郭影平
(上海理工大學外語學院,上海200093)
報刊英語,“主要指英美報刊,乃至英美記者或專欄作家作品中所使用的英語”[1]。作為英語的一個語體 (genre),報刊英語一直被學者關注和研究。早在20世紀60年代,英國學者David Crystal&Derek Davy就研究過報刊英語[2]。此外,Geoffrey S.Land[3-4]和 美 國 學 者 Brian S.Brooks[5],Paul Sanderson[6],Terry L.Fredrickson & Paul F.Wedel[7]都曾對報刊英語作過深入的研究。在國內先后研究報刊英語的有:王佐良[8]、周學藝[9]、侯維瑞[10]、端木義萬[11]、張健[12]、劉宓慶[13]等學者。這些研究內容廣泛,包括語篇特點、結構特點、語法特點、修辭特點、詞匯特點、標點特點等,對培養(yǎng)報刊英語閱讀能力、提高報刊英語閱讀水平、了解報刊英語文化知識諸方面有重要的指導意義。但筆者發(fā)現,以上研究在報刊英語的詞匯方面還有進一步深入的空間。鑒于此,本文試圖對報刊英語的詞匯特點作進一步的探討。
總的來說,報刊英語的詞匯有六大特點:短小詞大量使用,縮略詞層出不窮,杜撰詞比比皆是,外來詞大量涌現,報道國詞語偶露崢嶸,次要意義詞頻繁出現。
大眾性、趣味性和節(jié)儉性是報刊英語的三大特色[11]7。節(jié)儉性要求報刊語言高度濃縮、簡潔精煉。為此,新聞記者經常使用簡短小詞,避免大詞冗語;使用確切具體的詞,避免晦澀深奧的詞[1]347。這些短小詞簡潔明了、形象生動、表達有力、雋永清新,在一般的文章中很少使用或根本不用。有時即使使用,也和報刊英語中的意思大相徑庭。請看下面7個例句,并注意其中的黑體字。
例1 The Chinese government continued Tuesday to duck questions about Xi’s whereabouts.(The Washington Post,Sept.11,2012)
例2 Japanese government officials have made the case that the purchase should do little to fray ties with Beijing.(The Washington Post,Sept.11,2012)
例3 The cancellation of the Clinton meeting was also seen as a possible snub,to show the Beijing leaderships’pique with the Obama administration’s China policies.(The Washington Post,Sept.11,2012)
例4 A prominent Chinese writer has been barred from leaving China to attend a literary festival next week in Australia,the writerand festival officials said on Monday.(The Washington Post,May 2,2011)
例5 On Friday,China’s foreign ministry welcomed the decision,which capped years of exhaustive diplomatic efforts to have Mr.Lai returned to China to stand trial.(New York Times,Jul.27,2011)
例6 A political drive to extend the EU bonus cap beyond the banking sector was stopped in its tracks on Wednesday as the bloc’s main legislative body narrowly voted against strict curbs on retail fund managers’pay.(Financial Times,Jul.3,2013)
例7 Thousands gathered Tuesday in New York,suburban Washington and rural Pennsylvania to mark the 11th anniversary of the Sept.11 attacks,but at the somber day’s biggest venue,Ground Zero in lower Manhattan,this year’s observance was missing a key feature from years past:politicians’voices.(New York Times,Sept.11,2012)
例1中的duck=avoid;例2中的fray=damage,ties=relations;例3中的snub=cold treatment,pique=dissatisfaction;例4中的bar=prevent;例5中的cap=complete;例6中的drive=campaign,curb=control;例7中的mark=celebrate。這樣的短小詞在報刊英語中比比皆是,不勝枚舉。張健教授列出了158個[12]4。而筆者研究發(fā)現,這類報刊英語中常用的小詞超過200個,限于篇幅,不一一列出。
為了行文簡潔、節(jié)省篇幅、減少冗長、潔凈清新,在有限的版面容納更多的內容,報刊英語經常使用縮略詞,這是報刊英語詞匯的第二個特點??s略詞的構成有三種方式[10]261。
(1)由舊詞剪短 (clipping)構成,如co-ops(cooperations合作),coml(commercial商業(yè)廣告),frat(fraternity 博愛),Govt.(government政府),homo(homosexual同性戀),mod(modern現代的),sub(submarine潛水艇),univ(university大學)。
(2)由兩個詞剪短后再合成,如heliport(helicopter+airport直升飛機場),terrorilla(terrorism+guerrilla 游擊恐怖戰(zhàn)),Euromart(European+market歐洲市場),humint=(human+intelligence間諜情報),psywar=(psychological+warfare心理戰(zhàn))。
(3)由首字母縮略(acronym)構成,如OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油輸出國組織),SOE(State-Owned Enterprise國有企業(yè)),IMF(International Monetary Fund國際貨幣基金組織),SALT(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks戰(zhàn)略武器限制談判)。
