陸文昊,程晉,王維,曹祖兵,李運(yùn)生,曹鴻國,劉亞,陶勇,章孝榮,張運(yùn)海
(安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,合肥 230036)
研究報(bào)告
自制載體冷凍小鼠原核期胚胎效果分析
陸文昊,程晉,王維,曹祖兵,李運(yùn)生,曹鴻國,劉亞,陶勇,章孝榮,張運(yùn)海
(安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,合肥 230036)
目的探討自制冷凍載體冷凍保存昆明小鼠體內(nèi)原核期胚胎的可行性。方法首先,比較了兩種流行的商業(yè)化載體:開放式拉長麥管(open pulled straw,OPS)和冷凍帽(cryotop)開展小鼠原核胚玻璃化冷凍保存效果。其次,以cryotop為對(duì)照,利用自制簡易載體(cryotip)開展小鼠原核期胚胎的玻璃化冷凍保存。之后,利用ANOVA對(duì)各組胚胎在復(fù)蘇后的體外培養(yǎng)卵裂率、囊胚率進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果OPS和cryotop兩組之間,胚胎在玻璃化冷凍/復(fù)蘇后發(fā)育的2-細(xì)胞率、4-細(xì)胞率和囊胚率差異均無顯著性(P>0.05),但cryotop冷凍效果更接近對(duì)照組;cryotip玻璃化冷凍載體與cryotop相比,胚胎復(fù)蘇后各組差異均無顯著性(P>0.05),數(shù)值上除了2-細(xì)胞發(fā)育率外,cryotip其他幾項(xiàng)結(jié)果都稍微高于cryotop組。結(jié)論OPS,cryotop,cryotip冷凍保存昆明小鼠體內(nèi)原核期胚胎均是可行的;cryotop在冷凍效果上要優(yōu)于OPS,筆者自制的cryotip因其成本低,制作簡單,操作安全可靠,在實(shí)驗(yàn)中替代昂貴的商業(yè)化載體OPS和cryotop是可行的。
昆明小鼠;原核胚;不同冷凍載體;玻璃化冷凍
小鼠卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎冷凍已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)、動(dòng)物學(xué)和生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究等方面,為動(dòng)物胚胎工程如體外受精、體細(xì)胞克隆等的發(fā)展做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn),更為人類輔助生殖臨床質(zhì)控及應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究提供了重要手段。而配子和胚胎的玻璃化冷凍相對(duì)于常規(guī)冷凍技術(shù),具有操作簡單,耗時(shí)較短,儀器低廉,冷凍效果較好的特點(diǎn),越來越被研究工作者廣泛運(yùn)用。
盡管人們在小鼠胚胎的玻璃化冷凍上已取得很大的研究進(jìn)展,但這些進(jìn)展主要集中在8-細(xì)胞、16-細(xì)胞、桑葚胚和囊胚階段。小鼠原核胚分化程度較低、對(duì)低溫較敏感,造成了原核胚的冷凍保存較其他發(fā)育階段的胚胎難度大,所以到目前為止,國內(nèi)外關(guān)于原核胚的玻璃化冷凍的研究報(bào)道相對(duì)較少。
在卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎的玻璃化冷凍操作中,冷凍載體的選擇非常關(guān)鍵。載體不同,所承載的玻璃化液的液量不同,而玻璃化液液量又決定著冷凍降溫速度的快慢,降溫速度快慢則是影響細(xì)胞冷凍效果的關(guān)鍵因素。迄今,在哺乳動(dòng)物配子和胚胎冷凍保存實(shí)踐中,電鏡銅網(wǎng)(electron m icroscopeic grid,EMC)[1]、開放式拉長麥管(open pulled straw,OPS)[2]、冷凍帽(cryotop)[3]、玻璃微管(glass micropipette,GMP)[4]、金屬表面積法(solid-surface vitrification,SSV)[5]、冷凍環(huán)(cryoloop)[6]等冷凍載體均有獲得成功的報(bào)道。
回顧文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn),近十余年以來,在玻璃化冷凍的實(shí)踐中,以開放式拉長麥管(open pulled straw,OPS)和冷凍帽(cryotop)運(yùn)用較為廣泛。OPS是由Vajta于1997年冷凍牛卵母細(xì)胞中發(fā)明的,之后相繼在其他物種上得到了推廣,如人[7],山羊[8-9],馬[10],小鼠[11-12],豬[13-15],藍(lán)狐[16]以及綿羊[17]的胚胎或卵母細(xì)胞玻璃化冷凍。而cryotop自問世以來,在人、牛[3,18]M II期卵母細(xì)胞玻璃化冷凍上效果甚佳,近來則又在豬[19]、馬[20]、羊[21]的卵母細(xì)胞冷凍中獲得了成功。
可見,合適的載體成就冷凍的好壞。然而,上述玻璃化冷凍所用載體由于制備比較復(fù)雜,且多需從國外進(jìn)口,價(jià)格昂貴,重復(fù)使用還會(huì)出現(xiàn)交叉污染,也在一定程度上影響了玻璃化冷凍技術(shù)在國內(nèi)的進(jìn)一步推廣。因此,本文嘗試?yán)霉P者自制的一種新型載體cryotip,以昆明小鼠為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,與進(jìn)口的商業(yè)化載體比較,探討利用其開展原核胚胎玻璃化冷凍的可行性,為小鼠乃至家畜卵母細(xì)胞及胚胎的玻璃化冷凍提供參考。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
