楊金玉 張海軍 武書庚 岳洪源 齊廣海
(中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點開放實驗室,北京 100081)
植物多酚是廣泛存在于植物體內(nèi)的次級代謝產(chǎn)物,在植物中的含量僅次于纖維素、半纖維素和木質(zhì)素,主要存在于植物皮、根、木、葉、果中[1]。因多酚類物質(zhì)能與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合[2],降低消化酶活性,影響營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收,植物多酚過去一直被認(rèn)為是抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子。但近年來,隨著多酚抗氧化、清除自由基和免疫調(diào)節(jié)等活性的不斷發(fā)現(xiàn),植物多酚逐漸成為了營養(yǎng)、食品等研究領(lǐng)域和應(yīng)用的研究熱點[3]。
葡萄原花青素(grape procyanidine,GPC)是一種來源豐富的有代表性的植物多酚,在葡萄的皮、籽中含量豐富,其中在葡萄籽中含量約為1%。國內(nèi)外大量研究表明GPC在抗氧化、細胞保護等方面發(fā)揮重要作用,其多種獨特的生理功能已引起家禽從業(yè)者的關(guān)注,并逐漸應(yīng)用于家禽養(yǎng)殖。本文就GPC的生理活性及其在家禽上的應(yīng)用做一綜述,以期為GPC用于家禽養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)提供理論依據(jù)和參考。
GPC是由兒茶素、表兒茶素和表兒茶素沒食子酸3種單體[4](圖1),通過 C4→C8或 C4→C6鍵結(jié)合成為不同聚合度的原花青素(OPC)分子[5],圖2即是典型的GPC的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。
圖1 GPC單體Fig.1 The monomers of GPC
圖2 GPC典型結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.2 The typical structures of GPC[4]
GPC主要由單體、二聚體直至十八聚體等成分組成[6]。馮建光等[7]通過反相液相色譜得到色譜圖(圖3),色譜圖顯示0~60 min主要是低聚(2~7聚合度)OPC成分。
圖3 GPC高效液相色譜Fig.3 HPLC of GPC
GPC具有多個酚羥基,易被氧化,氧化后釋放H+,競爭性地與自由基及氧化物結(jié)合,阻止自由基的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GPC體外抗氧化活性極強;其體內(nèi)抗氧化活性更是其他抗氧化劑不可比擬的,約是維生素 C的50倍,維生素 E的20 倍[8]。
2.1.1 清除自由基
機體內(nèi)自由基的過度積累是造成生物大分子氧化損傷,誘發(fā)多種疾病的重要根源。GPC具有極強的清除自由基能力[9]。王傳現(xiàn)等[10]運用電子自旋捕集技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)GPC濃度達到1 000 mg/L時,對羥基自由基、超氧陰離子和脂類自由基清除率分別可達57.7%、72.1%和71.4%。余瑩等[11]研究表明,GPC對l,l-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)體系的半抑制濃度和2-脫氧-D-核糖體系產(chǎn)生的羥自由基(OH·)清除率分別為44 mg/L和80%。孫蕓[4]通過采用亞油酸、脂質(zhì)體、DPPH及超氧離子(O2-·)等多體系,發(fā)現(xiàn)GPC對前二者的半抑制濃度高于合成抗氧化劑丁基羥基甲苯(BHT),對后二者的半抑制濃度分別為2.5μg/L和15.4μg/L,抗氧化性均高于或接近于維生素E和維生素C。
GPC的抗氧化和清除自由基能力與聚合度和構(gòu)象有關(guān),但目前的研究結(jié)果并不一致。一般認(rèn)為二聚體抗氧化性最強,但Plumb等[12]研究認(rèn)為單體到三聚體的抗氧化能力逐漸增強,三聚體到十聚體逐漸下降。另外Bagchi等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)二聚體和三聚體之間存在協(xié)同效應(yīng)。而Konishi等[14]研究GPC抑制脫氫酶活性時,發(fā)現(xiàn)高聚體對還原型輔酶Ⅰ(NADH)脫氫酶有較強的抑制作用,二聚體無此作用。此外,二聚體和三聚體不同的連接方式(C4→C8,C4→C6)對自由基的捕獲和抗氧化能力都有影響,酯化作用還可提高其自由基捕獲能力[15]。
