朱 江
四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科 成都 610041
腦膜瘤是第二位最常見(jiàn)的顱內(nèi)良性腫瘤,占原發(fā)性腦腫瘤的15%~24%。大多數(shù)腦膜瘤僅以每年2.4mm的速度緩慢生長(zhǎng)。由于其生長(zhǎng)緩慢,多數(shù)腦膜瘤直至體積很大才會(huì)出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀。巨大腦膜瘤占我院腦膜瘤患者的35.3%。腦膜瘤因其壓迫臨近神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能缺損、局灶性或全身性癲癇發(fā)作。腦膜瘤可通過(guò)外科手術(shù)、分割放療或立體定向放射外科治療,對(duì)于巨大腦膜瘤,外科手術(shù)是首選。外科手術(shù)目的是完整切除腫瘤并連同周邊腦膜和顱骨一并切除。腦膜瘤手術(shù)預(yù)后由多種因素決定,如術(shù)前患者全身狀況、腫瘤位置和大小以及腫瘤切除程度,均可影響術(shù)后患者病死率、病殘率和復(fù)發(fā)率[1-3]。
1.1 一般資料 回顧性分析我科2009-01—2011-12經(jīng)外科手術(shù)治療并經(jīng)最終病理報(bào)告證實(shí)的巨大腦膜瘤患者28例,男11例,女17例;年齡32~68歲,平均54.6歲。臨床表現(xiàn)主訴頭痛18例,肌力減弱12例,惡心嘔吐10例,癲癇9例,視乳頭水腫14例,視神經(jīng)萎縮5例,精神異常7例,視野缺損4例。
1.2 方法 所有患者均行顯微外科手術(shù)切除腫瘤,均最大程度全切,包括受侵的硬腦膜和顱骨。個(gè)別患者無(wú)法行SimpsonⅠ級(jí)切除,最后電凝硬腦膜,行SimpsonⅡ級(jí)切除。術(shù)中注意腫瘤與正常腦組織交界處的蛛網(wǎng)膜平面,確保無(wú)腫瘤殘留,并嚴(yán)密止血。缺損的硬腦膜均以患者顱骨骨膜移植修補(bǔ)或人工腦膜補(bǔ)片修補(bǔ),缺損顱骨行顱骨修補(bǔ)成形術(shù)。術(shù)后所有患者均在我院ICU密切監(jiān)護(hù)至少1d,后轉(zhuǎn)回普通病房繼續(xù)治療。
按照Simpson分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Ⅰ級(jí)切除20例,Ⅱ級(jí)切除5例,Ⅲ級(jí)切除3例。其中位于凸面(含矢狀竇旁)17例,大腦鐮4例,嗅溝3例,鞍結(jié)節(jié)和蝶骨嵴2例,后顱窩2例。對(duì)于次全切除患者術(shù)后補(bǔ)充伽瑪?shù)吨委?。所有患者術(shù)后平均隨訪24個(gè)月,2例復(fù)發(fā)。
原發(fā)性腦腫瘤中腦膜瘤占12%~20.5%,發(fā)病率約2/100 000~15/100 000,女性較男性多見(jiàn),發(fā)病年齡常見(jiàn)于40~60歲[3-6]。Curry等報(bào)道,15 028例患者的平均年齡為59歲,男女比率為3∶7。盡管94%的腦膜瘤為良性,但惡性和非典型性腦膜瘤的發(fā)病率分別為5%、1%[7-9]。本組患者病理結(jié)果均為腦膜瘤(WHOⅠ級(jí)),無(wú)惡性腦膜瘤。
巨大腦膜瘤的解剖學(xué)位置與其他腦膜瘤相似,但在蝶骨嵴區(qū)域、橋小腦角和小腦幕相對(duì)少見(jiàn)[10-12]。本組研究中多數(shù)病人在40~60歲發(fā)現(xiàn),且女性更多見(jiàn)。腦膜瘤的基底部常位于大腦凸面和矢狀竇旁(60.7%),部分位于大腦鐮(14.3%)、嗅溝(10.7%)、鞍結(jié)節(jié)和蝶骨嵴(7.1%)以及后顱窩(7.1%)。巨大腦膜瘤患者最常見(jiàn)的癥狀主要有頭痛(62%)、肢體肌力減弱(46%)、視乳頭水腫(41%)、視野缺損(38%)、癲癇(35%)、惡心嘔吐(27%)、腦神經(jīng)麻痹(26%)、精神異常(25%)和視神經(jīng)萎縮(22%)[13]。本文患者主訴為頭痛(64.3%)、肌力減弱(42.9%)、惡心嘔吐(35.7%)、癲癇(32.1%)、視乳頭水腫(50%)、視神經(jīng)萎縮(17.9%)、精神異常(25%)、視野缺損(14.3%)。
CT和MRI不僅在腦膜瘤的早期診斷中有用,而且對(duì)于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)腦膜瘤復(fù)發(fā)也有作用。血管成像用于觀察腫瘤的血供。術(shù)前栓塞可能有助于減少術(shù)中出血并縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間[14]。本組1例橋小腦角腦膜瘤患者給予術(shù)前栓塞從而使術(shù)中腫瘤出血明顯減少。