清潔級(jí)昆明小鼠【SCXK(蘇)2007-0001】購自于揚(yáng)州大學(xué)比較醫(yī)學(xué)中心,雌性小鼠為5~8周齡,體重20~25 g;雄鼠10~16周齡,體重30~35 g。小鼠在溫度18~25℃控光(7:00 am~19:00 pm光照,19:00 pm~7:00 am黑暗),自由飲水采食。
1.2 超數(shù)排卵
選擇處于發(fā)情初期的健康雌性昆明小鼠,腹腔注射10 IU PMSG(pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin,寧波第二激素制品廠),48h后注射10 IU hCG(human chorionic gonadotropin,寧波第二激素制品廠),然后與雄鼠1∶1合籠交配,第2天上午8:00前檢查陰道栓。
1.3 冷凍載體
1.3.1 開放式拉長塑料細(xì)管法(open pulled straws,OPS):由0.25 m L細(xì)管加熱變軟后拉成,其內(nèi)徑為0.8 mm。管壁厚度為0.07 mm,冷凍后將OPS的細(xì)小端浸入含有胚胎的冷凍液小滴1~2 μL,利用虹吸效應(yīng)將胚胎以及冷凍液吸入OPS,然后直接投入液氮保存。
1.3.2 冷凍帽(cryotop):購于日本Kitazato公司,前端是透明且成薄膜狀的載體,并有塑料材質(zhì)的把柄,可將胚胎置放在上,且體積僅為0.1 μL,然后迅速投入液氮中保存。
1.3.3 自制的載體(cryotip):用解剖剪刀在0.25 m L精液冷凍管的開口端剪成長2 cm、寬1~1.5 mm的矩形薄片(制備方法見圖1),可將胚胎置放在上,且體積僅為0.1 μL,然后迅速投入液氮中保存。
1.4 冷凍液與解凍液
操作液(handling medium,HM):Hepes/TCM199 (貨號(hào):M7528)+20%FBS;平衡液(equilibrium solution,ES):HM+7.5%EG+7.5%DMSO;冷凍液(vitrification solution,VS):HM+15%EG+15% DMSO+1.0 mol/L蔗糖;解凍液(thawing solution,TS):HM+1.0 mol/L蔗糖;稀釋液(dilution solution,DS):HM+0.5 mol/L蔗糖。除特別說明外,本文所有化學(xué)試劑均購自Sigma公司(St. Louis,MO,USA)。
1.5 胚胎收集及培養(yǎng)
注①如圖B所示,按箭頭方向沿實(shí)線剪開(A為精液冷凍管);②如圖B所示,按箭頭方向沿實(shí)線剪開,保留虛線部分;③:如圖C所示,按箭頭方向沿虛線剪開,所得結(jié)果D(自制載體cryotip)。圖1 cryotip制備示意圖Note①As shown in Figure B,according to the direction of the arrow cut along the solid lines(A:semen frozen pipes).②As shown in Figure B,according to the direction of the arrow along the solid line cut,retaining dotted line.③As shown in Figure C,according to the direction of the arrow cut along the dotted line,the results of D[self-made loading carrier Cryotip].Fig.1 Schematic illustration of the preparation of cryotip
于hCG注射后22~24 h內(nèi)采取頸部脫臼法處死見栓雌鼠,無菌取出輸卵管并除去其上附著的脂肪,放入小鼠胚胎操作液(M2)中,用1 m L注射器針頭撕開輸卵管膨大部釋放出原核胚團(tuán)塊,移入含1%(W/V)透明質(zhì)酸酶的0.9%生理鹽水中,移液器輕輕吹打幾次去除卵丘細(xì)胞,并用M2清洗3次,在體視顯微鏡挑選形態(tài)正常的胚胎進(jìn)行冷凍解凍后,移入不同小鼠胚胎培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)5 d,觀察其體外發(fā)育情況。
1.6 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
1.6.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)1:將自然受精后的原核期胚胎隨機(jī)分為兩組,胚胎在M2中洗2~3遍后,移入HM中3~5 min,經(jīng)過7.5%EG+7.5%DMSO處理3 min后,放入15%EG+15%DMSO+1.0 mol/L蔗糖液20~30 s,分別用OPS與cryotop兩種載體冷凍,然后直接投入液氮盒中;解凍時(shí),先把原核胚在含1.0 mol/L蔗糖的TS中解凍液中復(fù)蘇1 m in,然后放入含0.5 mol/L的蔗糖的DS中處理3 min,最后用HM洗滌3次5~10 min,然后以10~20枚/50 μL液滴的培養(yǎng)密度將胚胎進(jìn)行體外培養(yǎng)(冷凍和解凍均在37℃下進(jìn)行)。對(duì)照組的原核期胚胎不進(jìn)行玻璃化冷凍直接培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)密度與實(shí)驗(yàn)組相同。實(shí)驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)各組胚胎的2-細(xì)胞率、4-細(xì)胞率和囊胚率。