2.1.2 食品儲存
GPC抗氧化性能在食品儲存中應(yīng)用廣泛。GPC可與脂質(zhì)等營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)爭奪氧氣,避免其氧化。Mohamed等[16]證實,0.1%的 GPC可顯著減少肉品脂質(zhì)氧化。GPC的抗氧化、抗腐敗等作用日益受到食品安全學(xué)者的青睞[17]。近年來國內(nèi)外對GPC在食品儲存中的部分研究匯總?cè)绫?所示。
表1 GPC在食品儲存中的作用Table 1 The role of GPC in food storage
2.2.1 保護心肌
GPC的抗氧化能力可發(fā)揮心肌細胞保護作用。Demirkaya等[32]利用阿里霉素(DXR)構(gòu)建心臟中毒模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)試驗鼠每日攝入100 mg GPC,可以有效抑制由DXR造成的心肌氧化損傷,Zhang 等[33]和 Bagchi等[34]也 有 類 似 的 報 道。GPC可抑制超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、嘌呤氧化酶(XO)活性,提高過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性,抑制血清中肌酸激酶(CK)活性,防止心肌DNA損傷,進而保護心肌。
GPC對心肌缺血再灌注損傷具有積極恢復(fù)作用。心肌缺血再灌注產(chǎn)生的大量氧自由基(O2-·和過氧亞硝基等)是引起心臟缺血炎癥和心律失常的重要原因[35-36]。Pataki等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn) GPC 可通過清除OH·和H2O2等自由基,幫助心臟缺血的恢復(fù)治療。Bagchi等[34]研究心肌缺血病變的分子機制,發(fā)現(xiàn)GPC可以顯著抑制JNK-1和c-fos蛋白介導(dǎo)的早期凋亡信號,抑制JNK-1和c-JUN的表達,從而阻斷凋亡信號傳遞。
膠原蛋白、彈性蛋白和透明質(zhì)酸等大分子的完整性,是血管壁和血管內(nèi)皮完整性的重要保障。GPC可非競爭性抑制膠原酶、彈性酶和透明質(zhì)酸酶對上述大分子的分解作用,從而保持血管完整性[38]。
2.2.2 抗動脈粥樣硬化
動脈粥樣硬化在人類疾病引起的死亡原因中位居首位。高血脂和高膽固醇是造成動脈粥樣硬化的主要原因;氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)是動脈粥樣硬化形成的重要中心環(huán)節(jié)[39]。馬亞兵等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn) GPC可降低家兔血液總膽固醇(TC)、血脂、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)等濃度,升高高密度脂蛋白(HDL)濃度,進而對動脈粥樣硬化起到防治作用。GPC可顯著抑制LDL氧化,延緩動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生[41]。
2.2.3 降血壓和舒張血管
GPC在降血壓和舒張血管方面也有積極作用,該效果通過降低膽固醇,調(diào)節(jié)血管舒縮相關(guān)的酶實現(xiàn)。Meunier等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)給兔靜脈注射 GPC后,由血管緊張素Ⅰ、Ⅱ?qū)е碌难芗訅悍磻?yīng)受到抑制,體外試驗顯示GPC能有效抑制血管緊張素Ⅰ轉(zhuǎn)化酶。GPC能夠劑量依賴性抵抗去甲腎上腺素(NE)的血管收縮作用;GPC還能夠通過增強內(nèi)皮一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,提高一氧化氮(NO)的水平,起到內(nèi)皮依賴性的血管舒張作用[43]。
GPC的舒血管作用有助于機體抗水腫。Zafirov等[44]用2 mg/kg的 GPC對大鼠連續(xù)6 d灌胃,顯著抑制了注射角叉菜膠或葡聚糖造成的后爪水腫。
