Neil MacGregor
又一個(gè)炎熱的八月到了,學(xué)了多年英語的你知道August這個(gè)詞的來歷嗎?它與西方歷史上一個(gè)赫赫有名的政治家有關(guān)。他是羅馬帝國的開國君主、愷撒大帝的甥孫和養(yǎng)子。他憑極大膽的手腕奪取了政權(quán),用極審慎的智慧統(tǒng)治羅馬帝國。羅馬帝國給了他近乎絕對的權(quán)力,他給了羅馬四十年的國內(nèi)和平與持續(xù)的繁榮,史稱“羅馬和平時(shí)期”。他是古羅馬史上至關(guān)重要的角色,他開創(chuàng)了羅馬帝國的輝煌,還不忘精心策劃自己的公眾形象。他就是大名鼎鼎的奧古斯都。
m looking into the eyes of one of the most famous leaders in the history of the world—Caesar Augustus, the first Roman Emperor. We have his bronze head here in the Roman galleries in the British Museum and, 1)tarnished as it is, it radiates 2)charisma and raw power. Its impossible to walk past. The eyes are dramatic and piercing. And wherever you stand, they wont look at you—he is looking past you, beyond you, to something much more important: his future.
這一刻,我正注視著人類歷史上最有名的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之一 —— 古羅馬帝國的開國君主愷撒·奧古斯都的眼睛。奧古斯都的青銅頭像如今擺放在英國大英博物館的羅馬展廳里。盡管它已經(jīng)失去了原有的光澤,但卻依舊散發(fā)著不一般的魅力和不怒自威的威嚴(yán)。你根本無法從他的面前匆匆而過。他的雙眼生動有神,且頗具穿透力,但是,不管你站在哪里,這雙眼睛都不會直視你,而是越過你,看著你身后一個(gè)更重要的地方——他的未來。
The curling hair is short and boyish, slightly 3)tousled, but its a calculated tousle—one that clearly took a long time to arrange, because this is an image that has been carefully constructed, projecting just the right mix of youth and authority, beauty and strength, will and power.
His head is a bit over life-size, and it tilts as if hes in conversation, so that for a minute you could believe that hes just like you and me—but hes not. This is the Emperor Augustus. He has recently defeated *Anthony and *Cleopatra, he has conquered Egypt, he is well on his way now to imperial glory, and is firmly embarked on an even greater journey—to become a god. His bronze, over life-sized head gives a brutally clear message: I am great; I am your leader and I stand far above everyday politics.
And yet, ironically, we have this commanding head here at the Museum only because it was captured by an enemy and then humiliatingly buried. The glory of Augustus is not quite as 4)unalloyed as he wanted us to believe.
This head was once part of a complete statue that stood on Romes most southerly frontier, on the border between modern Egypt and Sudan, probably in the town of Syene near Aswan. In 25 BC, an invading army from the Sudanese kingdom of Mero?, led by the fierce one-eyed queen 5)Candace, captured a series of Roman forts and towns in southern Egypt. Candace and her army took our statue back to the city of Mero?, and buried the 6)severed head of the glorious Augustus beneath the steps of a temple dedicated to victory. It was a superbly calculated insult. From now on, everybody walking up the steps and into the temple would literally be crushing the Roman Emperor under their feet. And if you look closely again at the head, you can see tiny 7)grains of sand from the African desert still embedded in the surface of the bronze—a badge of shame still visible on the glory of Rome.
This eternal image would be coupled with an eternal name. After his death, Augustus was declared a god by the Senate, to be worshipped by the Romans. His titles Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and the month of Sextilis was officially renamed“*August” in his honour.
