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    淺析現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別

    2013-04-29 01:35:35成明珠
    考試周刊 2013年86期
    關(guān)鍵詞:及物動(dòng)詞分詞定語(yǔ)

    成明珠

    現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的用法是高中階段學(xué)生必須掌握的語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容。它們?cè)诟咧须A段的閱讀中出現(xiàn)率非常高,常常會(huì)困擾學(xué)生對(duì)出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞或者過(guò)去分詞的句子的正確理解。

    一、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞形式上的區(qū)別

    1.從結(jié)構(gòu)形式上區(qū)別

    現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式:doing(主動(dòng)),being done(被動(dòng))。

    現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式:having done(主動(dòng)和完成)。

    having been done(完成和被動(dòng))。

    過(guò)去分詞的形式: done。

    2.從語(yǔ)態(tài)上區(qū)別

    在語(yǔ)態(tài)上,及物動(dòng)詞還有不及動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞,都表示主動(dòng)的意思;及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)。

    Do you know the young man talking to your father?

    The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.

    3.從時(shí)態(tài)上區(qū)別

    及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞,都表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只表示完成,不表示被動(dòng)。

    China is a developing country and America is a developed country.

    The falling leaves are all yellow.

    Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.

    注意:不及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),意義上不同的詞類似的還有:

    boiling water (正在沸騰的水) boiled water(煮開(kāi)過(guò)的水)

    a drowning man(快淹死的人) a drowned man(已淹死的人)

    二、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞語(yǔ)法功能上的區(qū)別

    1.作表語(yǔ)

    現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)一般表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特征,常譯作“令人……”。

    過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或感受,常譯作“感到……”

    His father seems pleased with his results.

    The speech you delivered is very interesting and encouraging.

    需要注意的是:現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),主語(yǔ)一般為物;過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),主語(yǔ)一般為人。

    2.作定語(yǔ)

    (1)單個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞或者過(guò)去分詞一般作前置定語(yǔ),但是,現(xiàn)在分詞或者過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)一般作后置定語(yǔ)。

    He helped a crying girl on his way to school yesterday.

    Some news reported on TV about sports interested him so much.

    (2)單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞有時(shí)也作后置定語(yǔ),但是,有些過(guò)去分詞作前置定語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)意義不同。

    in the given time(在既定的時(shí)間內(nèi))

    with the time given(用所給的時(shí)間)

    a wanted person(一個(gè)被通緝的人)

    workers wanted(招聘工人)

    a concerned look(關(guān)切的神情)

    the people concerned(有關(guān)人士)

    3.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

    (1)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),與句子的賓語(yǔ)邏輯上是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行、還未結(jié)束或持續(xù)進(jìn)行。

    We found them standing there, unable to find any help.

    Dont have your children work hard at their homework all the time.

    (2)當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),它仍表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作,但賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。

    I often watched the ship being loaded.

    I saw the child being beaten by his father.

    (3)過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常表示動(dòng)作的完成狀態(tài),或與句子的賓語(yǔ)邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)只表示動(dòng)作的完成或狀態(tài),沒(méi)有被動(dòng)意義。

    I was glad to see the child taken good care of .

    When he arrived, he found all the work finished.

    4.作狀語(yǔ)

    (1)分詞及分詞短語(yǔ)可作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)、或伴隨狀語(yǔ)。分詞作狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。

    Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying. (時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

    Not recognizing the voice, he refused to his invitation.(原因狀語(yǔ))

    The man drove too fast, leading to a serious traffic accident.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))

    Working hard at all lessons, you will go to college. (條件狀語(yǔ))

    Heated, water changes into steam. (條件狀語(yǔ))

    Exhausted, he continued his journey.(讓步狀語(yǔ))

    She turned away, disappointed. (伴隨狀語(yǔ))

    Inspired by his teachers deeds, he worked harder.(原因狀語(yǔ))

    (2)現(xiàn)在分詞及現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和句子的主語(yǔ)一致;及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞及過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯賓語(yǔ)必須和句子的主語(yǔ)一致。不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞及過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主詞必須和句子的主語(yǔ)一致。若上述三者不一致,則必須在分詞前加上它自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)或者邏輯賓語(yǔ),構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),仍可作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件等。

    The boy rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat.

    The naughty child returned home, his nose bleeding.

    The new car lost, my father got annoyed and disappointed.

    Weather permitting, we are sure to see you.

    需要注意的是:過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式都表示已完成的動(dòng)作,在意義上無(wú)多大區(qū)別,但有時(shí)在強(qiáng)調(diào)具體含義時(shí)有區(qū)別。

    Destroyed by earthquake, the building was no longer safe.

    (強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作)受到地震的破壞,這座建筑不再安全。

    Having been deserted by his husband, she was very sad every day.(強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)被丈夫拋棄后,她每天都悲傷不已。

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