GPC可抑制多種癌細胞的毒性,促進正常細胞生長[45]。有研究認(rèn)為,100 mg/L GPC可以減少300μg/mL煙草誘導(dǎo)的口腔角質(zhì)細胞的凋亡[46]。GPC還能顯著削弱對乙酰氨基酚誘導(dǎo)的肝中毒和肝細胞DNA損傷作用,降低谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶活性[47-48]。此外,GPC對二甲基亞硝胺(DMNA)誘導(dǎo)的脾細胞毒性也有較好的緩解作用[49]。多項研究已證明GPC對多種腫瘤細胞包括皮膚癌、肺癌和胃癌等具有不同程度地抑制作用[50-52]。
2.4.1 抗炎
抗炎是GSE在免疫調(diào)節(jié)方面的重要作用。GSE通過調(diào)節(jié)某些炎癥因子,如核因子 -κB(NF-κB)、C- 反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)等抑制炎癥。
NF-κB是一種可誘導(dǎo)的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其活化具有促進炎癥的作用[53]。OPC可以抑制 NF-κB入核移位,進而起到抗炎的作用[54-55]。Gessner等[56]發(fā)現(xiàn)飼喂GSE和葡萄渣提取物的仔豬,十二指腸NF-κB活性顯著受到抑制,仔豬腸炎發(fā)生率降低。
肥胖人群的炎癥生物信號分子CRP的水平顯著高于正常人群,這提示CRP與肥胖性炎癥有密切關(guān)系[57-58]。Hogan 等[59]給小鼠飼喂添加 GSE的高脂飼糧,發(fā)現(xiàn)GSE顯著降低了CRP水平,該結(jié)果表明GSE對高脂誘導(dǎo)的肥胖性炎癥具有抵抗作用。Terra等[54,60]在肥胖性炎癥方面的研究顯示,GSE尚可降低前炎癥因子白細胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)水平。以上研究表明,GSE可能通過降低多種炎癥因子發(fā)揮抗炎作用。
2.4.2 調(diào)節(jié)免疫因子
大量文獻表明葡萄源多酚類物質(zhì)具有調(diào)節(jié)免疫因子的作用。葡萄籽OPC可抑制紫外線誘導(dǎo)的免疫抑制,通過提高白細胞介素-12(IL-12)和促進細胞毒性T細胞而發(fā)揮抗皮膚癌作用[61]。Magrone等[62]發(fā)現(xiàn),葡萄酒多酚可促進 IL-12、干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)、白細胞介素 -10(IL-10)及免疫球蛋白的分泌釋放,對多種免疫紊亂疾病有積極作用,其還可促進NO釋放,保護感染組織。葡萄渣發(fā)酵物和GPC對許多與炎性細胞因子TNF-α相關(guān)的疾病如2-型糖尿病、風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、炎性腸病等均發(fā)揮有益調(diào)節(jié)作用[63]。Mukherjee 等[64]報道釀酒用葡萄皮或果肉可有效抑制氧化應(yīng)激造成的免疫紊亂,促進血管再生,有效防治乙醇引起的心腦血管疾病。
GPC在家禽養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)用主要集中于蛋雞和肉雞。GPC在肉雞上的應(yīng)用較為廣泛;而蛋雞應(yīng)用還僅限于實際生產(chǎn)中用于降低飼料成本。
GPC是一種常見的單寧物質(zhì)。有報道稱,單寧含量較高的飼料可提高反芻動物對飼糧蛋白質(zhì)的利用率,提高活體增重等[65-66],此系瘤胃微生物的分解消化作用使然。
家禽腸道微生物數(shù)量少,缺乏分解單寧的能力。飼糧中較高劑量的GPC可抑制家禽蛋白質(zhì)、碳水化合物、脂質(zhì)和礦物質(zhì)消化吸收,這與單寧干擾腸道營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的跨膜運輸有關(guān)[67]。
GPC的來源可能對家禽生產(chǎn)性能也具有不同影響。Viveros等[68]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),飼喂肉雞 OPC含量相當(dāng)(2.7~2.9 g/kg)的葡萄渣濃縮物和GSE,肉雞的生產(chǎn)性能出現(xiàn)差異,GSE對肉雞生長不利,此或系GSE中游離多酚存在形式所致。有研究表明,GPC添加量小于3.6 g/kg時,不影響肉雞的生產(chǎn)指標(biāo)[69],但GPC的安全上限劑量尚不清楚。因此,將GPC應(yīng)用于家禽飼料時,選擇適宜的添加劑量至關(guān)重要。