縮略詞在報刊英語中的使用頻率遠遠高于其他文體。請看下面例8至例12,并注意其中的縮略詞。
例8 And after all,if IAEA does want to cosy up to China,those oil execs are the ones it needs to please,as the report notes.(Financial Times,Apr.1,2011)
IAEA=International Atomic Energy Agency國際原子能機構
execs=executives執(zhí)行董事
例9 U.S.officials will discuss this week with NATO allies the possibility of establishing a military training mission for Libya’s fledgling security forces,defense officials said Monday,as Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel arrived in Brussels for a meeting of defense chiefs.(The Washington Post,Jun.7,2013)
NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公約組織
例10 The treaty bans the development and possession of nukes among ASEAN member nations and requires each state to declare whether nuclear-powered ships or nuclear-armed aircraft are visiting or passing through their territory.(Financial Times,Oct.30,2006)
nukes=nuclear weapons核武器
ASEAN=Association Of Southeast Asian Nations東南亞國家聯盟
例11 A recent letter by their(American automobile companies)supportersin theU.S.Congress,all Democrats,have pressured the Obama administration not to accept Japanese participation in TPP talks.(Wall Street Journal,Mar.21,2013)
TPP=Trans-Pacific Partnership跨太平洋伙伴關系
例12 John McCain,who recently traveled to Gitmo with White House ChiefofStaffDenis McDonough,praised theadministration’srenewed efforts on the issue.(Newsweek,Jul.31,2013)
Gitmo=Guantánamo(Bay Prison)關塔那摩灣監(jiān)獄
現代社會生活的快節(jié)奏要求人們說話寫文章都要節(jié)省時間和篇幅。所以,作為社會資訊傳播媒介之一的英語報刊也會越來越多地使用縮略詞。最近幾十年,英語報刊中的縮略詞數量在急劇增加。這是現代英語發(fā)展的一大趨勢。
英語報刊的首要任務就是報道新近發(fā)生的事件。為了引人注目,追求新奇或是為了表達新鮮事物、適應特殊場合的需要,新聞記者經常別出心裁地杜撰一些新詞。這些新詞有的因為生動形象、構詞別致,被人們漸漸接受,最后成為新聞詞匯的一部分;有的則在使用一次之后,由于缺乏新意或表達不當,很快被人們遺忘。
例如民主黨總統(tǒng)候選人奧巴馬 (Barack Obama)在2008年11月大選中擊敗共和黨對手麥凱恩 (John McCain)擔任美國總統(tǒng),并于2012年連任美國總統(tǒng)后,用他名字杜撰的詞匯Obamacare(奧巴馬倡導的醫(yī)保計劃)、Obamacrime(奧巴馬罪行)、Obamacracy(奧巴馬式民主)、Obamaian(奧巴馬色彩的)、Obamanism(奧巴馬政策)、Obamanise(推行奧巴馬政策)、Obamanite(奧巴馬支持者)、Obamanization(奧巴馬政策的執(zhí)行)、Obamanomics(奧巴馬經濟政策)等等頻頻出現在英美各大報刊上。請看下面例13至例17:
例13 Obamacare,conservatives promised,would raise your taxes,take away your doctor and possibly put you in front of a death panel.The fight to keep it from passing was a fight to keep bad things from happening.(The Washington Post,Aug.2,2013)
例14 In the Obamaian universe,the units of the private economy—companies large or small—are satellites orbiting the great fixed planet of public spending.(Wall Street Journal,Feb.27,2013)
例15 Obamacracy in Egypt:Wealthy Arab Tourists Buy Under-aged Egyptian Girls For Sex Slaves.(New York Post,July 2,2012)
例16 Another defect of Obamanomics was that part of the increased spending authorized by the 2009 stimulus bill was held back.(Wall Street Journal,Jun.30,2010)
例17 Thomas A.Daschle,a stalwart Obamanite,nominated to be secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services,did not pay more than$128 000 in taxes over three years,a revelation that poses a potential obstacle to his Senate confirmation.(The Washington Post,Jan.31,2009)
新聞記者通常借助合成、拼綴、派生、逆生、類比等方法杜撰新詞。