Ojemann等[11]在255例患者的治療中,71.7%的患者成功全切,11.7%的患者大部切除,17%的患者部分切除,預(yù)后良好者92.5%,預(yù)后差者2%,復(fù)發(fā)率7%,病死率0.4%。另一項(xiàng)研究中[10],83%的病例大部切除,17%的病例部分切除,術(shù)后神經(jīng)功能缺損患者10.8%,腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率22%,病死率4%。在巨大腦膜瘤患者中,全切率較低。Tuna等[12]報(bào)道63.4%的患者全切,18.3%大部切除,17.2%部分切除。本組全切者71.4%,大部切除21.4%,部分切除7.1%。
嗅溝和鞍結(jié)節(jié)腦膜瘤是前顱窩最常見(jiàn)的腫瘤。Bassiouni等[14]認(rèn)為對(duì)于侵犯前顱底的腫瘤應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇雙側(cè)額葉入路。在巨大嗅溝腦膜瘤中,最常見(jiàn)的癥狀為嗅覺(jué)缺失、精神異常和頭痛[13]。本組3例患者均全切,在隨后的24個(gè)月隨訪中未見(jiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。
在巨大蝶骨嵴腦膜瘤中,Nakamura等[15]報(bào)道在無(wú)海綿竇侵犯的39例患者中,全切率92.3%,復(fù)發(fā)率7.7%;而在69例侵犯海綿竇的患者中,全切率為14.5%,復(fù)發(fā)率27.5%。在隨后平均79個(gè)月的隨訪中,在無(wú)海綿竇侵犯的患者中視力改善56%,在有海綿竇侵犯的患者中視力改善30%。
在后顱窩的巨大腦膜瘤中,由于腫瘤與周圍神經(jīng)血管結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)系緊密,故給手術(shù)帶來(lái)很大困難。因此,此類病例全切率較低,而發(fā)病率和病死率較高[16-17]。Jiang等[18]報(bào)道的全切率為78.6%,復(fù)發(fā)率3.7%。本組患者中,后顱窩2例巨大腦膜瘤均行大部切除,術(shù)后給予補(bǔ)充伽瑪?shù)吨委煛?/p>
巨大腦膜瘤患者癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間直接影響了患者術(shù)后預(yù)后[12-14,19]。Tuna等[12]報(bào)道術(shù)后預(yù)后良好者在癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間<2a的患者中為85.7%,但在癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間>2a的患者中為64.9%。Ojemann等[10]認(rèn)為癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)率無(wú)影響。在術(shù)前有癲癇病史的患者中,術(shù)后癲癇發(fā)生率為20%~37.7%。Tuna等[12]認(rèn)為雖然術(shù)后患者癲癇發(fā)生率較術(shù)前高,但位于大腦凸面和中1/3矢狀竇旁的腦膜瘤患者癲癇發(fā)生率更高。本組患者中,術(shù)前均給予抗癲癇藥物治療,術(shù)后對(duì)于之前有癲癇病史的患者,我們推薦繼續(xù)口服抗癲癇藥1~2a,而之前無(wú)癲癇病史的患者我們推薦術(shù)后口服2周后停藥。在隨后的隨訪中,患者均未發(fā)生癲癇發(fā)作。
腫瘤的大小和位置是決定腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率的最重要因素[10]。當(dāng)腫瘤被全切時(shí),復(fù)發(fā)率可能更低。然而,蝶骨嵴腦膜瘤的復(fù)發(fā)率最高(>20%),矢狀竇旁區(qū)域腦膜瘤復(fù)發(fā)率8%~14%,凸面和鞍上腦膜瘤復(fù)發(fā)率為5%~10%[20]。Meixensberger等[21]對(duì)385例腦膜瘤手術(shù)患者發(fā)病率和病死率的危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行分析,術(shù)后第1個(gè)月的病死率為4.2%,截止術(shù)后第6個(gè)月病死率7.3%,而住院時(shí)間超過(guò)1個(gè)月的患者15.6%。