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      小劑量鏈脲佐菌素致大鼠Beta細(xì)胞損傷模型探討

      2014-04-20 09:01:16劉亞千
      關(guān)鍵詞:胰島小劑量空白對(duì)照

      張 琪,劉亞千,陳 華

      解放軍總醫(yī)院 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,北京 100853

      小劑量鏈脲佐菌素致大鼠Beta細(xì)胞損傷模型探討

      張 琪,劉亞千,陳 華

      解放軍總醫(yī)院 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,北京 100853

      目的建立小劑量鏈脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)致大鼠Beta細(xì)胞損傷模型,探討B(tài)eta細(xì)胞損傷后胰島的自身免疫性情況和Beta細(xì)胞自我修復(fù)能力。方法SD大鼠腹腔注射40 mg/kg STZ,3 d后測(cè)量隨機(jī)血糖、空腹血糖和空腹C-肽,并進(jìn)行胰腺組織HE染色、胰島素和CD8α免疫組化染色。于第54天進(jìn)行口服葡萄糖耐量實(shí)驗(yàn),第56天檢測(cè)隨機(jī)血糖、空腹血糖、空腹C-肽和CD8α免疫組化染色。結(jié)果給予40 mg/kg劑量STZ處理后,第3天大鼠隨機(jī)血糖[實(shí)驗(yàn)組(33.00±2.31) mmol/L,空白對(duì)照組(5.72±0.63 )mmol/L]明顯增高,而空腹血糖[實(shí)驗(yàn)組(4.03±0.48) mmol/L,空白對(duì)照組(3.50±0.41) mmol/L]未見(jiàn)異常,C-肽水平[實(shí)驗(yàn)組(0.23±0.03) ng/ml,空白對(duì)照組(0.29±0.03) ng/ml]降低,胰島素免疫組化顯示Beta細(xì)胞受損,CD8α免疫組化顯示在胰島的周邊部存在陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞表達(dá)。56 d時(shí)血糖趨勢(shì)及CD8α表達(dá)與3 d時(shí)相同,但C-肽水平STZ組高于空白對(duì)照組,葡萄糖耐量受損。結(jié)論小劑量STZ損傷大鼠Beta細(xì)胞后,Beta細(xì)胞分泌功能降低,CD8α陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞持續(xù)聚集繼續(xù)損傷Beta細(xì)胞,最終可建立一種輕度損傷的1型糖尿病大鼠模型。

      鏈脲佐菌素;Beta細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞;

      糖尿病是以高血糖為特征的一組代謝性疾病,臨床上分為1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、妊娠期糖尿病和特殊類型糖尿病。其發(fā)病機(jī)制以胰島素絕對(duì)或者相對(duì)不足為主要特征。其中1型糖尿病占臨床糖尿病的5% ~ 10%,其發(fā)病人群集中在兒童,是兒童糖尿病的主要類型,其病理機(jī)制是自身免疫誘導(dǎo)胰島Beta細(xì)胞死亡,致使胰島素絕對(duì)不足,進(jìn)而血糖升高,發(fā)展為糖尿病[1-5]。鏈脲佐菌素(strepzotozocin,STZ)是Beta細(xì)胞特異性毒性藥物,其通過(guò)葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體2(glucose transporter 2,GLUT2)進(jìn)入Beta細(xì)胞,直接損傷DNA,之后由于細(xì)胞進(jìn)行修復(fù)最終能量耗竭,Beta細(xì)胞最后死亡[6-9]。以往的研究中多采用大劑量STZ直接誘導(dǎo)動(dòng)物糖尿病模型,用于糖尿病相關(guān)研究[10-13]。但對(duì)于一次小劑量誘導(dǎo)模型未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本文選用小劑量STZ誘導(dǎo)大鼠Beta細(xì)胞損傷,觀察免疫反應(yīng)情況,為糖尿病損傷模型的建立提供依據(jù)。

      材料和方法

      1 材料 SD大鼠:SPF級(jí),體質(zhì)量(200±10) g,購(gòu)自北京維通利華公司,于解放軍總醫(yī)院動(dòng)物中心飼養(yǎng),適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)5 d后用于實(shí)驗(yàn);鏈脲佐菌素(Sigma公司);血糖測(cè)量?jī)x及血糖測(cè)量試紙條:Bayer公司;血漿C-肽(于北京北方生物技術(shù)研究所進(jìn)行檢測(cè));胰島素一抗:兔抗大鼠(Abcam公司);CD8α一抗:兔抗大鼠(Santa Cruz公司);二抗:山羊抗兔(Invitrogen公司)。

