高鴻敏,高麗華
心力衰竭(heart failure,HF,心衰)是心血管疾病的終末階段,盡管目前對心衰的診斷治療有了很大的發(fā)展,但其發(fā)病率及死亡率仍然很高。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)65歲以上的患者約80%的男性及70%的女性在初次診斷心衰后的8年內(nèi)死亡。因此早期識(shí)別和診斷心衰,評(píng)估高危心衰患者的近期和遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后,針對心肌重塑的機(jī)制,積極進(jìn)行治療,防止和延緩心肌重塑的發(fā)展,從而降低心衰的死亡率和住院率是每一位醫(yī)學(xué)工作者的重要責(zé)任。
腦鈉肽(BNP)和血清氨基末端腦鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP)是目前臨床上常規(guī)用于心衰診斷、治療的生物標(biāo)志物。由于BNP/NT-proBNP血清(漿)水平受到年齡、性別、腎功能等諸多因素影響,且對心衰A期和B期無法提供早期預(yù)警,因此許多以BNP作為指導(dǎo)心衰治療的靶點(diǎn)的許多大型臨床試驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果(包括TIME-CHF、BATTLESCARRED和PRIMA等)并不樂觀。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3)在心衰病理生理學(xué)方面有一定作用,是新的心衰生物標(biāo)志物。本文將Galectin-3與心衰的相關(guān)臨床研究做一綜述。
Galectin-3是半乳糖凝集素家族的重要成員之一,分子量大小為31 kD。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,Galectin-3在巨噬細(xì)胞、嗜酸性細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞及肥大細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá)。Galectin-3主要定位于細(xì)胞質(zhì),但在細(xì)胞核和細(xì)胞表面也有表達(dá)[1,2]。Galectin-3可參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞黏附,具有參與血管形成及炎癥反應(yīng)等多項(xiàng)生物學(xué)功能[3]。既往關(guān)于Galectin-3的研究多集中在Galectin-3與甲狀腺癌、結(jié)腸癌等腫瘤增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移方面[4]。2006年始,荷蘭科學(xué)家注意到Galectin-3與心衰的相關(guān)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3不僅能夠幫助診斷心衰,而且可以預(yù)測心衰后60天內(nèi)有生命危險(xiǎn)的患者,Galectin-3的表達(dá)對于心衰的預(yù)后評(píng)估具有重要意義[5]。2010,F(xiàn)DA批準(zhǔn)了Galectin-3作為心血管疾病生物標(biāo)志物的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn),近幾年Galectin-3已成為歐美國家臨床診斷和評(píng)估近期預(yù)后的新的心衰生物標(biāo)志物。
2.1 Galectin-3與炎癥和心肌纖維化文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,炎癥細(xì)胞因子的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)對于心衰的發(fā)生、發(fā)展具有重要作用,心衰過程有持續(xù)性的全身性炎癥反應(yīng)[6]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,大部分炎癥因子具有負(fù)性肌力作用,可以降低心肌收縮力和心輸出量,促進(jìn)胰島素抵抗、內(nèi)皮損傷及血液出現(xiàn)高凝狀態(tài)等。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3是一種強(qiáng)大的促炎因子,在急性炎癥反應(yīng)中可刺激中性粒細(xì)胞激活和黏附,促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)。而在慢性炎癥反應(yīng)中可刺激單核巨噬細(xì)胞及纖維細(xì)胞的活化,促進(jìn)纖維化進(jìn)程[7]。
心衰的病理基礎(chǔ)為心室重構(gòu),而心室重構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)為心肌纖維化。Thandavarayan等[8]在左室收縮功能障礙的動(dòng)物模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3的表達(dá)水平明顯增高。Sharma等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3在失代償心衰組中表達(dá)比代償組明顯增高。多項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)研究證實(shí)Galectin-3能介導(dǎo)心肌中的巨噬細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞浸潤,增加心肌間質(zhì)、血管管周纖維化及心臟膠原沉積,引起心肌肥厚、心肌順應(yīng)性減弱而導(dǎo)致心衰發(fā)生。
