胡舉偉,張會(huì)慧,2,逄好勝,孫廣玉*
(1.東北林業(yè)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,黑龍江 哈爾濱 150040;2.黑龍江省科學(xué)院自然與生態(tài)研究所,黑龍江 哈爾濱150040)
轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草F1幼苗葉片光系統(tǒng)Ⅱ光化學(xué)活性對(duì)干旱脅迫的響應(yīng)
胡舉偉1,張會(huì)慧1,2,逄好勝1,孫廣玉1*
(1.東北林業(yè)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,黑龍江 哈爾濱 150040;2.黑龍江省科學(xué)院自然與生態(tài)研究所,黑龍江 哈爾濱150040)
以轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草(龍江911)為材料,測(cè)定和分析了干旱脅迫下轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草的光化學(xué)活性。結(jié)果表明:干旱脅迫下,轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草葉片OJIP曲線上K點(diǎn)和J點(diǎn)的相對(duì)熒光強(qiáng)度增加量明顯低于非轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草,而2 ms時(shí)有活性反應(yīng)中心的開放程度(Ψo)明顯高于非轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草;增強(qiáng)2–Cys Prx基因的相對(duì)表達(dá),增加了干旱脅迫下煙草葉片PSⅡ電子供體側(cè)OEC的電荷分離能力和受體側(cè)QA向QB的電子傳遞能力;轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草葉片在干旱脅迫下,吸收光能用于QA–以后的電子傳遞的能量比例(φEo)明顯大于非轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草,而非光化學(xué)猝滅的最大量子產(chǎn)額(φDo)。2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá)可以提高煙草幼苗葉片的光化學(xué)活性,并改變光能的分配來(lái)增強(qiáng)其抗旱能力。
煙草;2–Cys Prx基因;干旱脅迫;葉綠素?zé)晒鈩?dòng)力學(xué)曲線;光反應(yīng)
1.1 材 料
轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草(龍江911)陽(yáng)性植株種子和非轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草種子(對(duì)照)。轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草陽(yáng)性植株幼苗葉片與非轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草幼苗葉片相比,顏色更綠,且葉片略小。
1.2 方 法
試驗(yàn)于2013年3至6月在東北林業(yè)大學(xué)植物生理實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行。轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草(記為Prx)和CK幼苗均移栽到直徑12 cm、高15 cm的培養(yǎng)缽中,每缽定植1株,培養(yǎng)基質(zhì)為蛭石。移栽后定期澆灌1/2的Hoagland營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,置于溫室培養(yǎng), 光照200 μmol/m2·s,室溫25~30 ℃。待幼苗培養(yǎng)30 d,植株生長(zhǎng)至6~7葉時(shí),將Prx和CK幼苗均進(jìn)行一次灌水處理,使基質(zhì)相對(duì)含水率達(dá)到飽和,停止?jié)菜龠M(jìn)行自然干旱脅迫處理。
1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目和方法
分別于干旱脅迫后的第1、5、9、13、17和21 天,對(duì)煙草幼苗葉片進(jìn)行葉綠素含量和相對(duì)含水率測(cè)定。葉綠素含量利用CCM–200型葉綠素儀(OPTI–SCIENCES,美國(guó))直接測(cè)定,以葉綠素儀的讀數(shù)作為相對(duì)葉綠素含量;葉片相對(duì)含水率的測(cè)定采用稱重法。在干旱脅迫第1天和第21天對(duì)煙草葉片進(jìn)行快速葉綠素?zé)晒鈩?dòng)力學(xué)曲線(OJIP)的測(cè)定。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理和統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
運(yùn)用Excel 2007和DPS軟件對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
2.1 干旱脅迫對(duì)煙草幼苗葉片葉綠素含量和相對(duì)率水率的影響
干旱脅迫過(guò)程中,轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉綠素含量無(wú)明顯變化,而CK則明顯降低。葉片相對(duì)含水量均呈降低趨勢(shì),從干旱脅迫第9天始,CK幼苗葉片相對(duì)含水量降低幅度明顯大于轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草。
圖1 干旱脅迫下煙草幼苗葉片相對(duì)葉綠素含量和相對(duì)含水率Fig.1 Chlorophyll content and relative water content in leaves of tobacco seedlings under drought stress
2.2 干旱脅迫21 d煙草幼苗葉片的快速葉綠素?zé)晒庹T導(dǎo)動(dòng)力學(xué)曲線