      2 分組 SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和空白對(duì)照組,每組12只;空腹12 h后分別腹腔注射給藥:實(shí)驗(yàn)組按照40 mg/kg劑量注射STZ(濃度為1%,溶解于pH為4.2 ~ 4.5的檸檬酸-檸檬酸鈉緩沖溶液中),對(duì)照組每只動(dòng)物腹腔注射1 ml磷酸鹽緩沖液,分別于給藥后3 d和56 d處死動(dòng)物,每次每組6只。

      3 血生化測(cè)定及病理學(xué)檢測(cè) 將第1次給藥時(shí)間設(shè)定為0點(diǎn),于給藥后60 h時(shí)測(cè)隨機(jī)(即非空腹,動(dòng)物在測(cè)血糖時(shí)及12 h前處于正常飲食)血糖,72 h時(shí)測(cè)量空腹(動(dòng)物禁食12 h)血糖、C-肽,并取病理觀察胰腺損傷情況-HE染色、胰島素和CD8αIHC染色。于實(shí)驗(yàn)第54天進(jìn)行口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn);第56天測(cè)量隨機(jī)、空腹血糖、空腹C-肽水平,胰腺CD8αIHC染色。

      4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 所有統(tǒng)計(jì)分析均采用SPSS 17.0軟件,兩組間比較采用t-test檢驗(yàn),數(shù)據(jù)用表示,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      結(jié) 果

      1 血液學(xué)生化指標(biāo)證實(shí)糖尿病模型成功建立 給予40 mg/kg STZ后,72 h時(shí)空腹血糖檢測(cè)證實(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)組[(4.03±0.48) mmol/L]和空白對(duì)照組[(3.50± 0.41) mmol/L]之間無(wú)差異;但是隨機(jī)血糖顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組[(33.00±2.31) mmol/L]、空白對(duì)照組[(5.72± 0.63) mmol/L]和72 h時(shí)的空腹C-肽水平實(shí)驗(yàn)組[(0.23±0.03) ng/ml],空白對(duì)照組[(0.29±0.03) ng/ml]差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。由此可見(jiàn)小劑量STZ損傷Beta細(xì)胞后,會(huì)出現(xiàn)胰島分泌功能的降低,但是由于損傷輕微只造成了隨機(jī)血糖的升高,對(duì)空腹血糖尚未造成顯著影響。見(jiàn)圖1。

      2 病理學(xué)證實(shí)胰島損傷和炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn) HE染色顯示STZ實(shí)驗(yàn)組和空白對(duì)照組中胰島數(shù)目和胰島中細(xì)胞的數(shù)目未見(jiàn)明顯異常。胰島素IHC染色顯示,胰島中Beta細(xì)胞的比例明顯減少,不著色的非Beta細(xì)胞區(qū)的細(xì)胞明顯增多。第3天實(shí)驗(yàn)組的胰腺中出現(xiàn)了CD8α陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞,集中在胰島周邊部位,進(jìn)一步破壞胰島;而在對(duì)照組中未發(fā)現(xiàn)CD8α陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞。見(jiàn)圖2。

      3 血生化和病理顯示第56天胰島損傷持續(xù)存在實(shí)驗(yàn)第56天檢測(cè)隨機(jī)空腹血糖和C-肽水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)STZ組隨機(jī)血糖仍然很高[(33.01±2.13) mmol/L],但空腹血糖仍然正常[(3.37±0.42) mmol/L]??诜咸烟悄土吭囼?yàn),結(jié)果顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組糖耐量受損(圖3)。病理CD8α染色顯示,在STZ處理的胰島中該細(xì)胞仍陽(yáng)性表達(dá)。見(jiàn)圖4。

      圖 1 對(duì)照組和STZ組隨機(jī)血糖(A)、空腹血糖(B)、空腹C-肽(C)比較(n=6)Fig. 1 Blood glucose (A), fasting blood glucose (B) and fasting C-peptide (C) levels in control group and STZ treatment group (aP<0.05, bP<0.01, vs control group)