頭像上彎曲的頭發(fā)很短,像一個(gè)男孩兒。頭發(fā)有點(diǎn)亂,不過,那凌亂的頭發(fā)是精心設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)果——這顯然花了很長時(shí)間,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)形象被精心打造,旨在樹立一個(gè)既顯青春活力,又極具威嚴(yán),既帥氣,又強(qiáng)悍,既有堅(jiān)定意志,又有權(quán)力的整體形象。
這個(gè)頭像比生活中的真實(shí)尺寸要稍微大一點(diǎn)。奧古斯都的頭有一點(diǎn)歪,似乎他正與別人對話,這個(gè)動作讓你會有一瞬間覺得他就是與你我一樣的平常人,但絕對不是。他是奧古斯都皇帝。他剛剛才打敗了安東尼和埃及艷后克婁巴特拉,征服了埃及,正向著帝王榮耀邁進(jìn),并堅(jiān)定地踏上更非凡的旅程——加入神的行列。奧古斯都這個(gè)比真實(shí)尺寸要大的青銅頭像給人們傳遞了一個(gè)讓人略感不快,但卻無可否認(rèn)的信息:我無與倫比,我是你們的領(lǐng)袖,我超越了平凡的政治游戲。
不過頗具諷刺意味的是,盡管如此,我們之所以能夠在大英博物館這里看到這個(gè)威嚴(yán)的頭像是因?yàn)樗粩橙藫锶ゲ⒙窳似饋恚墒芰似鎼u大辱。奧古斯都身上的光環(huán)與他希望我們相信的有一定距離。
這個(gè)頭像曾是一尊完整塑像的一部分,塑像原本矗立在羅馬帝國最南端的邊界,也就是當(dāng)今埃及與蘇丹的邊境,可能是在阿斯旺附近的賽伊尼鎮(zhèn)上。在公元前25年,好斗的獨(dú)眼女王坎迪斯帶領(lǐng)著一支來自麥羅埃地區(qū)的蘇丹王國的軍隊(duì)連續(xù)攻陷了在埃及南部好幾個(gè)羅馬帝國的要塞堡壘和城鎮(zhèn)??驳纤古跖c她的隊(duì)伍把奧古斯都的塑像帶回麥羅埃,把被割下來的頭像埋在一座為慶祝勝利而建的神廟的臺階下。這是精心策劃的侮辱之舉:從那一刻起,所有通過臺階走進(jìn)神廟的人都會把羅馬帝國的這位君主踩在腳下。如果你再次仔細(xì)看這個(gè)頭像,你會看到來自非洲沙漠的細(xì)小沙粒還殘留在青銅頭像的表面——這是古羅馬帝國榮耀史上一個(gè)讓人無法忽視的恥辱印記。
這個(gè)永恒的形象與一個(gè)永垂青史的名字連在一起。奧古斯都去世后被羅馬帝國的元老院列入神的行列,受到古羅馬人的尊敬和愛戴。他頭銜中“奧古斯都”與“愷撒”成為后世所有君王的稱號,而羅馬歷中的六月(Sextilis)被正式改為August,以表示對他的敬意。
翻譯:丁一
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Anthony 馬克·安東尼(即Mark Anthony),約公元前83年—前30年,是一位古羅馬政治家和軍事家。他是愷撒最重要的軍隊(duì)指揮官和管理人員之一。愷撒被刺后,他與奧古斯都和雷必達(dá)一起組成了古羅馬后三頭同盟。公元前33年他與奧古斯都關(guān)系破裂,并開始內(nèi)戰(zhàn),公元前30年安東尼戰(zhàn)敗,并與埃及女王克婁巴特拉先后自殺身亡。
Cleopatra 克婁巴特拉(又譯克婁巴特拉七世、克利歐佩特拉七世、克麗奧佩特拉七世等),公元前69年—前30年,埃及托勒密王朝末代女王,先為愷撒情婦,后與安東尼結(jié)婚,安東尼潰敗后,以毒蛇自殺。她也就是后世所熟知的“埃及艷后”。
August 羅馬歷(Roman Calendar)是實(shí)行于古代羅馬王政時(shí)期的歷法,直到公元前46年被儒略歷取代為止。羅馬歷法定一年有304日,分十個(gè)月(六個(gè)月30日及4個(gè)月31日)。這十個(gè)月的名稱分別是Martius、Aprilis、Maius、Junius、Quintilis、Sextilis、September、October、November及December,以春分時(shí)節(jié)作為一年之始。Sextilis原名是“第六”的意思,據(jù)說因?yàn)閵W古斯都死于此月,元老院將此月改為他的稱號“Augustus”。