李建軍(綜述) 杜 銘(審校)
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院胸心外科,重慶 400016)
肺部局限性磨玻璃樣密度影文獻(xiàn)綜述
李建軍(綜述) 杜 銘(審校)
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院胸心外科,重慶 400016)
肺部磨玻璃樣密度影是一種非特異性的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)。近年來,隨著高分辨率CT的廣泛應(yīng)用,其檢出率逐年增高。有研究顯示肺部磨玻璃樣密度影與肺癌,特別是早期肺癌有一定的相關(guān)性。
磨玻璃樣密度影;肺癌;外科處理
近年來,隨著CT的普及,高分辨率CT的廣泛應(yīng)用及低劑量螺旋CT的篩查,使磨玻璃樣密度影(ground glass opacity,GGO)的發(fā)現(xiàn)率逐年升高,如何恰當(dāng)評(píng)估,何時(shí)以及如何處理GGO是胸外科醫(yī)師面臨的重要課題。故本文擬結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)對(duì)GGO進(jìn)行綜述。
肺部磨玻璃密度影(Ground glass opacity,GGO):是指在高分辨力CT(High-resolution CT,HRCT)上表現(xiàn)為肺密度輕度增加,但其內(nèi)的支氣管及肺血管紋理仍可顯示[1],是一種非特異性的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),可見于肺部多種炎癥等良性及腫瘤性病變.目前發(fā)現(xiàn)此征象常為早期肺癌,特別是肺部小腺癌及細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌的早期表現(xiàn)[2]。其病理基礎(chǔ)為病變的血管及支氣管形成的間隙增厚,肺泡含氣量減少形成磨玻璃樣變。
按照磨玻璃密度影的分布范圍可分為彌漫性和局限性兩大類,前者在HRCT表現(xiàn)為肺野內(nèi)彌漫分布的邊界不清的略高密度影,多見于過敏性肺炎、肺水腫等良性疾病的早期階段.而磨玻璃密度影較局限的則稱為局限性GGO(Focal GGO,fGGO),fGGO再據(jù)HRCT上是否含有實(shí)性組織成分,又分成單純型和混合型。單純型整個(gè)病灶密度淺淡,只能在CT肺窗下看到,而混合型內(nèi)部見部分實(shí)性組織,在CT肺窗及縱隔窗下均可見。
目前多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為fGGO與早期肺癌尤其是早期細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌密切相關(guān)[3-5],Hascgawa通過對(duì)17 892例志愿者檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)80例表現(xiàn)為fGGO的原發(fā)性肺癌,檢出率為0.46%,Nakajima等對(duì)20例fGGO表現(xiàn)的病例,通過對(duì)HRCT與病理對(duì)照研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌10例,肺腺癌2例,不典型腺瘤樣增生5例,肺良性病變3例。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為不典型腺瘤樣增生(atypical adenomatous hyperplasia,AAH)是癌前病變,表現(xiàn)為局限性磨玻璃影。
目前對(duì)于良、惡性GGO的鑒別是臨床醫(yī)師面臨的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),彌漫性GGO多為各種肺炎等良性病變,而fGGO的鑒別較困難,結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)可一下方面著手:①病灶大?。翰≡睿?0 mm提示惡性腫瘤的概率較大,Nakata等[6]認(rèn)為肺癌的平均直徑大部分都大于良性病變,但其價(jià)值有限。②實(shí)性成分所占百分比:惡性fGGO內(nèi)部不均質(zhì)實(shí)性成分的比例較良性著大,Nakata等[6]認(rèn)為不均質(zhì)實(shí)性成分比例越大,惡性的比例越高。③球形或結(jié)節(jié)狀fGGO:多為惡性。肺炎若范圍局限也可呈磨玻璃密度影,但其周圍模糊不清;肺癌的磨玻璃密度影雖然模糊,但邊界尚可判斷。④分葉征和毛刺征:毛刺多見于細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌和腺癌,而大多良性病變無分葉征和毛刺征。Aoki等[7]認(rèn)為,表現(xiàn)為GGO的細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌無毛刺。但Nakajima等[5]則認(rèn)為毛刺可見于細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌和結(jié)節(jié)影的腺癌,而分葉只見于結(jié)節(jié)影的腺癌。⑤支氣管充氣征、胸膜凹陷征:在腫瘤性病灶明顯高于良性病變[8]。⑥定期密切隨訪:炎癥等大都在隨訪的6個(gè)月內(nèi)逐漸消失,若fGGO在隨訪中出現(xiàn)直徑增大、密度增加或出現(xiàn)實(shí)性成分增加則提示惡性可能.但即使fGGO長(zhǎng)期隨訪保持穩(wěn)定,惡性仍不能除外。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[7,9];惡性GGO的倍增時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。Hasegawa等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)表現(xiàn)為GGO的細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌的倍增時(shí)間為(813±375)d,表現(xiàn)為結(jié)節(jié)影的腺癌的倍增時(shí)間為(149±125)d;而Aoki等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)支氣管肺泡癌的倍增時(shí)間可達(dá)662~1486 d,故一般認(rèn)為腫瘤體積倍增時(shí)間大于2年者,基本為良性病變有一定誤區(qū),應(yīng)予足夠重視。⑦癌胚抗原(Carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA):Sakuma等[10]報(bào)道了1例,其血清CEA值明顯升高,經(jīng)手術(shù)治療后逐漸下降至正常,但目前缺乏CEA與GGO相關(guān)性的大樣本研究,有待進(jìn)一步探索。