      討 論

      本實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),在一次小劑量給予STZ誘導(dǎo)Beta細(xì)胞損傷后,大鼠可出現(xiàn)隨機(jī)血糖明顯升高,但空腹血糖正常,與大劑量STZ誘導(dǎo)糖尿病時(shí)出現(xiàn)的空腹血糖明顯升高(>20 mmol/L)不同,并且HE和胰島素IHC染色顯示Beta細(xì)胞未明顯減少,這也不同于大劑量STZ致使Beta細(xì)胞明顯缺失的狀態(tài)[10-13]。由此可見(jiàn)小劑量損傷情況與大劑量損傷差別很大,由此可以建立一種研究糖尿病的新模型。

      實(shí)驗(yàn)中,通過(guò)第3天對(duì)細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞(cytotoxic T cell,CTL)特異性標(biāo)記CD8α檢測(cè),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)STZ誘導(dǎo)Beta細(xì)胞損傷后會(huì)出現(xiàn)CTL浸潤(rùn),并且隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)這一細(xì)胞持續(xù)存在,因此這可能是1型糖尿病進(jìn)展過(guò)程中導(dǎo)致從胰島素的缺乏到胰島素抵抗的關(guān)鍵因素,即STZ損傷Beta細(xì)胞后,一些抗原被暴露進(jìn)而募集CTL,并且這一募集效應(yīng)會(huì)長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)損傷胰島,類似于人類1型糖尿病長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)的慢性CTL損傷,可作為研究1型糖尿病的新模型。

      圖 2 第3天對(duì)照組和STZ組HE、胰島素IHC染色、CD8α IHC染色(40×)Fig. 2 HE staining, insulin and CD8α IHC staining of tissues from control and STZ group on day 3 (40×)

      圖 3 第56天隨機(jī)血糖(A)、空腹血糖(B)、空腹C-肽(C)和第54天口服葡萄糖耐量實(shí)驗(yàn)(D)(n=6)Fig. 3 Blood glucose level (A), fasting blood glucose level (B), fasting C-peptide levels on day 56 and oral glucose tolerance (D) on day 54 (aP<0.05, bP<0.01, vs control group)

      圖 4 第56天胰島CD8αIHC染色(40×)Fig. 4 IHC staining of CD8α in the islets on day 56 (40×)

      此外在人和大鼠胰島表面存在著膜性結(jié)構(gòu),這是抵抗炎癥細(xì)胞的關(guān)鍵屏障[14]。其損傷是炎癥細(xì)胞進(jìn)入的必要條件,因此我們推測(cè)STZ通過(guò)損傷Beta細(xì)胞還可能造成了胰島表面膜性結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷。并且文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道募集到胰腺的CTL和其他炎癥細(xì)胞會(huì)進(jìn)一步損傷已經(jīng)被STZ損傷的胰腺,所以本模型中隨機(jī)血糖沒(méi)有改善,葡萄糖耐量受損[15-18]。

      1 Siegel KR, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Ali MK, et al. Societal correlates of diabetes prevalence: An analysis across 94 countries[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2012, 96(1): 76-83.

      2 Craig ME, Hattersley A, Donaghue KC. Definition, epidemiology and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents[J]. Pediatr Diabetes, 2009, 10(S12):3-12.

      3 Patterson C, Guariguata L, Dahlquist G, et al. Diabetes in the young- a global view and worldwide estimates of numbers of children with type 1 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2013, pii:S0168-8227(13): 00384-00388.

      4 Bluestone JA, Herold K, Eisenbarth G. Genetics, pathogenesis and clinical interventions in type 1 diabetes[J]. Nature, 2010, 464(7293):1293-1300.

      5 Weigmann B, Franke RK, Daniel C. Immunotherapy in autoimmune type 1 diabetes[J]. Rev Diabet Stud, 2012, 9(2-3):68-81.

      6 Elsner M, Guldbakke B, Tiedge M, et al. Relative importance of transport and alkylation for pancreatic beta-cell toxicity of streptozotocin[J]. Diabetologia, 2000, 43(12): 1528-1533.

      7 Kullin M, Li Z, Hansen JB, et al. K(ATP) channel openers protect rat islets against the toxic effect of streptozotocin[J]. Diabetes,2000, 49(7):1131-1136.