1.6.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)2:冷凍方法和解凍方法以及胚胎培養(yǎng)方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)1相同,冷凍載體運(yùn)用cryotop(對(duì)照組)和自制cryotip(實(shí)驗(yàn)組),然后胚胎進(jìn)行體外培養(yǎng),統(tǒng)計(jì)胚胎的2-細(xì)胞率、4-細(xì)胞率、桑葚胚率和囊胚率。解凍后體外培養(yǎng)不同發(fā)育階段的的胚胎觀察見圖2所示。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
每組實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)5~7次,實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤表示,不同階段發(fā)育率以及不同比例分組數(shù)據(jù)都根據(jù)SPSS 13.0軟件one-way ANOVA分析,組間差異采用LDS檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05認(rèn)為存在顯著差異。
2.1 OPS與C ryotop冷凍效果的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果(表1)結(jié)果顯示:OPS、cryotop與對(duì)照組之間在2-細(xì)胞率、4-細(xì)胞率和囊胚率差異不顯著(P>0.05),但是在4細(xì)胞和囊胚發(fā)育率數(shù)值上OPS組明顯低于cryotop組和對(duì)照組。結(jié)果表明: OPS與cryotop對(duì)小鼠原核期胚胎冷凍均是可行的,用cryotop冷凍胚胎效果比OPS較好。
2.2 C ryotop與自制cryotip冷凍效果的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果(表2)顯示:我們自制的cryotip與成品相比,2-細(xì)胞率、4-細(xì)胞率、桑葚胚率和囊胚率差異都無顯著性(P>0.05),但從數(shù)值上看,在自制cryotip載體冷凍結(jié)果中,除了2-細(xì)胞發(fā)育率外,其他幾項(xiàng)結(jié)果都稍微高于成品組。結(jié)果表明:自制cryotip冷凍小鼠原核期胚胎是可行的,與成品cryotop相比具有更好的冷凍效果。
注:A:1-細(xì)胞胚胎,箭頭所指;B:3-4細(xì)胞胚胎,箭頭所指,培養(yǎng)48 h;C:桑葚胚,箭頭所指,培養(yǎng)72 h;D:囊胚,箭頭所指,培養(yǎng)96 h。圖2冷凍解凍后體外不同發(fā)育階段的小鼠胚胎Note:A:The arrow shows the 1-cell embryo;B:The arrows show the 3/4-cell embryo;48 h after IVC; C:The arrows show the morulae;72 h after IVC;D:The arrows show the blastocyst,96 h after IVC.Fig.2 The mouse embryos at different development stage after vitrification
表1 OPS與cryotop對(duì)小鼠原核期胚胎冷凍效果的影響(±s,%)Tab.1 The effect of different commercial loading devices on in vitro development ability of pronuclear embryos after vitrification and thawing(±s,%)
表1 OPS與cryotop對(duì)小鼠原核期胚胎冷凍效果的影響(±s,%)Tab.1 The effect of different commercial loading devices on in vitro development ability of pronuclear embryos after vitrification and thawing(±s,%)
注:2-細(xì)胞率=2-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù)/原核胚胎數(shù);4-細(xì)胞率=4-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù)/2-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù);囊胚率=囊胚數(shù)/2-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù)。同一列中含有相鄰不同字母上標(biāo)的表示差異有顯著性(P<0.05)。Notes:The rate of 2-cell embryos=number of 2-cell embryos/number of 1-cell embryos;The rate of 4-cell embryos=number of 4-cell embryos/number of 2-cell embryos;The rate of blastocyst formation=number of blastocysts/number of 2-cell embryos;Values with different superscripts in the same column indicate a significant difference(P<0.05).