對(duì)于單純型GGO,Li等[11]認(rèn)為應(yīng)給予抗炎治療,觀察隨訪3~6個(gè)月。而Khokhar等[12]認(rèn)為這期間無抗生素使用指征,僅需復(fù)查CT,確定病變是否存在。對(duì)于混合型GGO,出現(xiàn)支氣管充氣征、胸膜凹陷征、分葉或毛刺等典型惡性征象或高度懷疑惡性時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)手術(shù)。或在隨訪期間,出現(xiàn)病灶增大,密度增高,出現(xiàn)不均質(zhì)實(shí)性成分增加,也應(yīng)考慮手術(shù)處理。對(duì)于病灶無明顯變化,隨訪6個(gè)月以上著,不能除外AAH或肺癌,與患者及家屬溝通后也可以考慮手術(shù)治療。
目前對(duì)CT上表現(xiàn)為fGGO,高度懷疑惡性的病例,其手術(shù)方式尚未統(tǒng)一,我們認(rèn)為,應(yīng)首選胸腔鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù),因其具有創(chuàng)傷小,對(duì)患者打擊小,恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。根據(jù)術(shù)前CT定位,若位于肺邊緣,應(yīng)用胸腔鏡處理;若位于肺實(shí)質(zhì),可采用腔鏡器械或單個(gè)手指利用腔鏡孔探查,感覺質(zhì)韌的病灶,若仍不能確認(rèn)病灶,可輔助小切口,以手指探查,確認(rèn)病灶后,可行楔形切除,行術(shù)中冰凍,報(bào)告良性或不典型腺瘤樣增生,可僅行局部切除。若為惡性,目前觀點(diǎn)不一。Suzuki等[13]認(rèn)為,若GGO內(nèi)實(shí)性成分比例越多,其侵襲性及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的概率越大。Matsuguma等[14]也認(rèn)為GGO實(shí)性成分超過50%,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的概率增大。Infante等[15]研究顯示,單純性GGO推薦行肺段切除+淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),因其術(shù)后5年生存率與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肺葉切除術(shù)相當(dāng),而標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肺葉切除術(shù)適用于如肺段切除有困難時(shí)的手術(shù)方式。Rusch等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)<20 mm的肺癌>50%的GGO淋巴結(jié)100%陰性,故可以考慮僅行楔形切除,而無需作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的肺葉切除+淋巴結(jié)清掃。Yamada等[17]對(duì)29例直徑≤20 mm的以GGO表現(xiàn)得肺癌僅行胸腔鏡下肺葉楔形切除術(shù),術(shù)后隨訪29.3個(gè)月,未見腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移.但此結(jié)果病例較少,且非隨機(jī)研究,而且腫瘤的侵犯程度無法預(yù)先判斷,所以Ginsberg等[18]認(rèn)為楔形切除在GGO中的價(jià)值有限,且增加局部復(fù)發(fā)的概率,即使<10 mm的病灶也有10%存在葉內(nèi)淋巴結(jié)播撒可能,因此推薦行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的肺葉切除+淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。但也應(yīng)綜合分析,如患者年齡、一般情況、心肺等重要臟器功能等,如患者高齡,心肺功能差,局部切除也可以考慮。Rusch等[16]、Yamada等[17]認(rèn)為GGO局部切除療效較佳。而Shi等[19]通過對(duì)185例直徑≤20 mm的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)的臨床病理分析發(fā)現(xiàn),直徑≤10 mm 的GGO患者,無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,術(shù)后5年生存率為94.74%,無復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移,而直徑>10 mm的GGO患者均有不同程度的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,故淋巴結(jié)清掃僅對(duì)直徑大于10 mm的GGO病例有意義。Ohta等[20]及Ken等[21]報(bào)道單純GGO肺癌5年生存率達(dá)100%,因此術(shù)后不需要化療和放療。
目前對(duì)高度懷疑惡性的GGO手術(shù)方式尚無大樣本、前瞻性的研究,故對(duì)不同術(shù)式、是否清掃淋巴結(jié)及術(shù)后是否需輔助治療等尚有待進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大病例數(shù),進(jìn)行隨機(jī)多中心的研究。
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Focal Ground Glass Opacity in the Lung: Review of Literature
LI Jian-jun, DU Ming
(Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China)
Ground glass opacity in the lung is a non-specific Imaging.In recent years, its detection rate is increased year by year with the widespread use of High- resolution CT.Studies have shown that the ground glass opacity in the lung has some relation with lung cancer, particularly early stage lung cancer.
Ground glass opacity; Lung cancer; Surgical treatment
R655.3
:A
:1671-8194(2014)05-0050-03