Association of RELN promoter SNPs with schizophrenia in the Chinese population

CHANG Lü-Hua, LI Ming, LUO Xiong-Jian, LIU Xing-Yan, YIN Li-De, YANG Shun-Ying, DIAO Hong-Bo, SU Bing, PU Xing-Fu,*

(1. The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming 650032, China; 2. The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; 3. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 4. The Second People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi 653101, China; 5. Yunnan Mental Health Hospital, Kunming 650224, China)

Association ofRELNpromoter SNPs with schizophrenia in the Chinese population

CHANG Lü-Hua1, LI Ming2,3, LUO Xiong-Jian2,3, LIU Xing-Yan4, YIN Li-De4, YANG Shun-Ying4, DIAO Hong-Bo5, SU Bing2,*, PU Xing-Fu4,*

(1. The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming 650032, China; 2. The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Center, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; 3. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 4. The Second People's Hospital of Yuxi City, Yuxi 653101, China; 5. Yunnan Mental Health Hospital, Kunming 650224, China)

Previous research on gene expression analysis and association tests have suggested thatRELNis a risk gene for schizophrenia in world populations. Based on the reported down-regulation of RELN in schizophrenia patients compared with normal subjects, we speculated that variants in theRELNpromoter region may confer risk for schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the associations of three SNPs in the promoter region ofRELNwith schizophrenia in a case-control sample from southwestern China (940 cases and 1 369 controls). The results suggested that none of the SNPs showed significant associations in our sample, indicating the risk variants for schizophrenia inRELNmay not be located in the promoter region. We also performed meta-analysis by combining our data with previously reported data on the Chinese population with a total sample size of 2 843 individuals, and the result remained nonsignificant. Collectively, our results suggested variants in theRELNpromoter may not harbor risk SNPs associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese population.

RELN; Schizophrenia; Promoter; SNP; Chinese population

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with high heritability. Many susceptibility genes have been proposed by linkage analyses, candidate gene studies, and genome wide association (GWA) analyses, including DISC1, NRG1, TCF4, NRGN, and ZNF804A (Thomson et al, 2007; Williams et al, 2004; O'Donovan et al, 2008). However, many cannot be successfully replicated among different populations. A recent GWA study on Ashkenazi Jews identified that a common variant (rs7341475) ofRELNwas significantly associated withschizophrenia in females (Shifman et al, 2008). This association was further supported by replications in a UK study and another Ashkenazi Jew study (Shifman et al, 2008; Liu et al, 2010), but was unable to be replicated in USA and Chinese populations (Shifman et al, 2008; Need et al, 2009), indicating potential genetic heterogeneity inRELNfor schizophrenia between different world populations.

We previously identified severalRELNSNPs and haplotypes associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese population (Li et al, 2011), which is consistent with reported associations in European populations and suggestsRELNis likely a common risk gene for schizophrenia in populations worldwide, though the risk variants differ between reported associations (Kahler et al, 2008; Wedenoja et al, 2008, 2009).

Down-regulation ofRELNmRNA and protein in the brain of schizophrenia patients has been reported previously, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown (Impagnatiello et al, 1998). Hypermethylation ofRELNpromoter in schizophrenic patients is a likely cause; however, negative findings have also been reported (Grayson et al, 2005; Tochigi et al, 2008). One reasonable explanation is that mutations in theRELNpromoter may affect gene expression and function and influence neurodevelopment, leading to schizophrenia susceptibility. Interestingly, short tandem repeats in the promoter region influenceRELNpromoter activity, but the association tests in schizophrenia show negative results (Akahane et al, 2002). Additionally, an investigatedRELNpromoter SNP has shown marginal significance with schizophrenia in a small case-control Chinese sample (P=0.08) (Chen et al, 2002), suggesting theRELNpromoter may harbor risk variants for schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the association between the RELN promoter SNPs and schizophrenia in a Chinese case-control sample.

