摘要:在書面英語寫作中,措詞不僅要意義準(zhǔn)確,語法正確,而且要盡量做到措詞多樣化,即用不同的表達方式表達重復(fù)的意思,以取得更好的效果。文章以報刊雜志英文為取證對象,總結(jié)寫作中措詞多樣化技巧。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有六種常用的指代技巧避免措詞重復(fù):代詞替代、近義詞替代、同根詞替代、上下義詞替代、詞組單詞交替和語境中的近義替換。
關(guān)鍵詞:近義詞;同根詞;重復(fù)
一、前言
在英語寫作中,我們不僅要做到意義準(zhǔn)確,語法正確,而且要措詞多樣化,即用不同的表達方式表達重復(fù)的意思,以取得更好的效果。一般說來,除非有意強調(diào)或出于修辭的需要,英語總的趨勢是盡量避免重復(fù)。講英語的人往往對隨意重復(fù)相同的詞語感到厭煩,因為它使語言顯得枯燥單調(diào)。本文總結(jié)書面英語中措詞多元化技巧,所選例子均來自中國研究生入學(xué)考試閱讀文章。(考研閱讀來源為英美國家著名報刊雜志,如《新聞周刊》、《華盛頓郵報》等)
二、詞匯多樣化技巧
(一) 代詞避免重復(fù):在英語中代詞指代前面的內(nèi)容,是最簡單,也是最常用的一種避免重復(fù)的手段.
1. We have a crisis on our hands. You mean global warming? The world economy? No, the decline of reading. People are just not doing it anymore, especially the young.
2. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
在例一中,it指代前面的reading,例二中,them指代上文的individuals,都做到了避免重復(fù)。如果這兩個地方重復(fù)使用相同的單詞,則顯得不自然,效果欠佳。
(二)同根詞轉(zhuǎn)換:英語中一個單詞往往可以通過詞綴變化轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椴煌脑~性,如形容詞、名詞、副詞、動詞等。不同詞性的單詞盡管詞根相同,但也經(jīng)常用來避免重復(fù)。
1.They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.
2.Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet...
...Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi).
3.Now,consider three indices of assimilation-language,home ownership and intermarriage...…yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power.”
在例一中,形容詞extinct和名詞extinction替換使用;例二中,名詞advantage和動詞過去分詞advantaged(在這里 advantage也可理解為動詞) 替換使用;例三中,名詞 assimilation 和形容詞assimilative替換使用。從這些例子可以看出,作者在有意識的使用不同詞性的單詞以避免重復(fù),取得更好的表達效果。
(三)近義替換:由于英語詞源的多元化,即在歷史上不同時期從其它語言引進大量詞匯,英語中存在大量的近義詞。這些近義詞盡管意義、用法或多或少存在一些區(qū)別,但在一定語境中,都能相互替換,并且不會產(chǎn)生意義上的混淆。
1. In spite of “endless talk of difference”,American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people.
Now,consider three indices of assimilation-language,home ownership and intermarriage.
2.There is the danger that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span - that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration.
In such a fast-changing world, in which reality seems to be remade each day, we need the ability to focus and understand what is happening to us.
在例一中, homogenize和assimilation都是“使什么相同的意思”(在本片文章中具體理解為“同化”的意思),屬于近義詞;例二中,concentration,focus都理解為“關(guān)注”, “集中精力于”,也是同義詞。它們的交替使用都避免了詞匯重復(fù)。
(四) 語境中的近義替換:不同于2和3中的近義詞,此處的近義詞指意義上有一些關(guān)聯(lián),但必須借助于上下語境才能推出它和前面表達方式指代內(nèi)容相同。
例如:There's been a warning about the imminent death of literate civilization for a long time. In the 20th century, first it was the movies, then radio, then television that seemed to spell doom for the written world.
此句中,written world就指前面的literate civilization,意為“書面文明”。但必須指出,這種替換不能脫離上下文,否則會導(dǎo)致理解不準(zhǔn)確。
(五)單詞詞組交替使用:在英語中,一般來說,一個動詞都有一個對應(yīng)的詞組表達相同的意思.如look for/seek; investigate/look into; respect/look up to. 因此,在寫作中,我們也可以運用這一詞義對應(yīng)現(xiàn)象避免重復(fù):
1.Several members of he bureau were assigned to look into the case…they investigated the time of the occurrence, the scene and the evidence provided by those witnesses.
2.Four parts constitute the engine…A automobile mainly consists of the following components...
在以上兩例中,investigate, look into;constitute, consist of 單詞詞組交替使用,避免了措詞重復(fù)。
(六) 上義詞和下義詞交替使用:上義詞和下義詞是包含與被包含的關(guān)系,如animal下面包含elephant, panda, monkey等; flower下面包含chrysanthemum,rose, tulip 等。Animal,flower等概括意思的詞叫做上義詞,被包含的詞叫做下義詞。上義詞和下義詞的交替使用也能幫助我們避免措詞重復(fù)。
例如:WTO was established after the World War II. The organization aims to set fair regulations, promote free trade and achieve global economic prosperity.
此例中,organization 是WTO的上義詞,它的使用避免了原詞重復(fù)。
三、結(jié)論
在書面英語中,尤其是較為正式的寫作中,我們要盡量做到措詞多元化,用不同的表達方式表達相同的意思,避免表達的單調(diào)。為了避免重復(fù),我們可以靈活使用六種技巧,即代詞替代、近義詞替代、同根詞替代、上下義詞替代、詞組單詞交替和語境中的近義替換,以取得較好的表達效果。
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(作者簡介:羅國強 (1983- ),男,漢族,江西南昌人,碩士研究生,安徽新華學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院教師,研究方向:翻譯理論與實踐。)