廉紅霞,傅 彤,高騰云
(河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)牧醫(yī)工程學(xué)院,河南 鄭州450002)
多不飽和脂肪酸又叫多烯酸,是指分子結(jié)構(gòu)中含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不飽和雙鍵,且碳原子數(shù)為16~22的直鏈脂肪酸。根據(jù)靠近第一個(gè)雙鍵的碳原子位置,可將 PUFA 分為n-3、n-6、n-7 和 n-9系列脂肪酸,但僅n-3和n-6系列的PUFA具有重要生物學(xué)意義。在日糧中添加富含PUFA的飼料對提高反芻動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品中CLA含量效果顯著(武雅楠等,2012)[1]。
共軛亞油酸(Conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)是一類在第9與第11位、第10與第12位或第11與第13位碳原子處含有順式或反式共軛雙鍵的各種十八碳二烯酸異構(gòu)體的通稱。其中,只有cis9,transll和transl0,cis12兩種異構(gòu)體具有生理活性,如抗癌、降低膽固醇、抗氧化、減肥、促進(jìn)生長等(He 等,2009;Shingfield 等,2008)[2,3]。 天 然 的CLA主要來源于反芻動(dòng)物的乳脂和肉品,其中cis9,trans11-CLA約占90%以上,其余主要為transl0,cis12-CLA(Wahle等,2004)[4]。作為一種高蛋白、低脂肪的健康食品,山羊肉中膽固醇含量(每100g脂肪含膽固醇29mg)在各類肉中最低;而羊肉脂肪酸中CLA含量為0.56%,顯著高于其它肉類(戴瑞彤和楊龍江,2000)[5]。本文旨在通過對PUFA提高反芻動(dòng)物CLA中存在的問題,期望為生產(chǎn)中深入利用反芻動(dòng)物的高CLA這一優(yōu)勢提供幫助。
愈來愈多的研究集中于提高反芻動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品中CLA含量(Lock and Bauman,2004)[6]。在日糧中添加富含多不飽和脂肪酸的飼料是提高反芻動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品中CLA含量的一個(gè)重要方法,其中,亞油酸(Linoleic acid,LA))和 α-亞麻酸(α-Linolenic Acid,α-LNA)是常見的必需多不飽和脂肪酸,其主要來源為富含PUFA的植物油及油料籽實(shí)。研究證實(shí)反芻動(dòng)物日糧中添加不同來源、不同形式的PUFA可以提高反芻動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品中CLA產(chǎn)量。羔羊日糧中添加5%~10%亞麻籽能夠提高羊肉中不飽和脂肪酸,尤其是CLA含量,改善羊肉品質(zhì)(武雅楠等,2012)[1]。在山羊日糧中添加大豆油、亞麻油、葵花油和和整粒油菜籽實(shí),均可顯著提高乳中cis9,trans11-CLA含量,而對乳腺乳脂合成關(guān)鍵酶基因表達(dá)無影響(Bouattour等,2008;Bernard等,2009;Ollier 等,2009)[7-9]。 提 高 日 糧 亞 油 酸 (Linoleic acid,LA,C18∶2cis-9,12)水平能夠提高奶牛及肉牛瘤胃內(nèi)cis9,trans11-CLA 和反式油酸(Vaccenic acid,VA,C18∶1trans-11)的產(chǎn)生量(Duckett等,2002;Lock等,2002)[10,11]。與亞麻酸相比,亞油酸更能提高綿羊瘤胃內(nèi)cis9,trans11-CLA和VA的產(chǎn)生量(An等,2003)[12]。
PUFA是研究和開發(fā)功能性脂肪酸的主體和核心,主要包括亞油酸(LA)、α-亞麻酸(α-LNA)、花生四烯酸(Arachidonic acid,AA)、二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA),二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenic Acid,DHA)等。其中,亞油酸和亞麻酸被公認(rèn)為人體必需的脂肪酸,在人體內(nèi)可進(jìn)一步衍化生成具有不同功能作用的高度不飽和脂肪酸,如AA、EPA、DHA等。
