把握語篇大意,巧解短文改錯(cuò)

胡圣平

高考英語試題中的“短文改錯(cuò)”從詞匯、語法、篇章等方面來考查考生在語篇中綜合運(yùn)用英語知識(shí)的準(zhǔn)確性和在特定語境中對(duì)語言使用進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的能力,因此,它要求考生必須掌握足夠的詞匯和語法知識(shí),并靈活運(yùn)用以判斷、發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正錯(cuò)誤,但它又不是單純的語法檢測(cè),還要求考生具有一定的閱讀分析與邏輯推理能力,在語篇和上下文理解中運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)去解決實(shí)際的語言問題。

短文改錯(cuò)不同于單句改錯(cuò),解題時(shí),考生要在讀懂全文的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)短文進(jìn)行逐句研究,仔細(xì)推敲詞匯用法、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和篇章邏輯,將存在的錯(cuò)誤改正,因此,切不可孤立地依行改錯(cuò),既要看該行所在的整句,也要顧及前后句甚至全文。

根據(jù)筆者指導(dǎo)考生做短文改錯(cuò)題的多年體會(huì)與實(shí)踐,我覺得考生在理解短文大意基礎(chǔ)上,將短文分解成句、將句分解為行,在每行中,通過下列“查一致”逐句逐行來找錯(cuò)、改錯(cuò),頗有成效。

1. 查詞性與詞形是否一致

主要指在短文改錯(cuò)題中出現(xiàn)的詞性混用現(xiàn)象,如:可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞混用,形容詞與副詞混用。

It is dishonest and foolishly to help.

解析:foolishly改為foolish。is后要用形容詞作表語,且與dishonest一致。

Football is not too badly as long as I watch it with my dad!

解析:badly改為bad。要用形容詞作表語。

2. 查時(shí)態(tài)是否一致

檢查該行中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與上下文、特定語境或該句的時(shí)間狀語是否一致。

Since long ago many adults and children called their friends together.

解析:called前加have。由since long ago可知,謂語動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

One of them was that they can earn money.

解析:was改為is。文章說的事情是現(xiàn)在的事實(shí),所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

3. 查并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)是否一致

由并列連詞或詞組連接的結(jié)構(gòu),詞性、時(shí)態(tài)等形式要保持前后一致。

All over the world men and woman, boys and girls enjoy sports.

解析:woman改為women。and前后的名詞復(fù)數(shù)一致。

I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer.

解析:opening改為opened。聯(lián)系上下文此處應(yīng)用opened作并列謂語。

4. 查主謂語是否一致

檢查該行中的謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱、數(shù)上是否與主語保持一致。

There are advantage for students to work…

解析:advantage改為advantages。與are一致。

Earning their own money allow them to spend much on what they like.

解析:allow改為allows。動(dòng)名詞作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。

5. 查該行中的中心詞與其修飾詞是否一致

主要指修飾名詞的冠詞或代詞,修飾形容詞的副詞,修飾比較級(jí)的副詞等。

She looked at me serious and said…

解析:serious改為seriously。行為動(dòng)詞look要用副詞來修飾。

That was a dinner we had waited for several month.

解析:month改為months。several修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

My first one job was to clean the tables in a small restaurant.

解析:去掉one。first表示第一個(gè),不能再與one連用。

6. 查語態(tài)是否一致

檢查該行中的謂語動(dòng)詞或非謂語動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞,由此判斷動(dòng)詞語態(tài)是否正確。

After the drive, it was cost just over 2 to put the car…

解析:去掉was。此句為主動(dòng)語態(tài)。

Much larger values are destroying.

解析:destroying改為destroyed。values是動(dòng)詞destroy的動(dòng)作承受者, 應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

7. 查各種搭配是否一致

主要指在該行中的習(xí)慣用語、詞組、動(dòng)詞與其賓語搭配等是否正確。

…decide if or not each of us meets the requirement.

解析:if改為whether。if不能與or not連在一起使用。

Some students may also to save up for their college or future use.

解析:去掉to。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面要用動(dòng)詞原形。

The medicine had so a bitter taste that I took it unwillingly.

解析:so改為such。句式such+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that…

8. 查代詞指代是否一致

檢查該行中用于指代的代詞在人稱、數(shù)、格、性等與上下文是否一致。

It is good manners for them to help each other if we have any difficulty with our work.

解析:them改為us。從上下文可知是針對(duì)我們。

I thought that was dull to watch a game which was uninteresting to us.

解析:that改為it。只有it可用作形式主語或賓語。

Some students may also save up for our college or future use.

解析:our改為their。與some students 相對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞性物主代詞是their。

9. 查比較結(jié)構(gòu)是否一致

檢查該行中如有比較結(jié)構(gòu),看形容詞或副詞的級(jí)是否正確。

Both the diet and the exercise will help me to lose weight and feel more better.

解析:去掉more或?qū)ore改為much。比較級(jí)前much用于加強(qiáng)語氣。

So he decided to make a best car himself.

解析:best改為better。依據(jù)句意要用比較級(jí)。

What I learned from the job, in the hard way, was much more important as what I earned.

解析:as改為than。構(gòu)成more…than結(jié)構(gòu)。

10. 查行文邏輯是否一致

這類錯(cuò)誤較難發(fā)現(xiàn),要求通篇考慮行文邏輯,錯(cuò)誤主要涉及并列連詞、從屬連詞、肯定與否定等。

I dont know that they dont like to talk with me.

解析:that改為why。從上下文來看要用why引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

Not all people like to work and everyone likes to play.

解析:and改為but。此處句意表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。

They would have to ask their parents for money.

解析:would后加not。依據(jù)上句意思應(yīng)該是否定。

短文改錯(cuò)題包含多項(xiàng)語法規(guī)則和語言技能,任何一處都有可能出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,而且常為學(xué)生在平時(shí)的寫作中易出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。因此,平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中,考生要多注意總結(jié)與積累,準(zhǔn)確規(guī)范地使用英語,訓(xùn)練自己的改錯(cuò)能力,把握短文改錯(cuò)題的命題特點(diǎn)、考查重點(diǎn)等,則在考試時(shí)就會(huì)遇難不慌,較好地解答短文改錯(cuò)題了。