歐蘭花
(??诮?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院,海南 ???570102)
狀語從句的分類及其用法
歐蘭花
(??诮?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院,海南 ???570102)
本文主要分析狀語從句的類型及其用法。
狀語從句;分類;用法
在復(fù)合句中,修飾主句的動詞、形容詞或副詞的從句叫做狀語從句。從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。根據(jù)其用途可分為時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、方式、地點和比較狀語從句等類型。從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。狀語從句同狀語一樣,在句中的位置比較靈活,可置于句首、句中和句末。狀語從句位于句首時,常用逗號隔開;其位于句末時,其前一般不用逗號。
(一) 由when,while,as與by the time引導(dǎo),“當(dāng)……時候”;還由whenever引導(dǎo),“無論何時”
【說明】 (1) when還有“正在……時候,突然……;正在……,這時……”的意思。其主句表示一件事正在發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,when引起的從句則表示此時又發(fā)生了另一件事。
(2)在when和while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句里,如果主語與主句的主語一致,且謂語含有動詞be,或者主語是it,??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉。
【例句】a) He was writing when I entered the room.我進(jìn)屋時他正在寫作。
b) Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.(2個when后面都省略了it is)
金屬受熱時膨脹,冷卻時收縮。
c)We were doing our housework when the light went out.(“正在……時候,突然……”)
我們正在做作業(yè),突然燈滅了。
d) While (I was) walking down the street yesterday,I saw a UFO.
昨天我在街上走的時候,看見了不明飛行物。
e) It was raining as I went home.我回家時天正在下雨。
f)By the time she got to the station,the bus had already left.
當(dāng)她趕到車站時,車已經(jīng)開走了。
g) Whenever you need help,just call me.
無論什么時候你需要幫助,只要打個電話給我就行了。
(二) 由since與ever since引導(dǎo),“自從”。ever since可放在句末,since則不可以放在句末
【例句】 a) I have lived in Haikou since I married.從我結(jié)婚起,我就一直住在海口。
b) Ever since she caught a cold last Sunday,she had been in bed.自從上周日她得了感冒后,她就一直臥床不起。
(三)由until與till引導(dǎo),“直到……為止”;還由not until引導(dǎo),“直到……才”
【說明】 (1) 在肯定句中,till和until的主句要用延續(xù)性動詞。如:
(2)在否定句中,till和until的主句既可用延續(xù)性動詞,也可用非延續(xù)性動詞。
(3) until和till引導(dǎo)的從句不可用will,shall或would。
(4)not until可以位于句首,表示強(qiáng)調(diào),句子倒裝。
(5) not until可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句中。
【例句】a)We must work until(till)we succeed.我們要一直堅持干下去,直到我們成功為止。
b) Not until the teacher came in did the students stop reading.
直到老師進(jìn)來,學(xué)生們才停止讀書。
c) It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.直到他媽媽把一切都告訴杰克時,他才明白他媽媽為什么生他的氣。
(四) 由before(“在……之前”) 與after(“在……之后”) 引導(dǎo)
【說明】 (1)before可作介詞、副詞和連詞用。它的用法很多,因此在翻譯時要注意看上下文內(nèi)容,不能拘泥于同一種譯法。
(2) 在before和after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句里,如果主語與主句的主語一致,且謂語含有動詞be,或者主語是it,??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉。
【例句】a) Before we cross the road,we must stop and look around first.(在……之前)
在我們過馬路之前,我們要先停下來看看四周。
b) It was two hours before Jane knew her son was drowned in the river.(花了多長時間某事才發(fā)生)過了兩個小時之后,簡才知道她兒子在河里溺水身亡。
c) The boy fell down from the ladder before we knew it.(還沒有…就……)
還沒等我們弄清楚怎么回事,孩子就從梯子上摔下來了。
d) The delegation had come before the welcome sign was put up.(……之后,才……)
代表團(tuán)到了以后,歡迎的標(biāo)牌才掛好。
e) It was not long before he got to know it.(否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定,“不久就……”)
不久他就知道了這件事。
f)He went out after we came.我們到達(dá)后他才出去。
(五) 由 as soon as,immediately,instantly,directly,the monent,the minute,the second引導(dǎo),“一…… 就”;還由once引導(dǎo),“一旦”。once引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句首
【說明】the moment/the minute=as soon as,其引導(dǎo)的從句放在主句之后。
【例句】 a) As soon as he saw his friends,he jumped up.他一看見他的朋友就跳了起來。
b) The machine willstartimmediately/instantly/directly you press the button.