1 Methods and Materials

1.1 Samples

We recruited 940 unrelated schizophrenia patients (481 females and 459 males, mean age=37.4 a,SD=9.1) and 1 369 unrelated normal controls (732 females and 637 males, mean age=36.7 a,SD=6.8) from southwestern China. The patients were all from Yunnan Mental Health Hospital and The Second People's Hospital of Yuxi City and were diagnosed with having schizophrenia according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 criterion. Patients who had history of alcoholism, substance induced psychotic disorders, epilepsy, neurological diseases, or other symptomatic psychoses were excluded from this study. Control subjects were recruited from the local general populations. All individuals were asked to provide detailed information about medical and family psychiatric histories, and those who had a history of mental disorders, drug abuse, or alcohol dependence were excluded. All patient and control subjects were of Han Chinese origin from the Yunnan province of southwestern China. All individuals were provided with written informed consents for participation, and the research protocol was approved by the internal review board of the Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

1.2 SNP selection

As no SNPs were shown in the -2 kb region upstream from the transcription start site (TSS) ofRELNin Han Chinese from Beijing (CHB) data obtained from HapMap database, we used bi-directional sequencing to search for potential SNPs in the promoter region ofRELNon 100 schizophrenic and 100 healthy randomly selected subjects. Primers used for PCR amplification of the RELN promoter were 5′-AGCCCAGAAGCAATGAA TAAC-3′ (forward) and 5′-TCCCAACTTGTGACTCCATT C-3′(reverse). The PCR program started with an initial incubation at 95oC for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95oC for 30 s, 60oC for 40 sec and 72oC for 1 min, and then held at 72oC for 10 min. Two SNPs were identified (g.-847G＞A and g.-888G＞C), with g.-888G＞C having been investigated previously (Chen et al, 2002). We further carried out case-control association analysis on these SNPs (plus anotherRELNpromoter SNP rs6951875, shown in HapMap data) in our samples.

1.3 SNP genotyping

Venous blood was collected from all participants, and genomic DNA was extracted from the blood sample using the phenol-chloroform method. The DNA samples of the cases and controls were randomly distributed in the case-control DNA plates.

All selected SNPs were genotyped by SNaPShot as described in our previous study (Luo et al. 2008). In brief, genomic fragments which contained selected SNPs were amplified by PCR with a total volume of 25 μL (including 10 ng of genomic DNA) in 96-well plates. Amplified fragments were purified and specific genotyping primers were used to amplify the target site. After one base extension, the reaction was terminated and the products were loaded on an ABI 3130 automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Primer sequences for SnaPShot analysis were 5′-TTTTTATGAGGTATTCTGA CACTGGATGAAGAATAATTAT-3′(rs6951875), 5′-TTTT TTTTTTTTTTTGCGGGAGGGACAGGGGGCCTGGGT GGGAAGGGAGC-3′ (g.-847G＞A) and 5′-TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTATGAGGCTCTGTCGCTGCCGCGAGGG GCCGGGCGG-3′(g.-888G＞C). The SNP genotype callings were automatically performed using ABI GeneMapper 4.0 and verified manually. To ensure accuracy of genotyping, we used bi-directional sequencing on 100 randomly selected individuals. No genotyping errors were found.

1.4 Statistical analysis

The Haploview program was applied to test the genotypic distribution of SNPs for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) between paired SNPs, and to define haplotype blocks (Barrett et al, 2005). Allelic and genotypic associations were accessed with PLINK (Purcell et al, 2007). To detect significant differences in association in female or male samples separately, we conducted statistical analysis with sex as a covariate using PLINK (Purcell et al, 2007). The 95% confidence intervals (CI) of odds ratio were calculated with the online tool (http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/odds2x2. html). Haplotype frequency estimation and association tests were performed using PLINK, and only those haplotypes with a frequency of ＞0.01 in cases and control subjects were considered (Purcell et al, 2007). Power analysis was performed using G*power program (Erdfelder et al, 1996). For meta-analysis, we used the Mantel-Haenszel method with a fixed-effects model. Analysis was conducted by RevMan manager (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2002).

2 Results

Due to genotyping failure of some samples, analyses were based on 2 230 samples for SNP g.-847G＞A (861 cases and 1 369 controls), 2 307 samples for SNP g.-888G＞C (940 cases and 1 367 controls), and 2 296 samples for SNP rs6951875 (940 cases and 1 356 controls). The overall genotype calling rate was 98.6%.

Genotype distributions of the three SNPs in both cases and controls were in HWE (P＞0.05). The LD map of the tested SNPs in cases and control samples are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 The LD map of the tested SNPs in case and control samples

None of the tested SNPs were significantly associated with schizophrenia (Tab.1 and Tab.2). We also investigated the association of these SNPs with schizophrenia in females and males separately, and nosignificant results were observed (Tab. 1 and Tab. 2). Finally, we performed a meta-analysis by combining a previous study with a total sample size of 2 843 (Chen et al, 2002), but still failed to find a significant association between g.-888G＞C and schizophrenia (OR=0.86, 95%CI=0.71–1.04,P=0.12) (Tab. 3).