GPC在蛋雞養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)用,國內(nèi)研究較多,其主要的目的在于開發(fā)新飼料資源,降低飼養(yǎng)成本。孔祥浩等[70]認(rèn)為對260日齡蛋雞添加7.4%以下的葡萄渣,不會影響產(chǎn)蛋率,并可以提高經(jīng)濟效益;于維等[71]給280日齡的蛋雞飼喂6%葡萄籽粕,可提高產(chǎn)蛋性能,節(jié)約飼養(yǎng)成本;王敬勉等[72]在290日齡的蛋雞飼糧中添加7%的葡萄皮渣,產(chǎn)蛋性能和經(jīng)濟效益顯著提高。但是上述生產(chǎn)指標(biāo)的改善除GPC外,可能還與葡萄渣中的其他成分有關(guān),對此有待于進一步研究。
Park等[73]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OPC對 SPF白萊航雞有顯著的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,在飼喂OPC數(shù)周后,白萊航雞外周血中單核細胞、B細胞、脾淋巴細胞和胸腺淋巴細胞數(shù)目顯著增加;并顯著促進了輔助性T細胞1的細胞因子(IFN-γ)和輔助性T細胞2的細胞因子(IL-6)的釋放。這提示OPC對蛋雞免疫系統(tǒng)有明顯的調(diào)節(jié)作用。
此外,Keshavarz等[74]通過蛋雞換羽期間交替進行葡萄渣飼糧飼喂和絕食處理,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這一換羽方法同常規(guī)絕食處理效果相近,不影響產(chǎn)蛋性能,并由于葡萄渣飼糧提供相當(dāng)?shù)臓I養(yǎng)物質(zhì),可顯著改善換羽期間動物福利。
3.3.1 改善免疫性能
肉雞生長速度較快,整個生長期幾乎都處于雛雞階段,淋巴系統(tǒng)不健全,消化道相對較短,腸道黏膜屏障脆弱,極易受到有害菌和寄生蟲感染而發(fā)病。GPC系天然植物提取成分,具有安全無殘留的優(yōu)勢,將其作為改善肉雞免疫機能的飼料添加劑的應(yīng)用已受到越來越多的關(guān)注。
病原體入侵時,肉雞外周血中γδT細胞參與機體的初期防御。與人和其他哺乳動物外周血中只有很少比例(3% ~5%)γδT細胞不同,家禽外周血中γδT細胞占到約50%左右[75-76],這就表明在受到病原體入侵時,家禽黏膜上皮和外周血中的γδT細胞在機體的初期防御發(fā)揮重要作用。OPC是近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的能夠以非依賴性激活γδT細胞的有效因子[77-78]。因此推測 GPC對肉雞的γδT細胞具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。但目前為止,GPC對家禽γδT細胞影響的研究報告未見報道[79]。張海軍等[80]飼喂肉雞GPC,僅觀察到外周血γδT細胞數(shù)量有增加的趨勢,這可能與GPC中多酚的用量、有效成分含量以及采樣時間有關(guān)。Tayer等[81]研究了不同添加水平綠葡萄葉對肉雞免疫指標(biāo)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)1.5%添加量可顯著減少白細胞數(shù)目,提高異嗜性細胞比率,以上結(jié)果提示綠葡萄葉可調(diào)節(jié)肉雞免疫功能,并具有防治某些疾病的潛力。
3.3.2 抗球蟲
球蟲病是嚴(yán)重危害世界家禽業(yè)的腸道寄生蟲疾病。多酚類物質(zhì)尤其是GPC對球蟲感染的肉雞腸道具有保護作用。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紅堅木中提取的多酚可顯著提高肉雞在混合球蟲攻毒后的體增重和腸絨毛長/腺窩深,減少卵囊排出[82]。Wang等[83]報道GPC可以改善柔嫩艾美爾球蟲造成的生長受阻,并且有助于治療因柔嫩艾美爾球蟲引起的并發(fā)癥。Mc Dougald等[84]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),飼糧中添加2%圓葉葡萄渣(MP),可以顯著降低球蟲引起的腸道損傷評分;并且通過產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌和多種球蟲誘導(dǎo)的壞死性腸炎模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)0.5%~2.0%MP顯著降低了死亡率和腸道損傷評分。但是Allen等[85]認(rèn)為GPC抵抗球蟲的作用僅限于特定的艾美爾球蟲屬,特別是堆型和巨型艾美爾球蟲。GPC是否對艾美爾球蟲具有選擇性抑制作用,有待進一步研究。
3.3.3 改善腸道微生物區(qū)系