你一按電鈕機(jī)器就會開動。
c) Stormy applause broke forth the moment/the minute she appeared on the stage.
她一走上舞臺,就想起了暴風(fēng)雨般的掌聲。
d) Once you begin,you must continue.你一旦開始,就必須堅持下去。
(六) 由no sooner...than,hardly...when與scarely...when引導(dǎo),“剛……就”
【說明】no sooner/hardly/scarely放在句首時,用倒裝句,而且是部分倒裝,即把助動詞,情態(tài)動詞或動詞be放在主語之前。
【例句】a) No sooner had I (=I had no sooner) gone out than he came to see me.
我一出去,他就來看我。
b) Harly had I (=I had hardly) sat down when the telephone rang.
我剛坐下,電話就響了。
c) Scarely had she (=She scarely had) fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.她剛睡著,忽然敲門的聲音把她驚醒了。
(七)由every time與each time引導(dǎo),“每當(dāng)”
【例句】 a) Every time I think of the case,I feel painful.每當(dāng)想起這場官司,我就痛苦。
b) Each time I have a cold,I have a headache.每次感冒,我的頭就疼。
(一) 由if與in case引導(dǎo),“假如”。用陳述語氣,也可虛擬語氣。有時when=if
【說明】 ⑴ 在書面語中,條件從句中如有were,had或should可以不用連詞if,而將were,had或should移到句首。
⑵在if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句里,如果主語與主句的主語一致,且謂語含有動詞be,或者主語是it,??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉。
【例句】a) If it rains,I won’t go out.如果下雨的話,我就不出去了。(陳述語氣)
b) If he had found it,he would have sent it.(=Had he found it,…)
如果他找到了,就會送回來。(虛擬語氣)
c)I’l come when I’m needed.(when在這里相當(dāng)if)如果需要我,我就來。
d) If necessary,please inform me.(If后面省略了it is)如果有必要的話,請告知我。
f)In case he buys the computer,we have a one-year guarantee.
假如他買這臺電腦,我們保修一年。(陳述語氣)
(二)由unless引導(dǎo),“如果不(除非)……”
【例句】We will go there next Sunday unless it rains.
如果不下雨的話,我們下個星期日去那里。
(三)由if only引導(dǎo),“要是……就好了”,常用虛擬語氣
【例句】If only I won a million yuan’s lottery.
要是我能中100萬元的彩票該有多好。(虛擬語氣)
(四) 由 only if,as long as,so long as與 so far as引導(dǎo),“只要……,就”
【例句】a) I will lend you the book only if you return it soon.
我可以把書借給你,條件是盡快還給我。
b) We surely overcome these difficulties as long as/so long as/so far as we are closely united.只要我們緊密團(tuán)結(jié),一定能克服這些困難。
(五) 由 suppose,supposing,providing,provided(that),on condition that,in the event that與what if引導(dǎo),“假如”
【例句】 a) Suppose/Supposing he is absent,what shall we do?假使他不在,我們怎么辦?
b)Dial 119 providing/provided(that)/in the event that/on condition that there is a fire accident.如有火災(zāi),請撥119。
c) What if I go abroad?如果我去國外,怎么樣?
(六) 由given that,granted that,granting that引導(dǎo),“假定……”
【例句】 Given that/Granted that/Granting that they just graduated from the university,the young people had done a good job.
考慮到這些年輕人剛剛畢業(yè),他們已經(jīng)做得很不錯了。
(一) 由because,as,since,for引導(dǎo),“因為”
【說明】because語氣最強(qiáng)。在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中,強(qiáng)調(diào)原因時只能用because
【例句】 a) Because/As/Since/For all the seats were full,he had to stand there.
