(biāo)選取臥推尖子和站立肋木推尖子。
1.2.3訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容及方案
對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組共進(jìn)行8周訓(xùn)練,每周3次,每次90分鐘,包括熱身,練習(xí)及間隙休息時(shí)間。對(duì)照組按傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練方法進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,實(shí)驗(yàn)組在傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上輔助振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練。傳統(tǒng)力量訓(xùn)練均采用不低于1RM的70%負(fù)荷進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,內(nèi)容包括俯臥撐,直角支撐,分腿支撐,負(fù)重半蹲,負(fù)重深蹲,站立推杠鈴,站立推啞鈴,勻速俯身抓舉杠鈴等。振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練的頻率15~25 Hz,振幅為2~6 mm,加速度為15~20 m/s2,采取局部和全身刺激(根據(jù)訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作的需要)。
1.2.4測試方案
實(shí)驗(yàn)前和實(shí)驗(yàn)后,對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組在等速肌力測試及訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)上進(jìn)行慢速600/s和快速2 400/s的測試,選取相對(duì)峰值力矩(N·m/kg)代表最大肌肉力量,單次最大功率(W)代表爆發(fā)力。在體操房進(jìn)行臥推尖子和站立肋木推尖子測試,臥推尖子要求身體平躺墊子上,前臂與地面垂直,雙手抓尖子足弓,食指或中指扣住尖子腳跟,曲臂推撐。站立肋木推尖子要求底座面對(duì)肋木,扣住尖子足弓,與尖子成肩位托舉姿勢,推舉到高位。保護(hù)者站在兩則進(jìn)行保護(hù),同時(shí)尖子也必須利用肋木進(jìn)行保護(hù)。根據(jù)需要,尖子可穿負(fù)重沙袋背心。
1.3數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)
對(duì)所有測試的數(shù)據(jù)均用SPSS15.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,采用組內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)前后比較,組間實(shí)驗(yàn)后比較,分析其顯著性差異。
3分析與討論
振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練被認(rèn)為是一種通過外源刺激作用肌肉,提高肌肉力量和爆發(fā)力的訓(xùn)練方法[5-10]。國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究認(rèn)為[11-12],局部或全身的振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練可促進(jìn)肌肉力量、做功短時(shí)或長時(shí)效應(yīng)。由于啦啦操底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員完成拋接、托舉和“疊金字塔”等高難動(dòng)作需要最大力量和爆發(fā)力作為基礎(chǔ)[18-19]。因此,將振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練引入到技巧啦啦操力量訓(xùn)練,提高底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員的最大肌肉力量及爆發(fā)力具有非常重要的意義[1,20]。傳統(tǒng)抗阻與振動(dòng)刺激對(duì)神經(jīng)肌肉的作用機(jī)制存在一定差異??棺枇α坑?xùn)練,神經(jīng)對(duì)肌肉的動(dòng)員遵循運(yùn)動(dòng)單位募集規(guī)律,小運(yùn)動(dòng)單位快于大單位[3-4]。振動(dòng)刺激對(duì)神經(jīng)肌肉的作用主要是通過外源性的刺激干擾神經(jīng)對(duì)肌肉的激活,這種干擾可影響位于肌肉、肌腱和關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)的不同感受器(本體感受器)的興奮閾,同時(shí)可干擾人體神經(jīng)控制肌肉的傳導(dǎo)途徑。主要包括肌梭、梭外肌肌腱中的高爾基腱器官、前庭及皮膚等感受器。肌梭的參與主要與刺激初級(jí)Ia 傳入纖維有關(guān),產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作電位通過單或多突觸途徑促進(jìn)脊髓前角a-運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元活動(dòng),產(chǎn)生牽張反射,引起肌肉收縮[3-4]。高爾基腱器官可使對(duì)抗肌放松,加強(qiáng)伸肌的強(qiáng)度,達(dá)到維持肌群平衡協(xié)調(diào)[13-14]。
4結(jié)論
4.1單一抗阻力量訓(xùn)練和抗阻輔助振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練均能提高男性啦啦操底座運(yùn)動(dòng)員膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸肌相對(duì)峰值力矩、膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸肌慢速最大做功功率以及臥推尖子和站立肋木推尖子重量,對(duì)肌肉最大力量、爆發(fā)力和專項(xiàng)核心力量的提高均具有顯著效果。
4.2抗阻輔助振動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)最大力量、爆發(fā)力、專項(xiàng)核心力量的效果要顯著好于單一抗阻力量訓(xùn)練,提示在傳統(tǒng)抗阻力量訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上輔助振動(dòng)力量訓(xùn)練,效果更佳。
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[16]Diloreto C,et al.Effects of whole-body vibration exercise on the endocrine system of healthy men[J].Journal of Endocrinological Investigation,2004,27(4):323-327.
[17]Kerschan-Shindl K,et al.Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume[J].Clinical Physiology,2001,(21):377-382.
[10]M.Roelants.Effects of 24 Weeks of WBV Training on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Untrained Females[J].International of Sports Medicine,2004,(25):1-5.
[11]C.J.deruiter,R.M.Vamder Linden.Short-term effects of whole body vibration on maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor force and rate of force rise[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2003,(88):472-475.
[12]劉振宇,韓海濤,周勇智,等.振動(dòng)刺激訓(xùn)練提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢力量能力的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].山東體育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2008,24(6):33-35.
[13]Weber R.Muskelstimulation durch vibration[J].Leistugsport,1997,(27):53-57.
[14]Torvinen S,et al.Effect of a vibration exposure on muscular performance and body balance.Randomized cross-over study[J].Clin Physiol Funct Imaging,2002,22(2):145-152.
[15]袁艷,吳貽剛,蘇彥炬,等.不同頻率振動(dòng)刺激和負(fù)重條件下半蹲運(yùn)動(dòng)中小腿肌群表面肌電活動(dòng)特征研究[J].體育科學(xué),2012,27(4):287-291.
[16]Diloreto C,et al.Effects of whole-body vibration exercise on the endocrine system of healthy men[J].Journal of Endocrinological Investigation,2004,27(4):323-327.
[17]Kerschan-Shindl K,et al.Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume[J].Clinical Physiology,2001,(21):377-382.
[10]M.Roelants.Effects of 24 Weeks of WBV Training on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Untrained Females[J].International of Sports Medicine,2004,(25):1-5.
[11]C.J.deruiter,R.M.Vamder Linden.Short-term effects of whole body vibration on maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor force and rate of force rise[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2003,(88):472-475.
[12]劉振宇,韓海濤,周勇智,等.振動(dòng)刺激訓(xùn)練提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢力量能力的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].山東體育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2008,24(6):33-35.
[13]Weber R.Muskelstimulation durch vibration[J].Leistugsport,1997,(27):53-57.
[14]Torvinen S,et al.Effect of a vibration exposure on muscular performance and body balance.Randomized cross-over study[J].Clin Physiol Funct Imaging,2002,22(2):145-152.
[15]袁艷,吳貽剛,蘇彥炬,等.不同頻率振動(dòng)刺激和負(fù)重條件下半蹲運(yùn)動(dòng)中小腿肌群表面肌電活動(dòng)特征研究[J].體育科學(xué),2012,27(4):287-291.
[16]Diloreto C,et al.Effects of whole-body vibration exercise on the endocrine system of healthy men[J].Journal of Endocrinological Investigation,2004,27(4):323-327.
[17]Kerschan-Shindl K,et al.Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume[J].Clinical Physiology,2001,(21):377-382.