組別Group原核胚數(shù)No.of 1-cell embryos 2-細(xì)胞率2-cell embryo rate 4-細(xì)胞率4-cell embryo rate囊胚率Blastocyst rate OPS 75 84.28±4.31 57.35±5.08 28.37±2.88 Cryotop 74 74.10±7.23 65.87±10.10 43.57±7.11對(duì)照組Control 70 81.19±5.28 64.25±5.50 40.04±8.80
表2 成品cryotop與自制cryotip對(duì)小鼠原核期胚胎冷凍效果的影響(±s,%)Tab.2 The effect of self-made loading device on preimplantation development of mouse pronuclear embryos after vitrification and thawing(±s,%)
表2 成品cryotop與自制cryotip對(duì)小鼠原核期胚胎冷凍效果的影響(±s,%)Tab.2 The effect of self-made loading device on preimplantation development of mouse pronuclear embryos after vitrification and thawing(±s,%)
注:2-細(xì)胞率=2-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù)/原核胚胎數(shù);4-細(xì)胞率=4-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù)/2-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù);桑葚胚率=桑葚胚胎數(shù)/2-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù);囊胚率=囊胚數(shù)/ 2-細(xì)胞胚胎數(shù)。同一列中含有相鄰不同字母上標(biāo)的表示差異有顯著性(P<0.05)。Note:The rate of 2-cell embryos=number of 2-cell embryos/number of 1-cell embryos.The rate of 4-cell embryos=number of 4-cell embryos/number of 2-cell embryos.The rate of morula=number of morulae/number of 2-cell embryos.The rate of blastocyst formation=number of blastocysts/number of 2-cell embryos.Values with different superscripts in the same column indicate a significant difference(P<0.05).
組別Group原核胚數(shù)No.of 1-cell embryos 2-細(xì)胞率2-cell embryo rate 4-細(xì)胞率4-cell embryo rate桑葚胚率Morula rate囊胚率Blastocyst rate Cryotop 80 71.25±3.50 74.01±5.89 63.84±6.41 58.48±5.39 Cryotip 80 67.50±3.13 75.60±3.82 66.29±4.30 62.72±4.32
玻璃化冷凍要求在極短的時(shí)間里完成冷凍降溫程序。由于載體承載玻璃化液液量不同,降溫速率也不盡相同。加之,冷凍保護(hù)劑濃度越高,對(duì)細(xì)胞傷害越大。因此,亟需在盡最大可能加快降溫速率及減少冷凍保護(hù)劑的濃度之間尋找一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn)。我們在實(shí)驗(yàn)一中比較了OPS與cryotop這兩種當(dāng)前較為流行的商業(yè)化載體對(duì)小鼠原核胚玻璃化冷凍/復(fù)蘇后體外發(fā)育的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)OPS、cryotop與對(duì)照組之間雖然在2-細(xì)胞率、4-細(xì)胞率和囊胚率上差異不顯著,但是4-細(xì)胞和囊胚發(fā)育率數(shù)值上OPS組明顯低于cryotop組。1998年,Vajta等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)OPS冷凍速率為20 000℃/min,而Masahige等發(fā)現(xiàn)crytop冷凍速率為23 000℃/min,說明cryotop與液氮瞬時(shí)接觸面更廣,從而降低了冷凍對(duì)胚胎的損傷,提高凍后的發(fā)育能力[23]。Liu等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)使用cryotop與OPS冷凍豬卵母細(xì)胞,解凍后經(jīng)孤雌處理,胚胎體外發(fā)育率前者高于后者。同時(shí),Morato等[25]在研究牛卵母細(xì)胞冷凍時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),cryotop與OPS相比,cryotop能夠更好地用于牛卵母細(xì)胞冷凍保存,可得到更高的囊胚發(fā)育率。以上的研究結(jié)果和我們實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果是一致的,說明cryotop相對(duì)于OPS更適合卵母細(xì)胞或者胚胎的玻璃化冷凍。