由圖2–A中可以看出,干旱脅迫21天與第1天相比,OJIP曲線上O點(diǎn)(0 ms)和J點(diǎn)(2 ms)熒光強(qiáng)度增強(qiáng),I點(diǎn)(30 ms)和P點(diǎn)(1 000 ms)熒光強(qiáng)度降低。將OJIP曲線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后(圖2–B)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),干旱脅迫21天與第1天相比,OJIP曲線上J點(diǎn)熒光強(qiáng)度明顯上升,分別將Prx和CK干旱脅迫第21天與第1天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化OJIP曲線作差值(圖3–C)也可以看出,Prx幼苗OJIP曲線整體變化幅度均小于CK,且以J點(diǎn)差異最為明顯。
圖2 干旱脅迫第21 天和第1 天的OJIP曲線Fig.2 OJIP for leaves of tobacco seedlings under 21 d and 1 d drought stress
2.3 干旱脅迫21 d對(duì)煙草幼苗葉片的放氧復(fù)合體(OEC)的影響
圖3 干旱脅迫第21天和第1天按VO–J=(Ft–Fo)/(FJ–Fo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的O–J曲線和按VO–J標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的OKJ曲線差值Fig.3 Chlorophyll a fluorescence transients (O–J) normalized using VO–P=(Ft–Fo)/(FJ–Fo) and difference value of OKJ curve normalized by VO–J under 21 d and 1 d drought stress
將OJIP曲線進(jìn)行O–J點(diǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(圖3–A),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),干旱脅迫21天與第1天相比,2種煙草幼苗葉片OJIP曲線0.3 ms時(shí)(即K點(diǎn))的熒光強(qiáng)度呈增加趨勢(shì),比較Prx和CK之間的差異(圖3–B)可以看出,干旱脅迫21 d 時(shí),Prx幼苗OJIP曲線上K點(diǎn)的熒光強(qiáng)度增加量明顯低于CK。
2.4 干旱脅迫對(duì)煙草幼苗葉片F(xiàn)v/Fm和PIABS的影響
從圖4可以看出,干旱脅迫5 d 后,F(xiàn)v/Fm和PIABS均隨著干旱脅迫的加劇呈降低趨勢(shì),并且PIABS的降低幅度明顯大于CK,干旱脅迫1~13 d,Prx和CK葉片的Fv/Fm和PIABS均無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),至干旱脅迫17 d后,Prx和CK葉片的Fv/Fm和PIABS達(dá)顯著差異水平(P<0.05)。
圖4 干旱脅迫下煙草幼苗葉片F(xiàn)v/Fm和PIABSFig.4 Fv/Fm and PIABS in leaves of tobacco seedlings under drought stress
2.5 干旱脅迫對(duì)煙草幼苗葉片VJ和Mo及Ψo的影響
圖5結(jié)果顯示,干旱脅迫13 d后,2種煙草幼苗葉片的VJ和Mo隨著干旱脅迫天數(shù)的增加呈增加趨勢(shì),而Ψo呈降低趨勢(shì),但Prx的變化幅度明顯低于CK,干旱脅迫17和21 d時(shí),Prx和CK之間均達(dá)顯著差異水平(P<0.05)。
圖5 干旱脅迫下煙草幼苗葉片VJ和Mo及ΨoFig.5 VJ, Mo and Ψo in leaves of tobacco seedlings under drought stress
2.6 干旱脅迫對(duì)煙草幼苗葉片φEo和φDo的影響
圖6結(jié)果顯示,干旱脅迫明顯降低了2種煙草幼苗葉片的φEo,而φDo則隨干旱脅迫的加劇呈增加趨勢(shì)。干旱脅迫9 d后,Prx葉片的φEo降低幅度和φDo增加幅度均明顯低于CK,干旱脅迫17和21 d時(shí),Prx幼苗葉片的φEo顯著高于CK(P<0.05),而φDo顯著低于CK(P<0.05)。
圖6 干旱脅迫下煙草幼苗葉片φEo和φDoFig.6 φEo and φDo in leaves of tobacco seedlings under drought stress
植物對(duì)光能的吸收、傳遞和轉(zhuǎn)換均是依靠葉綠體來(lái)完成的,葉綠體數(shù)量和葉綠素含量直接影響植物對(duì)光能的吸收和利用,逆境會(huì)抑制葉綠素的合成或加快其降解率[30]。本試驗(yàn)中,轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉片的葉綠素含量明顯高于CK,說(shuō)明增強(qiáng)2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá),可以提高煙草幼苗葉綠素含量,并防止干旱脅迫下葉綠素的過(guò)快降解。干旱脅迫后期,轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉片的相對(duì)含水率也明顯高于CK,較高的葉片含水率為葉片光合作用的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)提供了保證。
OJIP–test分析中,K相的出現(xiàn)與PSⅡ受體側(cè)特別是OEC的受傷有關(guān),即K點(diǎn)的熒光強(qiáng)度增加越大,OEC的傷害程度越大[31–33],J點(diǎn)熒光強(qiáng)度的增加則表明電子由QA向QB傳遞受阻[34]。干旱21 d時(shí),煙草幼苗葉片的OJIP曲線上K點(diǎn)和J點(diǎn)熒光強(qiáng)度均明顯增加,說(shuō)明干旱脅迫對(duì)煙草幼苗葉片PSⅡ電子供體側(cè)和受體側(cè)均有影響。