(1)合成詞:把兩個或兩個以上的詞按照一定的次序排列構成的新詞。例如:aid-fatigue援助疲勞;infant industry初創(chuàng)企業(yè);skysleeper飛機臥鋪;stakeholder利益攸關方;street smarts應對城市生活困難的技能。
(2)拼綴詞:由兩個截短的舊詞再合成而構成的詞。例如:c’wealth=commonwealth 聯邦;dawk(dove+hawk)中間派;Demopulican(Democratic+Republican)(美國)民主黨內的保守派;ecothug(ecology+thug)生態(tài)破壞者;edutainment(education+entertainment)寓教于樂。
(3)派生詞:把詞根與前綴或后綴相結合所構成的詞。例如:dehire解雇,deboost減速,deregulate解除管制,detrain下火車。ecocide生態(tài)滅絕,ecocrisis生態(tài)危機,ecofreak一味關心生態(tài)的怪人。nonmusician非音樂家,nonpolitical非政治的,nonevent不重要的事。
(4)逆生詞:去掉被誤認為的后綴而產生的新詞。例如:attrition→to attrit消耗,preemption→to preempt先發(fā)制人,escalation→to escalate逐步升級,cosy→to cose使感到舒服,lazy→to laze偷懶,muckraker→to muckrake搜集報道丑聞。
(5)類比詞:仿照原有的同類詞而創(chuàng)造出的對應詞或近似詞。例如:由landscape(風景)類比出:cityscape市景,moonscape月景,marscape火星表面,netscape網景。由air pollution(空氣污染)類比出:light pollution光污染,noise pollution噪音污染,heat pollution熱污染,culture pollution文化污染,vision pollution視覺污染,graffiti pollution涂鴉污染,spiritual pollution精神污染。
下面再看三個含有杜撰詞的句子:
例18 The contrast with President Reagan’s antirecession and pro-growth measures in 1981 is striking.Reagan reduced marginal and corporate tax rates and slowed the growth of nondefense spending.(Wall Street Journal,Jun.30,2010)
作者用派生法杜撰了antirecession,pro-growth和nondefence三個詞。根據構詞法可以猜出其意思分別是“防止經濟衰退”、“促進發(fā)展”、“非國防的”。
例19 The capsule,containing the astronaut,known as a “taikonaut”,oryunhangyuan in Chinese,is scheduled to orbit Earth before touching down near the Jiuchuan launch station in the Gobi Desert,1 000 miles west of Beijing.(The Washington Post,Oct.15,2003)
2003年10月15日,中國神舟五號載人飛船成功將航天員楊利偉送入太空后,西方各大媒體紛紛予以報道,該句就摘自當天的《華盛頓郵報》。作者John Pomfret杜撰了taikonaut這個詞,指“中國宇航員”。taikonaut由taikong太空 (漢語拼音)和astronaut(宇航員)拼綴而構成。此外,作者還用了“宇航員”的漢語拼音yunhangyuan來解釋taikonaut。
例20 The strange disappearance from public view of China’s presumptive new leader is turning a year that was supposed to showcase the Communist Party’s stability into something of an annus horribilis.(New York Times,Sept.10,2012)
筆者在新華書店查遍了所有的英漢詞典,都沒有找到annus horribilis的中文翻譯。但是通過分析,很容易發(fā)現文章作者是按照拉丁詞annus mirabilis(驚喜之年)用類比法杜撰了annus horribilis這個詞,不難猜出其意思是“恐怖之年”。了解一定的構詞知識對猜測杜撰詞詞義,提高英語報刊閱讀能力大有裨益。
報刊英語詞匯的另一個顯著特點就是外來詞的大量涌現。當新聞記者在報道外國或新近出現的事物時,為了吸引讀者的興趣,或表達某詞的內涵,或烘托一種氣氛,經常使用外來詞。有些外來詞由于經常使用,已經完全英語化了,如 kowtow(磕頭)、abattoir(屠宰場)、vanilla(香精)、kamikaze(冒險的)等;有些尚未完全英語化,使用時大多印成斜體字,如ad hoc(特別的)、bona fide(真誠的)、de facto(事實上)、debut(初次登臺)、en route(在途中)、rapprochement(和睦,親善)等。
請看例21至例27中外來詞,并注意其漢語翻譯。
例21 In his(Roh Moo-hyun盧武鉉)2002 election campaign,he promised never to kowtow to the Americans .(The Washington Post,May 24,2009)
kowtow來自中文,意思是“磕頭”,這里可以譯為“屈服”。
例22 NATO lost its raison detre at the end of the Cold War,a view shared by many who live in NATO member countries.(China Daily,Apr.22,1999)
raisondetre來自法語,意思是“存在的理由”。
例23 The quid pro quo that Mr.Bashir is offering is clear:Accept him as legitimate president and set aside the war crimes indictment,and he will allow southern Sudan to go peacefully and will preserve the fragile peace in Darfur.(The Washington Post,May 2,2010)
quid pro quo來自拉丁語,意思是“交換物”。
例24 China is consciously copying the Japanese model of economic development and transforming its state-owned enterprises into Japanese-style zaibatsu.(U.S.News &World Report,Mar.22,1998)