本研究所獲小鼠原核胚在玻璃化冷凍/復(fù)蘇后囊胚發(fā)育率為28.37%~62.72%,而朱士恩[26]等在20℃室溫條件下運(yùn)用一步法和兩步法冷凍小鼠原核胚,得到的囊胚發(fā)育率為47%和68%,而當(dāng)室溫升至25℃,二步法冷凍保存后原核胚的囊胚發(fā)育率高達(dá)77%。Bagis[27]等在研究小鼠原核胚玻璃化冷凍中得到58.3%和68.5%的囊胚率,而Zhao等[28]運(yùn)用EFS30、EFS40、EDFS30、EDFS40四種冷凍液對(duì)小鼠原核胚進(jìn)行冷凍,囊胚率分別為66.7%、66.0%、85.7%、76.9%。本文研究結(jié)果和上述文獻(xiàn)中的結(jié)果基本是一致的,但與Zhao等運(yùn)用EDFS30,EDFS40冷凍得到了85.7%和76.9%囊胚率還有差距。這可能和實(shí)驗(yàn)操作溫度,冷凍和解凍的操作時(shí)間以及玻璃化液配方的不同而導(dǎo)致實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的不同。另外,小鼠品系和飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境,以及室驗(yàn)室環(huán)境也可能對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)造成一定的影響。
OPS是一種塑料型的冷凍載體,雖然在當(dāng)前應(yīng)用比較廣泛,但在實(shí)際操作中,時(shí)常有如下幾點(diǎn)局限性:第一,當(dāng)塑料細(xì)管拉制到0.8 mm的時(shí)候,由于管壁較薄使得載體容易折斷,不容易拉制成功。第二,冷凍和解凍時(shí),由于細(xì)管自身的因素,會(huì)產(chǎn)生虹吸不暢和解凍受阻,不但嚴(yán)重影響操作時(shí)間,而且會(huì)出現(xiàn)卵母細(xì)胞或者胚胎丟失的現(xiàn)象,增加實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不穩(wěn)定的幾率。第三,OPS一般為透明狀,投入液氮中蒸汽會(huì)導(dǎo)致尋找困難,影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。Cryotop目前都是需要花費(fèi)許多外匯從國外進(jìn)口的,雖然它不存在OPS上述的一些局限性,但它由于制備比較精密,價(jià)格不菲,且反復(fù)使用會(huì)導(dǎo)致折舊和交叉污染,在國內(nèi)關(guān)于家畜或?qū)嶒?yàn)動(dòng)物配子、胚胎玻璃化冷凍保存實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用報(bào)道非常少。
為克服OPS、cryotop的上述局限性,筆者參考cryotop的設(shè)計(jì)原理,嘗試?yán)镁豪鋬龀S玫牧畠r(jià)細(xì)管,研制出了一種載體:cryotip,我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)也表明當(dāng)利用它作為載體開展小鼠原核胚玻璃化冷凍時(shí),可以獲得與cryotop相近的結(jié)果。Cryotip制備非常簡單、容易掌握,并具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):由于材料是價(jià)格低廉的牛精液冷凍的細(xì)管,大大降低進(jìn)口cryotop的成本,節(jié)約外匯;牛精液冷凍管內(nèi)壁呈現(xiàn)的螺旋紋結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)于OPS和cryotop內(nèi)壁的平滑結(jié)構(gòu),降低了胚胎丟失的可能性。
綜上所述,我們的研究表明:Cryotip冷凍保存昆明小鼠體內(nèi)受精原核期胚胎的是可行的,可以取代昂貴的商業(yè)化載體cryotop和OPS,降低成本,制作簡單、易學(xué),便于在科研實(shí)踐和教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中推廣。
(致謝:衷心感謝馮穎、隨劉才、季索菲在實(shí)驗(yàn)取材方面提供的幫助。)
[1]Martino A,Songsasen N,Leibo SP.Development into blastocyts of bovine oocytes cryopreserved by ultra-rapid cooling[J].Biol Reprod,1996,54:1059-1069.