已有研究證明,光合電子傳遞鏈上電子傳遞能力的降低與D1蛋白有密切關(guān)系,其中D1蛋白的第190位His殘基與原初電子供體中的Mn原子相結(jié)合,D1蛋白的含量會(huì)影響水解過(guò)程中的電荷分離[35],因此D1蛋白的降解勢(shì)必會(huì)造成OEC的傷害,即對(duì)電子傳遞鏈電子供體側(cè)產(chǎn)生影響;另外D1蛋白的降解與細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧的濃度有關(guān),特別是H2O2會(huì)攻擊D1蛋白上的His殘基而引起D1蛋白的降解,還會(huì)造成與Mn原子和QB的結(jié)合程度而影響電子傳遞[36–38],Prxs恰好具有較高的H2O2親和力,增強(qiáng)2–Cys Prx基因表達(dá)可有效調(diào)節(jié)葉綠體內(nèi)的ROS水平[39],因此,干旱脅迫第21天時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉片K點(diǎn)熒光增加程度明顯低于CK,并且整個(gè)干旱脅迫過(guò)程中VJ和Mo及Ψo的變化幅度也小于CK,VJ和Mo是反映電子由QA向QB傳遞情況的重要指標(biāo),而Ψo受PSⅡ供體側(cè)的電子供應(yīng)能力和受體側(cè)(包括PS I)接收電子的能力制約[40],因此,干旱脅迫對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉片無(wú)論是供體側(cè)還是受體側(cè)的電子傳遞抑制程度均小于CK,其原因可能與2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá)增加,有效降低了煙草幼苗葉片中的活性氧水平而防止D1蛋白降解有關(guān),但有關(guān)2–Cys Prx基因與D1蛋白合成和降解之間的關(guān)系還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS濃度的增加是引發(fā)植物光抑制的直接誘因之一[41–42],PIABS反映PSⅡ活性的變化較Fv/Fm更具有代表性[43]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),干旱脅迫下,轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉片PIABS和Fv/Fm的降低幅度均明顯小于CK,說(shuō)明增強(qiáng)2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá),有效降低了煙草幼苗葉片在干旱脅迫下的光抑制程度。隨著干旱脅迫時(shí)間的增加,轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉片的φEo降低幅度明顯小于非轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草,且φDo的上升幅度明顯小于非轉(zhuǎn)基因煙草,這說(shuō)明隨著干旱脅迫的加劇,PSⅡ電荷分離能力和電子受傳遞能力的降低,熱耗散的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致光合電子傳遞鏈上的能量不足,進(jìn)而造成同化力(ATP和NADPH)積累量和光合碳同化能力的降低,煙草幼苗抗旱能力降低。轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草幼苗葉片在干旱脅迫下的光合電子傳遞能量比例明顯大于CK,保證了煙草幼苗干旱脅迫下的碳同化力需求,對(duì)提高其抗旱性提供了能量上的保證。
綜上所述,增強(qiáng)2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá),不但提高了煙草幼苗葉片的葉綠素含量,緩解了干旱脅迫下葉綠素的降解,而且還相對(duì)增加了干旱脅迫下煙草幼苗葉片的PSⅡ光化學(xué)活性,保證了PSⅡ電子供體側(cè)OEC的電荷分離能力和受體側(cè)的電子傳遞能力,增加了光合電子傳遞鏈上的能量比例,減輕了PSⅡ的光抑制程度,因此增強(qiáng)2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá),可以提高煙草幼苗葉片的抗旱性。
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責(zé)任編輯:羅慧敏
英文編輯:羅 維
Response of PSⅡ photochemistry activity of F1progeny of transgenic tobacco seedlings with 2–Cys Prx to drought stress
HU Ju-wei1, ZHANG Hui-hui1,2, PANG Hao-sheng1, SUN Guang-yu1*
(1.College of Life Science, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040; 2.Institute of Natural Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040)
Transgenic tobacco plants with 2–Cys Prx (Longjiang911) was chosen to investigate the photochemical activity of transgenic tobacco plants under drought stress. The results showed that the relative fluorescence intensity in K and J point of OJIP curve in leaves of the transgenic tobacco plants with 2–Cys Prx were lower than those of the non transgenic tobacco (CK) under drought stress, but opening degree of surplus active reaction center (Ψo) at 2 ms was significantly higher than that of CK. Improved 2–Cys Prx expression could increase the photocatalytic activity of OEC in PSⅡelectron donor and the electron transport from QAto QBin acceptor side under drought stress. The electron transport chain beyond QA–(φEo) in leaves of the transgenic tobacco plants with 2–Cys Prx were higher compared to the CK, but best quantum yield of non-photochemical quenching (φDo) were less compared to the CK. 2–Cys Prx could increase drought-resistant ability of the transgenic tobacco plants by improving photochemical activity and changing absorbed light allocation in leaves of tobacco seedlings.
