英語(yǔ)get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析*

劉 蔚

(黃岡師范學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，湖北黃岡438000)

動(dòng)詞get+v－ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。英語(yǔ)get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)既可以表示動(dòng)作，又可以表示狀態(tài)。也就是說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)既可以是行為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，又可以是狀態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。無(wú)論get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示動(dòng)作還是狀態(tài)，其v－ed形式必須由動(dòng)態(tài)及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。這是因?yàn)殪o態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)或者感覺(jué)，一般不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，當(dāng)然也不能用于get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)具有自己的時(shí)體形式。

一、get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

當(dāng)get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed分詞由延續(xù)性及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成時(shí)，往往表示動(dòng)作，get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)為行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

(1)a．The student got punished by the teacher for his cheating in the exam．

b．The teacher punished the student for his cheating in the exam．

(2)a．More and more countries are getting attacked by the terrorists．

b．The terrorists are attacking more and more countries．

上述兩例中的v－ed分詞punished和attacked分別由延續(xù)性及物動(dòng)詞punish和attack構(gòu)成，具有動(dòng)態(tài)意義，表示行為動(dòng)作。由于是行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，所以上述兩例可以帶有表示行為發(fā)出者的介詞短語(yǔ)by the teacher和by the terrorists．在get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞get為助動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有詞匯意義，不能當(dāng)操作詞，需借助助動(dòng)詞 do(don’t，does，doesn’t)或者 did(didn’t)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)、否定或者強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。例如:

(3)How did the car get broken down?

(4)She doesn’t get paid．

(5)I do get invited to their wedding．

get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的時(shí)體形式，可用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:

(6)The house gets white － washed every third year．

(7)The car got broken down when we drove back．

(8)You will get paid tomorrow．

(9)More and more countries are getting attacked by the terrorists．

(10)The workers were getting employed by the boss．

(11)That team has got defeated．

(12)Tom had got killed in the accident when the people found him．

get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可用作不定式。例如:

(13)We hear that we are going to get paid by hours．

get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)具有獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)義特征。get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示動(dòng)作，而不表示狀態(tài)。get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免像be型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)那樣出現(xiàn)歧義。例如:

(14)a．They were defeated in that game．

b．They got defeated in that game．

(14)a既可表示“他們?cè)谀菆?chǎng)比賽中處于敗局”，也可表示:“他們?cè)谀菆?chǎng)比賽被

打敗?！倍?14)b只表示“他們?cè)谀菆?chǎng)比賽中被打敗。

get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以表示行為結(jié)果是主語(yǔ)自己造成的。例如:

(15)The driver got hurt in the accident．

get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可表示突發(fā)事件或事故，常與in the end，eventually，at last等

副詞搭配。例如:

(16)He got caught in the rain．

(17)Eventually he got invited to give a lecture in the uni-versity．

二、get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)與be型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，相當(dāng)于SVC結(jié)構(gòu)。在get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞get與be型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞be一樣，是表示結(jié)果的連系動(dòng)詞。v－ed分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，具有靜態(tài)意義，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)所具有的狀態(tài)特征或者主語(yǔ)由于動(dòng)作的結(jié)束所導(dǎo)致的行為結(jié)果。get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)也可以看作一種假被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，以被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義。get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed分詞可由終止性及物動(dòng)詞和導(dǎo)致某種狀態(tài)變化的及物動(dòng)詞，包括心理使役動(dòng)詞和色彩使役動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。例如:

(18)We are getting bogged down in all sorts of problems．

(19)They got married last month．

(20)She got surprised and overjoyed at the good news．

(21)The young man got tanned in the summer vocation．

(22)Tom got too absorbed in his novel to hear the knock at the door．

此外，get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed分詞還可由接反身代詞的及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。這時(shí)，get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的意義相當(dāng)于“transitive verb+oneself”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

(23)a．He got dressed and went downstairs．

b．He dressed himself and went downstairs．

(24)a．The official got engaged in the taking－bribe．

b．The official engaged himself in the taking－bribe．

get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的get不能當(dāng)操作詞，需借助助動(dòng)詞 do(don’t，does，doesn’t)或者 did(didn’t)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)、否定或者強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。例如:

(25)How did the cart get stuck in the mud?

(26)She doesn’t get accustomed to the Sichuan food．

(27)The more I hear，the more I do get confused．

get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)除了具有g(shù)et型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)型的7種時(shí)體形式外，還有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)兩種時(shí)體形式。例如:

(28)Some college students will be getting interested in online learning．

(29)Recently they have been getting engaged in that project．

get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)也可用作不定式。例如:

(30)We hear that her daughter is to get married to a young professor．

在與副詞的搭配上，get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)不同于be型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。修飾be型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞可放在be之前或者be之后或者句末，而修飾get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞只能放在get之前或者句末。例如:

(31)a．She was finally married．

b．She finally was married．

c．She finally got married．

d．She got married finally．

但是不可說(shuō):

She got finally married．

(32)a．The cart isn’t yet stuck in the mud．

b．The cart isn’t stuck in the mud yet．

c．The cart didn’t get stuck in the mud yet．

d．The cart din’t yet get in the mud．

但是不可說(shuō):

The cart didn’t get yet in the mud．

get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)也可與 with，at，to，in，about，over等介詞搭配，表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)特征或者行為方式。

三、結(jié)語(yǔ)

英語(yǔ)get型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)已從口語(yǔ)體逐漸為人們所接受。get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免像be型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)那樣出現(xiàn)歧義。get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以表示行為結(jié)果是主語(yǔ)自己造成的。get型行為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可表示突發(fā)事件或事故，常與in the end，eventually，at last等副詞搭配。由于get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以該結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。這種復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)式的狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)不同于be型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。在復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)式的狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，特殊連系動(dòng)詞get既具有連系動(dòng)詞to be的功能，又具有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的詞匯意義。因此，get型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)要比be型狀態(tài)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的語(yǔ)言更形象、更生動(dòng)，所包含的信息更多、更豐富。

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［2］張振邦．新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程［M］．上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1996．

［3］Quick R，et al．A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language［M］．Longman，1985．

［4］劉天宇．英語(yǔ)特殊連系動(dòng)詞型被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)探討［J］．荊門職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2007，(2):63．