由于所有座位都坐滿了,他只好站在那里。
b) It was because he was still ill that he declined our invitation.
他是因為身體仍然欠佳所以謝絕了我們的邀請。
(二)由seeing(that),considering(that),now that, on the ground that, for the reason that, by the reason that與in that引導(dǎo),“由于,因為”;還由not that...but that引導(dǎo),“并不是因為,而是因為”
【例句】 a) Seeing that/Considering that quite a few people were absent,we decided to
put the meeting off.由于很多人沒有到會,我們決定將會議延期。
b) Now that I’m older,I see things differently.
由于我年齡大了些,我觀察事物也不一樣了。
c) The case was dismissed on the ground that/for the reason that there was not enough evidence.這個案件被駁回,因為證據(jù)不足。
d) He was not severely punished for his offence in that/by the reason that he was under 18.他犯了法,但沒有受到嚴(yán)厲懲罰,因為他未成年。
e) Not that I am not interested in TV program,but that I have no time for it.
并不是因為我不喜歡看電視,而是因為我沒時間看。
(一) 由so...that引導(dǎo),“如此……以致”。that后接的句子表示主句動作所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。其用法有:
⑴so+形容詞/副詞
⑵ so+形容詞+a(n) +名詞(單數(shù))
⑶ so many/few+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))
⑷ so+much/little+名詞(不可數(shù))
【例句】 a) I was so sleepy that I couldn’t keep my eyes open.
我太困了,都睜不開眼了。
b) It is so beautiful a city that you never forget it.這個城市美得是令人難忘。
c) He had so many books that he couldn’t read them at once.
他有這么多的書,所以一下子看不完。
(二)由such...that引導(dǎo),“如此……以致”。其用法有:
⑴ such+形容詞+名詞(復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù))⑵ such+a(n) +形容詞+名詞(單數(shù))【例句】 a) It was such good weather that we went out for a picnic.
這么好的天氣,所以我們出去野餐了。
b)He is such a clever tennis player that everyone loves him.他是如此聰明的網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動員,每個人都喜歡他。
(三) 由so that引導(dǎo),“因此,所以”。表示主句動作所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果
【例句】He often lied so that nobody believed him.他經(jīng)常說謊,因此沒人相信他。
(一) 由so that,in order that與so引導(dǎo),“為了;目的是;以便”
【說明】⑴在so that,in order that,so引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中,從句的謂語常有may,
might,can,could,will,would,should 這類情態(tài)動詞,表示“可以,會”。
⑵在so that,in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中,往往用虛擬語氣。
【例句】a)People started to wear clothes so(that)they could protect themselves from
the sun,rain and cold.人們開始穿衣時為了免受日曬、風(fēng)吹、雨淋和寒冷的侵襲。
b)The emperor gave the cheats some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.皇帝給那些騙子金子為的是想讓他們立即開始工作。
(二) 由in case,lest,for fear that引導(dǎo),“以防,以免”,往往用虛擬語氣
【例句】a) Take a raincoat in case it rains.帶上雨衣以防下雨。(陳述語氣)
b) He didn’t enter the room in case that he (should)carry the infection to us.
他沒進(jìn)屋來,以免把病傳染給我們。(虛擬語氣)
c)She phoned him at least four times lest/for fear that he(should) forget her birthday.她至少給他打過四次電話,生怕他忘記她的生日。(虛擬語氣)
(一) 由 although,though,even if,even though,while與as引導(dǎo),“盡管;雖然”
【說明】⑴though可以放在句首或句末。⑵as在此用倒裝句,且是部分倒裝。
⑶as前面是名詞,該名詞前不能用冠詞。
【例句】a) It sounds like a lot of fun.It is risky,though.這件事聽起來較有趣,但是冒險。
b) Although/Though/Even though/Even ifhe is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.雖然他80歲了,但他看上去強(qiáng)壯和年輕。
c) While I am willing to help,I do not have much time available.