      8 Schnedl WJ, Ferber S, Johnson JH, et al. STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells[J]. Diabetes, 1994, 43(11): 1326-1333.

      9 Doi K. Studies on the mechanism of the diabetogenic activity of streptozotocin and on the ability of compounds to block the diabetogenic activity of streptozotocin (author’s transl)[J]. Nihon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi, 1975, 51(3): 129-147.

      10 Deeds MC, Anderson JM, Armstrong AS, et al. Single dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes: considerations for study design in islet transplantation models[J]. Lab Anim, 2011, 45(3): 131-140.

      11 Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Bone RN, et al. Regeneration of pancreatic non-β endocrine cells in adult mice following a single diabetesinducing dose of streptozotocin[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(5):e36675.

      12 Wu XH, Liu CP, Xu KF, et al. Reversal of hyperglycemia in diabetic rats by portal vein transplantation of islet-like cells generated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13(24):3342-3349.

      13 Kojima H, Fujimiya M, Matsumura K, et al. Extrapancreatic insulinproducing cells in multiple organs in diabetes[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101(8): 2458-2463.

      14 Wegmann DR, Norbury-Glaser M, Daniel D. Insulin-specific T cells are a predominant component of islet infiltrates in pre-diabetic NOD mice[J]. Eur J Immunol, 1994, 24(8): 1853-1857.

      15 Tanaka S, Aida K, Nishida Y, et al. Pathophysiological mechanisms involving aggressive islet cell destruction in fulminant type 1 diabetes[J]. Endocr J, 2013, 60(7): 837-845.

      16 Varanasi V, Avanesyan L, Schumann DM, et al. Cytotoxic mechanisms employed by mouse T cells to destroy pancreatic β-cells[J]. Diabetes, 2012, 61(11): 2862-2870.

      17 Korpos é, Kadri N, Kappelhoff R, et al. The peri-islet basement membrane, a barrier to infiltrating leukocytes in type 1 diabetes in mouse and human[J]. Diabetes, 2013, 62(2): 531-542.

      18 Nir T, Melton DA, Dor Y. Recovery from diabetes in mice by beta cell regeneration[J]. J Clin Invest, 2007, 117(9): 2553-2561.

      Low streptozotocin dose-induced rat beta cell damage model

      ZHANG Qi, LIU Ya-qian, CHEN Hua
      Center of Experimental Animals, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
      Corresponding author: CHEN Hua. Email: chenhua_19641027@163.com

      ObjectiveTo study the autoimmunity of pancreas and self-repair of beta cells by establishing the low streptozotocin (STZ) dose- induced rat beta cell damage model.MethodsThree days after SD rats were injected with STZ (40 mg/kg), their blood glucose, fasting blood glucose and fasting C-peptide levels were measured. Their pancreatic tissue samples were stained with H&E, insulin and CD8α. Their oral glucose tolerance was tested on day 54 and their blood glucose, fasting blood glucose, C-peptide levels and CD8α staining were measured on day 56.ResultsThe blood glucose level was significantly higher in experimental group and blank control group than in fasting blood glucose group on day 3 after STZ treatment at the dose of 40mg/kg (33.00±2.31 mmol/L and 5.72±0.63 mmol/L vs 4.03±0.48 mmol/L). No significant change in blood glucose level was found in blank control group (3.50±0.41 mmol/L). The C-peptide level was higher in blank control group than in experimental group (0.29±0.03 ng/ml vs 0.23±0.03 ng/ml). Insulin immunohistochemistry showed beta cell damage and CD8αimmunohistochemistry showed positive expression of beta cells around the pancreas. The blood glucose level and CD8αexpression level were identical on day 3 after STZ treatment. However, the C-peptide level was higher in STZ treatment group than in blank control group with impaired glucose tolerance.ConclusionThe secretion function of beta cells decreases and the aggregated CD8α-positive cells further damage the beta cells after the beta cells are damaged by low STZ doses.

      strepzotocin; beta cell; cytotoxic T cell

      R 576

      A

      2095-5227(2014)06-0611-04

      10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.06.026

      2014-03-14 17:06

      http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140314.1706.001.html

      2013-12-04

      國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(30970418)

      Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30970418)

      張琪,女,在讀碩士。研究方向:干細(xì)胞治療糖尿病。Email: q15321839189@163.com

      陳華,男,博士,研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: chenhua_ 19641027@163.com

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