Tab. 1 Allele frequencies and single SNP association (P-value) analysis

Tab. 2 Genotype counts and p-values of the tested SNPs

We further performed a haplotype-based analysis of the three SNPs with schizophrenia in all samples, female samples and male samples. No haplotypes were significantly associated with schizophrenia (Tab. 4). Notably, the globalp-value of haplotype analyses in the female samples reached significance (P=0.007), which is likely due to a false positive effect caused by the low frequency haplotypes.

Tab. 3 Meta-analysis of association between g.-888G＞C and schizophrenia

Tab. 4 Analysis of the 3 SNPs for haplotypic association with schizophrenia

We performed a power calculation using the G*power program. The present sample size revealed ＞99% power to detect a significant association (α＜0.05) with an effect size index of 0.1 (corresponding to a ‘weak’ gene effect).

3 Discussion

It has been reported that SNP g.-888G＞C shows an association tendency with schizophrenia (P=0.08) (Chen et al, 2002). Our current study, however, showed no significant associations, suggesting SNPs in the promoter region ofRELNconfer no risk for schizophrenia or that there is a potential genetic divergence among regional Han Chinese populations.

In our previous study, we observed multiple SNPs withinRELNsignificantly associated with schizophrenia in Han Chinese. These SNPs were all located in the intron region and not causal SNPs (Li et al, 2011), however, suggesting the possibility of finding risk SNPs in the promoter region which had not been systematically screened before. We failed to find significant association betweenRELNpromoter SNPs and schizophrenia, implying that the causal SNP was not located in the promoter region. However, there are several possibilities that could explain the negative results in this study. Firstly, since we only sequenced 2 kb of theRELNpromoter region, we could not detect other potential genetic variants risks not located in the -2 kb promoter region ofRELN. Secondly, though our sample size was relatively large, it was smaller than the GWA study sample sizes and was unlikely to identify the risk variant with weak effect. Taken together, our findings indicate that the SNPs in the core promoter region (-2 kb upstream of TSS) ofRELNwere not likely associated with schizophrenia in the Chinese population. Further studies should focus on other regions, and a replication study with large sample size is needed.

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RELN基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)SNP位點(diǎn)與精神分裂癥的相關(guān)性分析

常履華1, 李 明2,3, 羅雄劍2,3,劉興彥4, 尹利德4, 楊順英4, 刁紅波5, 宿 兵2,*, 普興富4,*

（1.昆明醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,云南 昆明650032; 2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院昆明動(dòng)物研究所 遺傳資源與進(jìn)化重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,云南 昆明650223; 3.中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院,北京100101; 4.玉溪市第二人民醫(yī)院,云南 玉溪653101; 5.云南省精神病院,云南 昆明650224）

目前有很多證據(jù)證明RELN基因在世界人群中是一個(gè)精神分裂癥的致病基因?；谥皥?bào)道過的RELN基因在精神分裂癥患者中表達(dá)下降的事實(shí), 可以推測(cè)在RELN基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)可能包含影響精神分裂癥發(fā)生的多態(tài)位點(diǎn)。該研究分析了中國(guó)西南地區(qū)病例——對(duì)照人群中（940位患者和1 369位正常人）RELN基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的3個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)與精神分裂癥的相關(guān)性。研究結(jié)果顯示, 這些多態(tài)位點(diǎn)都不與精神分裂癥相關(guān), 表明RELN基因的致病位點(diǎn)并不在其啟動(dòng)子區(qū)。將前人研究結(jié)果與該研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行綜合分析（共2 843個(gè)樣本）, 結(jié)果仍不顯著。因此, 該研究表明,RELN基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的單核苷酸多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)在中國(guó)人群中并不與精神分裂癥相關(guān)。

RELN; 精神分裂癥; 啟動(dòng)子; 單核苷酸多態(tài)性位點(diǎn); 中國(guó)人群

Q987.2; Q593.2; R749.3

A

0254-5853-(2011)05-0504-05

2011-04-25；接受日期：2011-07-22

10.3724/SP.J.1141.2011.05504

date: 2011-04-25; Accepted date: 2011-07-22

*Corresponding authors (通信作者), E-mail: sub@mail.kiz.ac.cn; yxpuxingfu@gmail.com