[2]Vajta G,Booth PJ,Holm P.Successful vitrification of early stake bovine in vitro produced embryos with the open pulled straw (OPS)method[J].Cryo Lett,1997,18:191-195.
[3]Kuwayama M,Kato.A ll-round vitrification method for human oocytes and emborys[J].Assist Reprod Genet,2000,17:477.
[4]Kong LK,Lea SI,Cho SG,et al.Comparison of open pulled straw(OPS)vs glass micropipette(GMP)vitrification in mouse blastocytes[J].Theriogenology,2000,53:1817-1826.
[5]Dinnvers A,Dai Y,Jung S,et al.High developmental rates of vitrified bovine oocytes following parthenogenetic activation,in vitro fertilization,and somatic cell nuclear transfer[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63(2):513-518.
[6]Mukaida T,Nakamura S,Tomiyama T,et al.Successful birth after transfer of vitrified human blastocysts with use of a cryoloop containerless technique[J].Fertil Steril,2001,76:618-620.
[7]Isachenko V,Montag M,Isachenko E,et al.Aseptic technology of vitrification of human pronuclear oocytes using open-pulled straws[J].Hum Reprod,2005,20(2):492-496.
[8]Hong QH,Tian SJ,Zhu SE,et al.Vitrification of boer goat morulae and early blastocysts by straw and open-pulled straw method[J].Reprod Domest Anim,2007,42(1):34-38.
[9]Bettencourt EM,Bettencourt CM,Silva JN,et al.Ultrastructural characterization of fresh and cryopreserved in vivo produced ovine embryos[J].Theriogenology,2009,71(6):947-958.
[10]Moussa M,Bersinger I,Doligez P,et al.In vitro comparisons of two cryopreservation techniques for equine embryos:slow-cooling and open pulled straw(OPS)vitrification[J].Theriogenology,2005,64(7):1619-1632
[11]Meng Q,Li X,Wu T,et al.Piezo-actuated zona-drilling improves the fertilisation of OPS vitrified mouse oocytes[J].ActaVet Hung,2007,55(3):369-378.
[12]Suo L,Zhou GB,Meng QG,et al.OPS vitrification of mouse immature oocytes before or after meiosis:the effect on cumulus cells maintenance and subsequent development[J].Zygote,2009,17(1):71-77.
[13]Shi WQ,Zhu SE,Zhang D,et al.Improved development by Taxol pretreatment after vitrification of in vitro matured porcine oocytes[J].Reprodution,2006,131(4):795-804.
[14]Berthelot F,Venturi E,Cognié J,et al.Development of OPS vitrified pig blastocysts:effects of size of the collected blastocysts,cryoprotectant concentration used for vitrification and number of blastocysts transferred[J].Theriogenology,2007,68 (2):178-185.
[15]Varga E,Gajdócsi E,Makkosné BP,et al.Vitrification of in vitro matured oocytes of Mangalica and large white pigs[J].Acta Vet Hung,2008,56(3):399-410.
[16]Zhou GB,Ma CB,Liu GS,et al.Vitrification of farmed blue fox oocytes in ethylene glycol and DMSO-based solutions using openpulled straw(OPS)[J].Cryo Letters,2009,30(2):112-118.
[17]Green RE,Santos BF,Sicherle CC,et al.Viability of OPS vitrified sheep embryos after direct transfer[J].Reprod Domest Anim,2009,44(3):406-410.
[18]Kuwayama M,Vajta G,Kato O,et al.Highly efficient vitrification method for cryopreservation of human oocytes[J]. Reprod Biomed,2005,11:300-308.
[19]Fujihira T,Nagai H,F(xiàn)ukui Y,et al.Relationship between equilibration times and the presence of cumulus cells,and effect of taxol treatment for vitrification of in vitro matured porcine oocytes[J].Cryobiology,2005,51(3):339-343.
[20]Bogliolo L,Ariu F,Rosati I,et al.Vitrification of imm ture and in vitro matured horse oocytes[J].Reprod Fertil,2006,18:149-150.