盡管我愿意幫你的忙,可是我沒有時間。
d) Hard as he tried,he had to face the reality of failure.盡管他努力過,但他不得不接受失敗這一現(xiàn)實。
e) Child as he is,he knows a lot.盡管他還是一個孩子,但他知道很多東西。
(二) 由 whatever,whoever,whomever,whosever,whichever,whenever,however,wherever等引導(dǎo),常可以用no matter what/how...等來替代。常譯為“無論……;不管……”
【例句】a)Whatever(=No matter what)you do,do it well.
無論你要做什么事情,都要做好。
b) Whichever (=No matter which) you may choose,you will be pleased.
無論選哪一個,你都會滿意。
c) However angry (=No matter how angry) you are,you should try to control your temper.
不管你多么生氣,你都要控制一下你的脾氣。
(三)由be引導(dǎo),“不論”
【例句】 Be a man ever so successful,he should not be arrogant.
不論一個人有多么成功,他不應(yīng)該狂妄自大。
(一)由as引導(dǎo),“按照”
【例句】Please do it as I told you.請照我吩咐的去做。
(二) 由as though,as if引導(dǎo),“好像”??捎锰摂M語氣,其引導(dǎo)的從句常常放在act,look,sound,smell,feel等動詞的后面
【例句】 a) He acted as if/as though nothing had happened.
他表現(xiàn)的好像什么也沒發(fā)生似的。(虛擬語氣)
b) They talked as if/as though they had been friends for years.
他們談起話來象是多年的老朋友似的。(虛擬語氣)
c) It looks as if/as though it’s going to rain.
天氣看上去要下雨了。(陳述語氣)
(三) as...so,just as...so,just as...as“如同……的情況一樣”
【例句】 a) As you enjoy arts,so I enjoy science.就像你喜歡藝術(shù)一樣,我喜歡科技。
c) Just as happiness is part of life,so struggle is part of life.
正如快樂是生命的一部分,奮斗也是生命的組成部分。
d) The decision-maker worked just as hard as anyone.
那位決策者像所有的人一樣努力工作。
(一)由where引導(dǎo),“在……什么地方;到……什么地方”
【說明】1.where引導(dǎo)的定語從句與地點狀語從句的區(qū)別:where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾的是名詞,對該名詞起修飾,限定和補(bǔ)充的作用。而where引導(dǎo)的地點狀語從句起副詞的作用,不修飾名詞。如:Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions,please.請在有疑問的地方做記號。
2.在where等引導(dǎo)的地點狀語從句里,如果主語與主句的主語一致,且謂語含有動詞be,或者主語是it,??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉。
【例句】 a) Many people prefer to die and be buried where they were born.
很多人希望落葉歸根。
b) Please stay where you are.請呆在原地勿動。
c)Young people should go where they are most needed.
年輕人應(yīng)該到最需要的地方去。
d) Please make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.請在有疑問的地方做記號。(where雖然跟在名詞mark的后面,但它并不修飾該名詞mark。)
e) Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.(where的后面省略了it is)
在空格中必要的地方填入冠詞。
(二) 由wherever引導(dǎo),“無論哪里”。wherever是where的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式
【例句】He went wherever he could find a job.哪兒能找到工作,他就去哪兒。
(一)由as...as引導(dǎo),“……和……一樣”
【例句】He is as tall as me.他和我一樣高。
(二) 由not as...as,not so...as引導(dǎo),“……不如……”
【例句】This book is not(so) as interesting as that one(is) .
這本書不如那本書有趣。(三)由than引導(dǎo),“比”
【例句】 I’m taller than you (are) .我比你高。
Abstract:This article mainly classifies adverbial clause,analyzes its usage and gives many examples.
Key words
The Types of Adverbial Clause and Its Usage
Ou Lan-hua
(Hainkou College Of Economics,Haikou Hainan 570102)
H03
A
1008—6772(2011)01—0148—04
2010-12-15
歐蘭花(1970-),女,海南萬寧人,??诮?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院講師,研究英語教學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)。