tobacco; 2–Cys Prx (gene); drought stress; chlorophyll a fluorescence transient; photoreaction
10.13331/j.cnki.jhau.2014.06.006
投稿網(wǎng)址:http://www.hunau.net/qks
S572.01
A
1007?1032(2014)06?0593?06
逆境下植物葉綠體的捕光色素復(fù)合體所吸收的光能超過(guò)光合器官所需的量時(shí),會(huì)產(chǎn)生光能過(guò)剩,在光系統(tǒng)Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光化學(xué)效率降低的情況下,會(huì)導(dǎo)致葉綠體內(nèi)形成超氧陰離子(O2·–)[1]。葉綠體內(nèi)的ROS清除酶系統(tǒng)中,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的歧化作用可將O2·–還原為H2O2和O2[1–2],但葉綠體內(nèi)不含有清除H2O2的過(guò)氧化氫酶(CAT)[3–4],而是通過(guò)抗壞血酸過(guò)氧化物酶(APX)介導(dǎo)的Mehler反應(yīng)催化H2O2,生成H2O和單脫氫抗壞血酸(MDA)。強(qiáng)氧化環(huán)境下APX不能有效降低葉綠體內(nèi)的H2O2,進(jìn)而抑制植物的光合作用[6–8]。在植物葉綠體內(nèi)APX活性降低的情況下,雙半胱氨酸型硫氧還蛋白過(guò)氧化物酶(2–Cys Prx)可以起到清除H2O2的作用[9],Prxs是一類不含結(jié)合金屬離子輔基,通過(guò)保守的半胱氨酸殘基(–Cys)的氧化實(shí)現(xiàn)清除生物體內(nèi)ROS的一類蛋白[10–13]。在高等植物中,2–Cys Prx是由核基因編碼的一類葉綠體蛋白[14–15],定位于葉綠體的類囊體膜上[16–19]。Wood等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2–Cys Prx可通過(guò)短暫的可逆性氧化失活來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)H2O2濃度,即2–Cys Prx 對(duì)H2O2的清除具有選擇性。研究[21–23]發(fā)現(xiàn),非生物逆境會(huì)誘導(dǎo)2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá),參與植物體內(nèi)多種與氧化相關(guān)的生理病理過(guò)程[24–25]。雖然有研究認(rèn)為增強(qiáng)2–Cys Prx基因的表達(dá),可以有效提高植物對(duì)非生物逆境的抵抗能力[26–27],但2–Cys Prx基因?qū)Ω珊得{迫下植物葉片光化學(xué)活性,特別是電子傳遞和能量分配利用方面的作用機(jī)理尚不明確。鑒于快速葉綠素?zé)晒鈩?dòng)力學(xué)技術(shù)可以快速、無(wú)損傷地分析逆境下PSⅡ電子供體側(cè)、受體側(cè)以及PSⅡ反應(yīng)中心功能的變化,筆者以轉(zhuǎn)2–Cys Prx基因煙草F1幼苗為材料,研究了煙草F1幼苗葉片光化學(xué)活性對(duì)干旱脅迫的響應(yīng),以期為深入研究2–Cys Prx基因的功能提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。
2014–06–22
黑龍江省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(ZD2011–05);哈爾濱市科技創(chuàng)新人才研究專項(xiàng)(2013RFXXJ063)
胡舉偉(1988—),男,山東臨沂人,博士研究生,主要從事植物生理生態(tài)學(xué)研究,1697534031@qq.com;*通信作者,sungy@ vip.sina.com