研究證實(shí)反芻動(dòng)物日糧中添加PUFA可提高其產(chǎn)品中CLA產(chǎn)量,目前研究多集中于富含PUFA的植物油及其籽實(shí)。玉米油、大豆油、葵花油、紅花油和芝麻油中含有大量的亞油酸,亞麻油中含有大量的亞麻酸(Gammill等,2010)[13]。向奶牛日糧中添加富含亞油酸的葵花油(0.5kg/d),提高了乳中cis9,trans11-CLA的含量(Rego等,2009)[14]。向肉牛日糧中添加5%的葵花油、4%的亞麻油均可提高其肌內(nèi)脂肪中cis9,trans11-CLA的濃度(Noel等,2005;Xu等,2008)[15,16]。向綿羊日糧中添加葵花油提高了體組織中 CLA 濃度(Mir等,2000)[17];富含亞油酸的玉米油提高了山羊血漿和紅細(xì)胞膜中亞油酸濃度(Thanasak等,2004)[18]??梢姡占Z中添加PUFA通過血液、組織,最終提高動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品中CLA產(chǎn)量。
作為主要的 CLA 異構(gòu)體,cis9,trans11-CLA(又名瘤胃酸)由瘤胃細(xì)菌利用日糧中含有的亞油酸產(chǎn)生,負(fù)責(zé)不飽和脂肪酸氫化的瘤胃細(xì)菌主要是厭氧溶纖維丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens),其細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的共軛亞油酸異構(gòu)酶(Conjugated linoleie acid isomerase)可特異性地催化亞油酸轉(zhuǎn)化為活性CLA 異構(gòu)體和 VA (Or-Rashid等,2009)[19],后者在體組織內(nèi)△9-脫氫酶作用下轉(zhuǎn)化成cis9,trans11-CLA(Bauman and Griinari,2003;Shingfield 等,2008)[2,20],共 同 提 高 乳 脂 和 肉 品 中cis9,trans11-CLA 的含量(Bessa等,2000)[21]。羊肉中 CLA 含量取決于瘤胃中CLA與VA的產(chǎn)量、組織中△9-脫氫酶的活力及動(dòng)物體內(nèi)自由基氧化反應(yīng)(Griinari等,2000)[22]。
通過日糧改變反芻動(dòng)物瘤胃微生物代謝是增加其產(chǎn)品中CLA這一功能脂肪酸的有效方法(Or-Rashid等,2009)[19]。添加富含亞油酸的大豆油能夠提高綿羊瘤胃內(nèi)容物中cis9,trans11-CLA和C18∶1trans-11的含量,改變瘤胃內(nèi)容物的脂肪酸組成(張玉枝等,2005)[23]。對肉牛瘤胃、肌肉及脂肪等組織研究表明:cis9,trans11-CLA和VA存在線性相關(guān)(R2=0.29~0.87)(Shen等,2007)[24]。富含亞油酸的植物油可提高山羊瘤胃內(nèi)CLA、VA的含量;亞油酸的增加主要通過提高內(nèi)源合成CLA的前體物VA的量來增加組織中的CLA含量(王喜樂等,2007)[25]。日糧中添加一定劑量的葵花油可以在不影響山羊瘤胃消化代謝的情況下,改變瘤胃內(nèi)容物脂肪酸組成,提高VA積累,為組織內(nèi)源合成CLA 提供前體(楊俊花等,2009)[26]。
在牛日糧中添加PUFA導(dǎo)致乳脂沉積的原因在于:其降低了編碼乳腺脂肪合成關(guān)鍵酶基因的表達(dá),如:脂蛋白酯酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)(脂肪酸利用中的關(guān)鍵酶)、乙酰輔酶A羧化酶(Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)及脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty acid synthase,F(xiàn)AS)(脂肪酸合成中的關(guān)鍵酶)和硬脂酰輔酶 A 去飽和酶(Stearyl coenzyme A desaturated enzyme,SCD)(脂肪酸去飽和中的關(guān)鍵酶)等(Harvatine等,2009)[27]。而在山羊的研究中,日糧中添加PUFA對脂肪合成關(guān)鍵酶基因表達(dá)的影響鮮有明確的報(bào)道(Bernard等,2008,2009)[28,29]。
目前日糧中添加PUFA對反芻動(dòng)物CLA的影響多集中于乳的研究,對肉的報(bào)道較少。此外,PUFA對反芻動(dòng)物CLA代謝影響的機(jī)理研究尚不清楚。隨著CLA代謝機(jī)理的研究深入和逐漸闡明,可望通過日糧PUFA的添加最大限度地增加反芻動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品中CLA,為人類提供高品質(zhì)畜產(chǎn)品。
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