在Simpson[22]的病例中,腫瘤及其附屬腦膜全切者復(fù)發(fā)率為9%;Chan和Thompson報(bào)道為11%,而對(duì)于腫瘤全切,附屬腦膜給予燒灼處理者,Simpson報(bào)道復(fù)發(fā)率為19%,Chan和Thompson報(bào)道為22%。Tuna報(bào)道對(duì)58例全切患者平均4.3a的隨訪中均未發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),而在次全切患者中復(fù)發(fā)率為56%。類似數(shù)據(jù)Chan和Thompson報(bào)道為37%,Simpson報(bào)道為40%。在我們的研究中,對(duì)20例全切患者平均24個(gè)月的隨訪中均未發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。
近年來(lái),大量的放射治療方式被用于治療巨大腦膜瘤次全切除后的輔助治療,以防止腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),如伽瑪?shù)?、射波刀、直線加速器以及外照射[23-30]。
總之,對(duì)于巨大腦膜瘤,腫瘤的大小、切除程度、腫瘤位置均對(duì)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)和患者預(yù)后有重要影響。顯微外科手術(shù)治療仍是巨大腦膜瘤的首選治療。
[1] Bassiouni H,Asgari S,Stolke D.Tuberculum sellaee meningiomas:functional outcome in a consecutive series treated microsurgically[J].Surg Neurol,2006,66:37-44.
[2] Mendelhall WM,William AF,Amdur RJ.Management of benign skull base meningiomas:a review[J].Skull Base,2004,14:53-60.
[3] Kollova A,Liscak R,Novotny J Jr,et al.Gamma knife surgery for benign meningioma[J].J Neurosurg,2007,107:325-336.
[4] Rockhill J,Mrugala M,Chamberlain MC.Intracranial meningi-omas:an overview of diagnosis and treatment[J].Neurosurg Focus,2007,23:E1.
[5] Ware LM,Lal A,McDermott MW.Meningiomas.In:Baehring JM,Piepmeier JM,eds.Brain Tumors:Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment[M].New York:Informa Healthcare,2007:307-323.
[6] Al-Mefty O,Kadri PA,Pravdenkova S,et al.Malignant progression in meningioma:documentation of a series and analysis of cytogenetic findings[J].J Neurosurg,2004,101:210-218.
[7] Curry WT,M cDermott MW,Carter BS,et al.Craniotomy for meningioma in the United States between 1988and 2000:decreasing rate of mortality and the effect of provider caseload[J].J Neurosurg,2005,102:977-986.
[8] Wilson CB.Meningiomas:genetics,malignancy,and the role of radiation induction and treatment[J].J Neurosurg,1994,81:666-675.
[9] Chan RC,Thompson GB.Morbidity,mortality and quality of life following surgery for intracranial meningiomas:a retrospective study in 257cases[J].J Neurosurg,1984,60:52-60.
