周東民董子明*
(1 鄭州大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理生理教研室,河南 鄭州 450000;2 鄭州大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,河南 鄭州 450000)
右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛和術(shù)后譫妄的影響
周東民1,2董子明1*
(1 鄭州大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理生理教研室,河南 鄭州 450000;2 鄭州大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,河南 鄭州 450000)
目的 探討右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛及術(shù)后譫妄的影響。方法 擇期全麻下行骨科手術(shù)的老年患者60例,隨機(jī)分為右美托咪定組(A組)和生理鹽水組(B組),每組30例。A組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前10 min經(jīng)靜脈泵注0.5 μg/kg的右美托咪定,并以0.2 μg/(kg·h)持續(xù)輸注至手術(shù)結(jié)束。B組患者以生理鹽水代替右美托咪定,用法、用量相同。兩組患者術(shù)后均使用舒芬太尼進(jìn)行患者自控靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA),觀察并記錄兩組患者術(shù)后2、4、6、12、24 h的疼痛VAS評(píng)分以及術(shù)后12 h和24 h患者PCIA的按壓次數(shù),術(shù)后7 d內(nèi)譫妄的發(fā)生率。結(jié)果 兩組相比,A組術(shù)后12 h和24 h PCIA按壓次數(shù)明顯減少(P<0.05),術(shù)后2、4、6 hVAS評(píng)分顯著降低(P<0.05),譫妄發(fā)生率明顯降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 右美托咪定能有效增強(qiáng)老年患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果并且能降低術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率。
右美托咪定;老年患者;術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛;術(shù)后譫妄
右美托咪定是一種相對(duì)高選擇性α2-受體激動(dòng)劑,具有良好鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛抗焦慮的作用,同時(shí)無(wú)呼吸抑制作用。本研究擬評(píng)價(jià)右美托咪定對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛及術(shù)后譫妄的影響。
1.1 一般資料
選擇60例擇期全麻下行骨科手術(shù)的老年患者(ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí)),年齡65~75歲,性別不限,體質(zhì)量50~70 kg,無(wú)心、腦、肝、腎等疾病,手術(shù)時(shí)間2~4 h,術(shù)后均進(jìn)入重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室監(jiān)護(hù)。隨機(jī)分為右美托咪定組(A組)和生理鹽水組(B組),每組30例。
1.2 麻醉和術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛
兩組患者入室后開(kāi)放上肢靜脈,連接飛利浦監(jiān)護(hù)儀,監(jiān)測(cè)ECG、無(wú)創(chuàng)血壓、SpO2,麻醉誘導(dǎo)前經(jīng)10 min A組患者靜脈泵注0.5 μg/kg的右美托咪定,并以0.2 μg/(kg·h)持續(xù)輸注至手術(shù)結(jié)束。B組患者以生理鹽水代替右美托咪定,用法、用量相同。麻醉誘導(dǎo):舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg、順式阿曲庫(kù)銨0.2 mg/kg、丙泊酚1.5~2 mg/kg靜脈快速誘導(dǎo)麻醉,氣管插管后行機(jī)械通氣。麻醉維持:靶控輸注(TCI)丙泊酚3.0~3.5 μg/mL,間斷追加舒芬太尼和順式阿曲庫(kù)銨。手術(shù)結(jié)束后開(kāi)啟同樣配方的靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛泵。配方為舒芬太尼2 μg/kg、托烷司瓊5 mg用生理鹽水稀釋至100 mL,PCIA背景輸注2 mL/h,單次自控劑量0.5 mL,鎖定時(shí)間15 min,術(shù)后患者根據(jù)VAS評(píng)分自行調(diào)控。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄兩組患者術(shù)后2、4、6、12、24 h的疼痛VAS評(píng)分(0分為無(wú)痛;<3分為輕微疼痛;4~6分患者疼痛并影響睡眠;7~10分劇烈疼痛),術(shù)后12 h和24 h患者PCIA的按壓次數(shù)和術(shù)后7 d內(nèi)譫妄的發(fā)生率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
使用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),當(dāng)頻數(shù)<5則使用確切概率法。
A組術(shù)后2、4、6 h的VAS評(píng)分顯著低于B組(P<0.05),而術(shù)后12、24 h兩組的VAS評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。
表1 兩組術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS評(píng)分比較
A組術(shù)后12和24 h PCIA按壓次數(shù)明顯低于B組(P<0.05)(表2)。
A組患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率6.67%(2/30)明顯低于B組的23.3%(7/30)(P<0.05)。
表2 兩組術(shù)后各時(shí)間段PCIA按壓次數(shù)比較