[21]Succu S,Bebbere D,Bogliolo L,et al.Vitrification of in vitro matured ovine oocytes affects in vitro pre-implantation development and mRNA abundance[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2008,75(3):538-546.
[22]Vajta G,Holm P,KuwayamaM,et al.Open pulled straw (OPS)vitrification:A new way to reduce cryo injuries of bovine ova and embryos[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1998,51(1):53-58.
[23]Kuwayama M,Cobo A,Vajta G.Vitrification of oocytes:general considerations and the use of the Cryotop method[J].Vitrificat Assisted Reprod,2007,7A:119-128.
[24]Liu Y,Du Y,Lin L,et al.Comparison of efficiency of open pulled straw(OPS)and Cryotop vitrification for cryopreservation of in vitro matured pig oocytes[J].Cryo Letters,2008,29(4): 315-320.
[25]Morato R,Izquierdo D,Paramio MT,et al.Cryotops versus open-pulled straws(OPS)as carriers for the cryopreservation of bovine oocytes:effects on spindle and chromosome configuration and embryo development[J].Cryobiology,2008,57(2):137-141.
[26]朱士恩,權(quán)國波,吳通義,等.小鼠原核胚玻璃化冷凍保存技術(shù)的研究[J].中國實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物學(xué)報(bào),2003,12,2:69-73.
[27]Bagis H,Sagirkaya H,Mercan HO,et al.Vitrification of pronuclear-stage mouse embryos on solid surface(SSV)versus in cryotube:comparison of the effect of equilibration time and different sugars in the vitrification solution[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2004,67(2):186-92.
[28]Zhao XM,Quan GB,Zhou GB,et al.Conventional freezing,straw,and open-pulled straw vitrification of mouse two pronuclear (2-PN)stage embryos[J].Anim Biotechnol,2007,18(3): 203-212.
Vitrification of M ouse Pronuclear Stage Em bryos:Effect of a New ly Self-M ade,Econom ical Loading Device
LU Wen-h(huán)ao,CHENG Jin,WANG Wei,CAO Zu-bing,LI Yun-sheng,CAO Hong-guo,LIU Ya,TAO Yong,ZHANG Xiao-rong,ZHANG Yun-h(huán)ai
(College of Animal Science and Technology,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China)
Objective To explore the possibility of using a new ly self-made loading device to replace expensive commercial carriers to vitrify Kunm ing white mouse pronuclear stage embryos derived by in vivo fertilization.M ethods Firstly,the effect of two popular and commercial carriers:open pulled straw(OPS)and Cryotop,on in vitro development of mouse in vivo derived pronuclear embryos,subjected to vitrification and thawing,was exam ined.Secondly,with the Cryotop as control,the feasibility of using self-made loading carrier(Cryotip)to vitrify mouse pronuclear embryos was evaluated.Data of cleavage and blastocyst formation were analyzed by ANOVA.ResultsThe results showed that the rates of 2-cell embryo,4-cell embryo,and blastocyst in both OPS and Cryotop groups were similar(P>0.05),but the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation in the Cryotop group were likely to be closer to that in the control group.The rates of each group were not significantly different between Cryotip and Cryotop groups(P>0.05),although Cryotop tends to have a higher rate in 2-cell embryo rate.ConlusionIt is feasible to cryopreserve Kunming white mouse pronuclear stage embryos derived from in vivo fertilization with OPS,Cryotop,and Cryotip.The results of cryopreservation by Cryotop are likely better than that by OPS.In particular,our self-made novel loading device–Cryotip,is of good quality and lower cost,easier to make,may replace the expensive commercial carriers such as OPS and Cryotop,widely used in mouse embryo or oocyte vitrification practice.
Kunming white mouse;Pronuclear embryo;Different carriers;Vitrification
R-318.52
A
1005-4847(2010)04-0283-06
2009-12-11
國家“863”重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2008AA101003);國家“十一五”科技支撐計(jì)劃(08010301066)。
陸文昊(1985-),男,碩士研究生,研究方向:動(dòng)物胚胎工程。E-mail:wenhaolu123@163.com;Tel:13965002951。
張運(yùn)海(1973-),男,博士,副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事哺乳動(dòng)物發(fā)育生物學(xué)研究。E-mail:yunhaizhang@ahau.edu.cn; Tel:0551-5786357;Fax:0551-5785543