zaibatsu來自日語,意思是“財閥”。
例25 The other party for financial aficionado was thrown by none other than Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Management to open posh new 40 000-squarefoot office in Capital Square on Church Street.(Asian Business,1999,P47)
aficionado來自西班牙語,意思是“狂熱愛好者”。
例26 While the coastal region has steamrollered ahead and made China into the world’s factory floor,the western provinces have been exploited than developed—used for their natural resources and a penal colony,a nuclear testing zone and Lebensraum for China’s people.(Prospect,Jun.4,2009)
lebensraum來自德語,意思是“生存空間”。
例27 Words like glasnost(openness)and perestroika(restructuring)began to replacethe gradually outmoded Leninist philosophies that had become warped under Stalin and Andropov.(Foreign Affairs,May 12,2012)
glasnost和perestroika都來自俄語,意思分別是“開放”與“改革”。
隨著國際交往日益頻繁,英語報刊越來越多地報道他國事務。這樣,具有濃郁文化色彩的外來詞也頻繁出現在英語報刊中。這種外來語對以英語為母語的讀者具有很強的吸引力。
所謂“報道國詞語”是指新聞報道所涉及國家使用的語言的詞匯,而非英語詞匯。英語報刊的讀者主要是以英語為母語的英美人士。所以,新聞記者為了吸引其讀者的眼球,凸顯新聞報道國家的特點,偶爾在報道中使用新聞報道國家的語言詞匯。這在其他文體中是根本不可能出現的。當然,報道國詞語對于以英語為母語的人來說是絕對看不懂的。不過一般情況下,新聞記者會通過使用括號、同位語或定語從句等方式對報道國詞語加以解釋。請看例28至例32。
例28 In the wake of Kim’s sudden death on Dec.17,it is the military brass who will be firmly in control of the country,even as the young Kim Jong Un formally becomes what the Koreans call the Suryong(supreme leader).(Time,Dec.22,2011)
這里的Suryong是韓語“最高領袖”的意思。
例29 Saddam Hussein outlawed them,but when we paid with American lives to hand Iraq back to Iranian-backed Shiites, mut’ah(temporary marriage),was legalized and is common there now.(New York Post,Jul.2,2012)
這里的mut’ah是阿拉伯語“臨時婚姻”的意思。
例30 At the times,only unions were legally permitted to supply labor under a law designed to break yakuza(the Japanese Mafia)control over labours in such industries as stevedoring and construction.(Asian Business,P56,Apr.1996)
這里的yakuza是日語“黑社會”的意思。
例31 The wars were hidden from view.Access was severelyrestricted,especiallyon the Russian side where the most controversial,dangerous and secret work was carried out by the Spetsnaz—Russia’s elite special-forces units.(The Sunday Times,Oct.31,2010)
這里的spetsnaz是俄語“特種部隊”的意思。
例32 One of the complaints of the traditional teaching system was that it was geared towards the gaokao,a series of final exams that decided which university a studentcould attend.(FarEastern Economic Review,P43,Jul./Aug.2006)
這里的gaokao是中文“高考”的漢語拼音。
從嚴格意義上來說,報道國詞語還不能算是外來詞,因為英語詞典沒有收錄它們。同時,報道國詞語也不能算是臨時造詞,因為它們不是記者臨時杜撰的,而是原來就存在的。報道國詞語是報刊英語特有的現象。不過,隨著使用頻率的增加,部分報道國詞語最后可能進入外來詞語匯。
眾所周知,英語的絕大多數單詞都是多義詞(polysemant),除了原始意義和中心意義,還有派生意義和次要意義。一般來說,詞典中詞條的第一義項是原始意義或中心意義,后面的義項是派生意義或次要意義。學習一個單詞,首先要掌握這個單詞的原始意義和中心意義。在此基礎上,再掌握其派生意義和次要意義。很多人只知道單詞的原始意義和中心意義,而不知道其派生意義和次要意義。新聞記者在撰寫新聞報道時,頻繁使用單詞的派生意義和次要意義。這是報刊英語用詞的另一個特點,也是很多人看不懂英語報刊的原因之一。
筆者從《大學英語課程教學要求》[14]的詞匯表中隨意抽取了10個常用單詞,并附上了《牛津高階英語詞典》(第七版)(雙解)[15]提供的第一義項釋義。除了rhetoric屬于“更高要求”之外,其余的全屬于“一般要求”詞匯。這些詞是:cover覆蓋,rhetoric修辭,entertain招待,outstanding杰出的,condemn譴責,installation安裝,project規(guī)劃,establishment建立,contain包括,chemistry化學。
但是,只知道這些單詞原始意義的讀者未必能夠正確理解其在下面句子中的含義。這是因為報刊英語常常使用一個單詞的派生意義和次要意義,即:第二、第三或更后面的義項。請看例33至例42。