術(shù)后疼痛是外科手術(shù)后很常見(jiàn)的一種癥狀,是機(jī)體對(duì)傷害性刺激的內(nèi)在反應(yīng),若得不到及時(shí)緩解會(huì)導(dǎo)致譫妄的發(fā)生。雖然譫妄的發(fā)生與很多因素有關(guān)[1],但疼痛是術(shù)后譫妄的重要因素之一,控制疼痛可以減少譫妄的發(fā)生[2]。有報(bào)道顯示全麻后老年患者術(shù)后更易發(fā)生譫妄,因此積極采取預(yù)防措施是很必要的。右美托咪定是一種新型、高選擇的α2-腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑,其作用于腦干藍(lán)斑區(qū)的α2A-腎上腺受體產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜催眠和抗焦慮作用,α2C-腎上腺受體激動(dòng)也與右美托咪定的抗焦慮作用相關(guān)[3]。右美托咪定還通過(guò)作用于脊髓的α2C-腎上腺受體產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用[4]。本研究結(jié)果顯示A組在術(shù)后PCIA期間2、4、6 h VAS評(píng)分以及舒芬太尼累積消耗量均低于B組,說(shuō)明右美托咪定能增強(qiáng)阿片類藥物術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果并減少其用藥量。近年來(lái)研究表明右美托咪定在預(yù)防和治療術(shù)后譫妄有一定的作用[5],可能與其產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜催眠和抗焦慮作用有關(guān)。也有研究顯示麻醉期間應(yīng)用右美托咪定,能降低術(shù)后患者煩躁和譫妄的發(fā)生率,縮短煩躁和譫妄的持續(xù)時(shí)間[6]。綜上所述,右美托咪定術(shù)中持續(xù)靜脈輸注可增強(qiáng)老年患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥的用量,并且降低術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率,是一種良好的輔助用藥。
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Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Analgesia and the Incidence of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients
ZHOU Dong-min1,2, DONG Zi-ming1
(1 Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China; 2 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China)
Objective To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia and the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients. Methods Sixty elderly patients waiting for the selective orthopaedics operation with general anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of 2 groups (n=30 each): dexmedetomidine group (A group) and physiological-saline group (B group). In A group, patients received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride infusion in 10 min using syringe pump (0.5 μg/kg) before induction, then dexmedetomidine was administrated continually at the rate of 0.2 μg/(kg·h) until the end of operation. In B group, physiological-saline was given. All the patients of both groups received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with sufentanyl. The visual analogue scores(VAS) of pain at the time of 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h post-operation, as well as the times of PCIA in 12 h and 24 h postoperation were recorded. The occurrence of postoperative delirium was evaluated regularly until the seventh postoperative day. Results Compared with B group, the times of PCIA in 12 h and 24 h post-operation was significantly reduced (P<0.05) and VAS score at the time of 2 h, 4 h, 6 h post-operation decreased (P<0.05), as well as the occurrence of postoperative delirium was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in A group. Conclusion In the elderly patients, intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine can effectively assist the postoperative analgesic efficacy and reduce the occurrence of postoperative delirium.
Dexmedetomidine; Elderly patient; Postoperative analgesia; Postoperative delirium
R614
:B
:1671-8194(2014)07-0053-02
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