GPC在體外對多種微生物有抑制作用,如大腸桿 菌[86]、金黃色葡萄球菌和腸球菌等[87]。Viveros等[68]發(fā)現(xiàn)肉雞飼糧中添加葡萄渣和GSE,能有效調(diào)整腸道形態(tài)和腸道微生態(tài)區(qū)系,提高腸道的微生物學(xué)多樣性。值得關(guān)注的是,Viveros等[68]試驗顯示飼喂葡萄渣或GSE的肉雞腸道中酚降解菌數(shù)量有所增加,這提示GPC在腸道中的代謝過程極可能是通過微生物降解實現(xiàn)的。
3.3.4 提高胴體品質(zhì)
與其他動物肉品質(zhì)相比,雞肉中多不飽和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量相對較高,這與肉雞飼糧中高含量不飽和脂肪酸有關(guān)[88-89]。雞肉中脂肪酸的這種組成特點使得雞肉易氧化腐敗,貨架期相對較短。如前所述,食品中添加GPC顯著改善畜產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)。但單寧容易與口腔中蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合,造成食品風(fēng)味變澀,食品顏色變暗。作為飼料添加劑飼喂肉雞,就可避免GPC造成的食品風(fēng)味變次、色澤變差。Smet等[90]發(fā)現(xiàn),飼喂 GPC可有效抑制雞肉脂質(zhì)氧化。Brenes等[91]于21~42日齡肉雞飼糧中添加60 g/kg葡萄渣濃縮物,可顯著提高胸肌的抗氧化能力,效果與維生素E相當(dāng)。這與Go?i等[92]研究結(jié)果一致。Smet等[90]研究幾種天然植物提取物對雞肉脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)抗氧化作用時,發(fā)現(xiàn)GPC抗氧化性能雖低于化學(xué)合成抗氧化劑,但其抗氧化性能仍值得關(guān)注。這也為食品安全提供了另一條途徑。雖然GPC在肉雞體內(nèi)的代謝機理尚不清楚,但顯然飼料中添加GPC可有效延長雞肉貨架期,延緩脂質(zhì)過氧化。
GPC作為飼料添加劑應(yīng)用的研究尚處于初級階段,有較多問題仍待解決。1)質(zhì)量控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建立,提取工藝、質(zhì)量控制指標(biāo)必須標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,保證GPC產(chǎn)品性能穩(wěn)定;2)不同聚合體和不同連接方式的GPC抗氧化和清除自由基能力差異顯著[12],但是就其確切變化而言,研究并不一致,故有必要對GPC有效成分進行結(jié)構(gòu)分析,建立穩(wěn)定的構(gòu)效關(guān)系;3)家禽應(yīng)用中,在不降低消化率和生產(chǎn)性能基礎(chǔ)上,探討飼糧中的最佳添加量,確定生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用的有效推薦劑量和耐受劑量范圍;4)家禽處于某些特殊疾病條件時,如球蟲感染或腸道炎癥等,研究其作用機理和最佳劑量,以有效降低或替代治療藥物的用量;5)GPC各組分間是否存在互作,目前尚無研究,故有必要對GPC進行營養(yǎng)活性組學(xué)[93]研究,探討GPC最佳組分組合的添加效果;6)動物營養(yǎng)成分間存在聯(lián)系與作用,并保持動態(tài)平衡,研究GPC與其他營養(yǎng)素之間的組合效應(yīng)和平衡理論[93-94],有利于優(yōu)化 GPC的飼料添加技術(shù)。
隨著“回歸自然”的號召,醫(yī)學(xué)家們已經(jīng)逐漸把植物提取物視為解決醫(yī)學(xué)難題的重要途徑[25]。GPC是體內(nèi)抗氧性最強的植物提取物之一,在機體抗氧化、心腦血管疾病防治和免疫系統(tǒng)改善等方面顯示出了良好的生理活性。尤其在我國成功加入了WTO之后,中藥要走向世界,必須定量化、科學(xué)化;隨著國際對中藥的逐漸接受了解,科研工作者不該僅將目光鎖在單一組分上,而應(yīng)該多關(guān)注營養(yǎng)活性物質(zhì)的整體功能和優(yōu)化組合。因此,有必要在對GPC進行分析、篩選有效成分,通過體內(nèi)體外試驗,研究其最佳效應(yīng)組分和最適用量的同時,進一步研究GPC組分間及其與其他營養(yǎng)成分的互作效應(yīng)。當(dāng)前,飼料添加劑的發(fā)展已進入“后抗生素”時代,植物提取物因其安全有效等特性,逐漸成為了添加劑的主流產(chǎn)品。GPC作為家禽飼料添加劑的研究和應(yīng)用將會進一步得到加強和深化。
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