[10] Ojemann RG.Supratentorial meningiomas:clinical features and surgical management.In:Wilkins RH,Rengachary SS,eds.Neuro-surgery[M].2nd ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,1996:873-890.
[11] Kadis GN,Mount LA,Ganti SR.The importance o f e arly diagnosis and treatment of the meningiomas o f the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellaee:a retrospective stu dy of 105cases[J].Surg Neurol,1979,12:367-371.
[12] Tuna M,Gocer AI,Gezercan Y,et al.Huge meningiomas:a review of 93cases[J].Skull Base Surg,1999,9:227-238.
[13] Chun JY,McDermott MW,Lamborn KR,et al.Delayed surgical resection reduces intraoperative blood loss for embolized meningi-omas[J].Neurosurgery,2002,50:1 231-1 235.
[14] Bassiouni H,Asgari S,Stolke D.Tuberculum sellaee meningiomas:functional outcome in a consecutive series treated microsurgically[J].Surg Neurol,2006,66:37-44.
[15] Nakamura M,Roser F,Jacobs C,et al.Medial sphenoid wing meningiomas:clinical outcome and recurrence rate[J].Neurosurgery,2006,58:626-639.
[16] Pater niti S,F(xiàn)iore P,Levita A,et al.B asal meni ngiomas.A retrospective study of 139surgical cases[J].J Neurosurg Sci,1999,43:107-113.
[17] Zachenhofer I,Wolfsberger S,Aichholzer M,et al.Gammaknife radiosurgery for cranial base meningiomas:experience of tumor control,clinical course,and morbidity in a follow-up of more than 8years[J].Neurosurgery,2006,58:28-36.
[18] Jiang YG,Xiang J,Wen F,et al.Microsurgical excision of the large or giant cerebellopontine angle meningioma[J].Minim Invasive Neurourg,2006,49:43-48.
[19] Symon L,Rosenstein J.Surgical management of suprasellaer meningioma:Part 1.The influence of tumor size,duration of symptoms,and microsurgery on surgical outcome in 101consecutive cases[J].J Neurosurg,1984,61:633-641.
[20] Kallio M,Sankila R,Hakulinen T,et al.Factors affecting operative and excess longterm mortality in 935patients with intracranial meningioma[J].Neurosurgery,1992,31:2-12.
[21] Meixensberger J,Meister T,Jonha M,et al.Factors influencing morbidity and mortality after cranial meningioma surgery—a multivariant analysis[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,1996,65:99-101.
[22] Simpson D.The recurrence of intracranial meningiomas after surgical treatment[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,1957,20:22-39.
[23] Black PM,Villavicencio AT,Rhouddou C,et al.Aggressive surgery and focal radiation in the management of meningiomas of the skull base:preservation of function with maintenance of local control[J].Acta Neurochir(Wien),2001,143:555-562.
[24] Elia AE,Shih HA,Loeffler JS.Stereotactic radiation treatment for benign meningiomas[J].Neurosurg Focus,2007,23:E5.
[25] Caroli E,Orlando ER,Mastronardi L,et al.Meningiomas infiltrating the superior sagittal sinus:surgical considerations of 328cases[J].Neurosurg Rev,2006,29:236-241.
[26] Condra KS,Buatti JM,M endenhall WM,et al.Benign meningi-omas:primary treatment selection affects survival[J].Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1997,39:427-436.
[27] DiMeco F,Li KW,Casali C,et al.Meningiomas invading the superior sagittal sinus:surgical experience in 108cases[J].Neuro-surgery,2004,55:1 263-1 272.
[28] Nakamura M,Struck M,Roser F,et al.Olfactory groove meningiomas:clinical outcome and recurrence rates after tumor removal through the frontolateral and bifrontal approach[J].Neuro-surgery,2007,60:844-852.
[29] Petty AM,Kun LE,Meyer GA.Radiation therapy for incompletely resected meningiomas[J].J Neurosurg,1985,62:502-507.
[30] Soyuer S,Chang EL,Selek U,et al.Radiotherapy after surgery for benign cerebral meningioma[J].Radiother Oncol,2004,71:85-90.