2.2 Galectin-3在心衰診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估的臨床應(yīng)用2006年發(fā)表的PRIDE研究[5]首次評(píng)估了Galectin-3與心衰的關(guān)系。該研究納入了599例因急性呼吸困難就醫(yī)的患者(其中209例患者確診為急性心衰),檢測了患者血漿中NT-proBNP、Galectin-3、Apelin表達(dá)水平,評(píng)估了應(yīng)用NT-proBNP、Galectin-3、Apelin診斷急性心衰、鑒別心源性呼吸困難和肺源性呼吸困難的意義。其研究結(jié)果顯示,相比于NT-proBNP和Apelin,Galectin-3對于心衰預(yù)后評(píng)估具有更好的評(píng)估價(jià)值, Galectin-3是評(píng)估心衰患者60天死亡率,以及心衰再住院率的重要依據(jù)。Milting等[10]對55例需機(jī)械輔助循環(huán)(MCS)的終末期心衰患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿Galectin-3在30天的機(jī)械輔助循環(huán)治療后無明顯下降,而BNP則下降明顯,提示Galectin-3與心衰的關(guān)系是非容量依賴性的。此外對于Galectin-3的檢測,無論是急性心衰入院時(shí)抑或住院期間,Galectin-3的表達(dá)水平是一致的。
Galectin-3不僅可以用于心衰的診斷,而且可以預(yù)測具有心衰危險(xiǎn)因素的人群發(fā)生心衰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Lin等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在校正年齡、性別、吸煙 、紐約心功能分級(jí)(NYHA分級(jí))等諸因素后,Galectin-3表達(dá)與纖維化相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物PIIINP、MMP-2具有顯著的相關(guān)性,Galectin-3的表達(dá)水平可以反映心肌纖維化的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。PROVE-IT TIMI22[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ACS患者Galectin-3水平越高,其發(fā)生心衰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大。Ho[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3可幫助預(yù)測普通人群心衰發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3對于評(píng)估心衰預(yù)后,評(píng)估心衰后再住院率、死亡率、優(yōu)化治療方案有重要意義。Shah等[14]在pride亞組研究(ADHF-Pride-Echo Substudy)中對115例因急性呼吸困難而急診入院的患者進(jìn)行了隨訪(其中76 例確診為急性左心衰),檢測其入院時(shí)Galectin-3水平,應(yīng)用超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和心功能。隨訪4年,記錄心衰再入院率及死亡率。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3是獨(dú)立于心功能的危險(xiǎn)指標(biāo),是預(yù)測心衰明確診斷后4年內(nèi)死亡率的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,對于心衰患者的治療方案優(yōu)化具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。Lok等[15]在DEAL-HF研究中,對232例老年心衰患者(95%患者的心功能為NYHA Ⅲ級(jí))進(jìn)行隨訪,分析了心衰再入院率及死亡率。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在其進(jìn)行的6.5年隨訪中,98例患者死亡。校正了年齡、性別、嚴(yán)重腎功能不全等因素后,該研究結(jié)果提示Galectin-3是反映慢性心衰患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的有意義的前瞻性預(yù)測指標(biāo)。COACH研究也分析了Galectin-3表達(dá)水平與心衰患者再次因心衰入院或死亡的相關(guān)性。Boer等[16]分析了592例因心衰住院的患者的心功能、Galectin-3、BNP等表達(dá)并隨訪18個(gè)月,觀察全因死亡率和心衰再入院率。發(fā)現(xiàn)Galectin-3對射血分?jǐn)?shù)保留心力衰竭患者的預(yù)后評(píng)估價(jià)值優(yōu)于射血分?jǐn)?shù)減低心力衰竭患者。聯(lián)合應(yīng)用BNP及Galectin-3評(píng)估心衰預(yù)后比單獨(dú)應(yīng)用任意一個(gè)生物標(biāo)志物的預(yù)測價(jià)值更大。Tang等[17]在類似研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)心衰患者Galectin-3水平越高,預(yù)后越差。
近期公布的幾個(gè)研究結(jié)果(如慢性心衰CARE Substudy研究、CORONA亞組研究)均證實(shí)Galectin-3與心衰事件的發(fā)生相關(guān),其濃度增高提示心衰事件發(fā)作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,且可增加心衰患者的全因死亡率。Galectin-3是評(píng)估慢性嚴(yán)重心衰患者預(yù)后及長期病死率的獨(dú)立因素[18-23]。
綜上所述,既往的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究表明,Galectin-3通過參與炎癥反應(yīng)以及心肌纖維化等病理過程,參與了心衰的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,對預(yù)測心衰的發(fā)生、預(yù)后評(píng)估、優(yōu)化治療具有重要作用,是臨床實(shí)踐中與心衰的診斷和治療密切相關(guān)的重要生物標(biāo)志物。抑制Galectin-3的表達(dá)對于預(yù)防和逆轉(zhuǎn)心肌纖維化可能是預(yù)防、治療心衰的新靶點(diǎn)[24]。隨著基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究的深入,血漿Galectin-3濃度測定很有可能作為評(píng)估心功能的一項(xiàng)重要補(bǔ)充,成為心內(nèi)科一項(xiàng)簡便易行的常規(guī)檢查。
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