山東省臨清市 屈培華
“十招”搞定閱讀理解題(一)
山東省臨清市 屈培華
任何一篇文章,作者都在努力傳達(dá)給讀者一些信息。這些信息中,有的是文章的中心思想或者和中心思想有密切的關(guān)系,這是文章的主要信息;有的是為主旨起鋪設(shè)作用的,這是次要信息。閱讀理解題,常考查讀者對(duì)文章的關(guān)鍵信息的理解,即對(duì)文章中心思想的理解。本文將從不同角度對(duì)快速捕捉主要信息,準(zhǔn)確鎖定答案的方法進(jìn)行分析。
第一招:從篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾處找答案。
做好閱讀理解題,首要是把握文章的中心思想,這是對(duì)一篇文章理解的關(guān)鍵部分。中考閱讀理解為了考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章的理解程度,以各種方式來(lái)考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主題的理解。而文章的中心思想一般都會(huì)在文章的主題句或主題段落中。一般說(shuō)來(lái),文章的主題句往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)在篇首、篇尾或段首、段尾,因此篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾的文字是閱讀的重心所在。例如:
(2011年,河南)Everyone has got two personalities(性格)—the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real.You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control yourself,but when you’re asleep,your sleeping position shows the real you.
( )55.What does the passage tell us?
A.Sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.
B.Changing positionswill cause sleeping problems.
C.Sleeping positions show people’s secret personalities.
D.Enough sleepmakes people look better and healthier.
【思路點(diǎn)撥】該題為主旨大意題。在文章的篇首處命題,是典型的考查方式。首先點(diǎn)出“每個(gè)人的性格都具有雙重性”這一核心話題,下文一步步展開(kāi)闡述。所以從主題句我們很容易把握該題的答案。運(yùn)用此法,會(huì)更便捷、更清晰、更準(zhǔn)確地切中大多數(shù)的議論文和說(shuō)明文的主題。答案為C。
第二招:從轉(zhuǎn)折處找答案。
文章作者往往會(huì)借用轉(zhuǎn)折詞來(lái)引出某些重要的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn),轉(zhuǎn)折詞之后的內(nèi)容往往表達(dá)的是作者真實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度或?qū)懽饕鈭D,故命題人有時(shí)會(huì)圍繞轉(zhuǎn)折詞前后內(nèi)容來(lái)設(shè)題。常見(jiàn)的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞有:but,however,yet,otherwise,though,although等。例如:(2012年,山東)However,anothermother, Susan,made a different choice.She said,“My daughters have always had school dinners.I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches Imake for them.”
( )52.______would like the children to have the schoolmeals.
A.Cath B.Susan
C.Kaz D.Jamie
【思路點(diǎn)撥】該題考查對(duì)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的理解與辨認(rèn),答案為B。該題是在轉(zhuǎn)折處設(shè)題。上文介紹了一位有三個(gè)孩子的母親Cath讓自己的孩子從家里帶食物到學(xué)校去,本段作者筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn),使用轉(zhuǎn)折詞however引出Susan贊同女兒在學(xué)校吃飯,認(rèn)為在學(xué)校吃的要比自己做的好,故Susan愿意讓孩子在學(xué)校吃飯,反對(duì)孩子自己帶飯。
第三招:從對(duì)比、比較處找答案。
作者常用對(duì)比的手法來(lái)表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),比如:新與舊、好與壞、是與非、正確與錯(cuò)誤等。前后的詞有明顯的對(duì)比關(guān)系,根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容,通過(guò)這種對(duì)比關(guān)系,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的區(qū)別。比較指兩種或多種事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、缺點(diǎn)、用途、功能、原理等特點(diǎn)的比較。這些對(duì)比或比較關(guān)系是讀者理解文章時(shí)容易出偏差的地方,所以這也成為一個(gè)設(shè)題突破口。例如:
(2010年,北京)People with blood type A,for example,considered more likely to be serious,hard-working and quiet,while people with blood type O are likely to be popular and outgoing,yet often unable to finish what they start.
( )57.The writer uses blood type A and O as an example to explain______.
A.the difference between the two blood types
B.the relationship between the two blood types
C.the influence of blood type on one’s behavior
D.theconnection between personality and blood type
【思路點(diǎn)撥】該題為主旨?xì)w納題。此處把A型血與O型血人的性格進(jìn)行對(duì)比,得出兩種血型的人性格各不相同,從而得出血型與性格之間有聯(lián)系。該題是在對(duì)比之處命題,通過(guò)對(duì)比,得出兩者之間的區(qū)別,這是我們解答閱讀題特別要掌握的技巧之一。答案為D。
第四招:從并列、列舉、舉例處找答案。
并列、列舉是指多個(gè)意思相近或者相同的事物用并列連詞連接在一起的結(jié)構(gòu),最常見(jiàn)的連詞有and,or等。有時(shí)也用First...then...next...finally...;Not only...but also...;On one hand...,on the other hand...等表示順承關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)列舉出的一系列的并列的事實(shí)情況。并列處和列舉處是考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的主要設(shè)題題眼。為了使自己的觀點(diǎn)更有說(shuō)服力,更加明確,作者還經(jīng)常會(huì)使用舉例的方法來(lái)進(jìn)行論證,明顯的標(biāo)志是for example,such as,like,as,這些例子經(jīng)常會(huì)成為命題人設(shè)題的焦點(diǎn)。例如:
(2010年,湖北宜昌)“When can Iget a cellphone?”The answer is when your parents think you need one.Though many kids seem to be getting them around age 12 or 13,some younger kidsmay have them because their parents see it as a matter of safety and convenience.For example,a kid can call Mom and Dad when sports practice is over.And a cellphone can give kids almost instant access (快捷通道)to their parents if something goes wrong or they need help.It can give parents quick access to their kids so they can check on them andmake sure they’re OK.
( )56.Parents buy cellphones for their kids because______.
A.they think it is necessary
B.they think their kids are old enough
C.they have asked the author for advice
D.they want to follow their kids wherever they are
【思路點(diǎn)撥】該題為主旨?xì)w納題。文章開(kāi)頭提到何時(shí)買手機(jī)由父母決定。后用 for example引出例子,舉例證實(shí)這一觀點(diǎn)。此處舉例論證了該段的主旨大意:父母為孩子買手機(jī)因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為很有必要。答案為A。
第五招:從指代關(guān)系處找答案。
為了簡(jiǎn)單明了地表達(dá)事物及邏輯關(guān)系,文章有時(shí)利用各種代詞來(lái)代替上下文提到過(guò)的人、物或事。當(dāng)代詞前后的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜時(shí),這種指代關(guān)系往往不容易區(qū)分清楚??疾榇~是閱讀理解部分常見(jiàn)的一個(gè)測(cè)試項(xiàng)目,主要用來(lái)測(cè)試考生對(duì)文章中出現(xiàn)的詞或詞組的指代意義的理解能力。例如:
(2010年,廣東廣州)I heard a low hum (嗡嗡聲),which was growing louder.From a distance,the group of bees looked almost like a cloud of smoke.As it got closer,I realized it was actually thousands of bees flying towards me.
( )47.The underlined word“it”refers to ______.
A.a rock B.the group of bees
C.a hill D.the river
【思路點(diǎn)撥】該題為事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。該題是在指代關(guān)系處設(shè)題。it指上文提到的a group of bees。答案為B。