例33 On Saturday night at Adawiya Square,where 200 were shot dead by the Egyptian security forces,I didn’t see any major American TV channels covering the massacre in Egypt.I didn't see the CNN reporters at Adawiya Square who covered the demonstrations in istanbul live over more than 10 hours.(Today’s Zaman 《今日時代報》Jul.29,2013)
這里的cover是第六義項“報道”(report)。
例34 Mr.Panetta’s weeklong mission to Japan,China and New Zealand is intended to show allies that Washington’s strategic rebalancing toward Asia is a reality,not just a rhetoric.(New York Times,Sept.19,2012)
這里的rhetoric是第二個義項“煽動性語言”。
例35 In recent weeks,more Syrians have been entertaining the notion of not only violent resistance,but of imposed no-fly zones,arms transfers,safe havens and even ground troops.(New York Times,Oct.21,2011)
該句中的entertain是第三義項“心存,懷有(想法、希望等)”。
例36 So it is likely that the government will stand behind the some 2.1 trillion renminbi of outstanding ministry ofrailwaysdebts.(New York Times,Aug.15,2011)
這里的outstanding是第二義項“未付款的”。
例37 The third side of the triangle is,of course, low growth itself, which threatens to condemn the whole Continent to a decade of high unemployment.(New York Times,Jul.11,2011)
這里的condemn是第三義項“把……置于困境”。
例38 NATO continued its precision strikes against regime military installations in Tripoli overnight,including striking a known command and control building in the Bab al-Aziziyah neighbourhood shortly after 1800 GMT Saturday.(The Washington Post,May 2,2011)
這里的installation是第三義項“軍事設施”。
例39 He(President Obama)also requested a long-term plan to rein in the debt projected to spiral in coming decades as the baby boom generation retires and beginslaying claim to SocialSecurity and Medicare.(The Washington Post,Nov.11,2010)
這里的project是第四義項“預期”。
例40 But Mr.Ishihara has reserved his fiercestattacks for the Japanese establishment,especially the country’s bureaucrats—a sentiment that has resonated with a public weary of governance widely seen as ineffective at best and cronyism at worst.(New York Times,Oct.25,2012)
這里的establishment是第三義項“政府,統(tǒng)治集團”。
例41 “Our rebalance to the Asia-Pacific region is not an attempt to contain China,”Mr.Panetta said Wednesday in a speech to People’s Liberation Army officers and cadets.“It is an attempt to engage China and expand its role in the Pacific.”(New York Times,Sept.19,2012)
這里的contain是第三義項“遏制”。
例42 In his own White House,Mr.Bush is encouraging a different chemistry with the man who has taken his place.(New York Times,Apr.24,1989)
這里的chemistry是第三義項“兩人之間的關系”。
遺憾的是,端木義萬教授在其編著的《美英報刊閱讀教程》[11]一書中不慎把chemistry一詞也理解錯了。原書132頁注釋27如下:Under such hermetic conditions,the chemistry has proved volatile and relations explosive.書中的譯文是“在這種煉金術般情況下,化學物很容易揮發(fā),關系很容易爆炸”。顯然,該句中的“chemistry”不是“化學”,而是“兩人之間的關系”。筆者冒昧試譯如下:“在這種封閉的環(huán)境下,個人之間的關系易于惡化,團體之間的紐帶極其脆弱?!?/p>
像這樣的次要意義詞在英語報刊中頻頻出現,隨處可見。所以,在學習英語的過程中,不但要重視詞匯量的增加,還要重視詞匯義的積累。
英語報刊,內容豐富,包羅萬象,不僅是報道新聞的重要媒介,也是“使用新詞的龐大機器和杜撰新詞的巨大工廠”[11]7。其用詞與眾不同、別具一格,給讀者帶來理解上的很大困難。但是,只要讀者了解了報刊英語的用詞特點,英語報刊閱讀能力定會有很大提高。本文探討了報刊英語的詞匯特點,不當之處在所難免,歡迎讀者批評指正。
致謝:此文經盧思源教授悉心指導和審閱,在此向盧教授致以誠摯的謝意。
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