淺談初中英語語法“被動語態(tài)”的教學(xué)

蔡　紅

從七年級到九年級我們一直在學(xué)習(xí)主動語態(tài)，逐漸形成了用主動語態(tài)處理語言的思維習(xí)慣，用被動語態(tài)思維的意識卻相對薄弱。而英語中的動詞有兩種語態(tài)，所以，同學(xué)們首先要樹立兩種語態(tài)，兩者兼顧、全面思考問題的意識。筆者根據(jù)多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗，下面談?wù)勛约航虒W(xué)總結(jié)。

一、語態(tài)概述

英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)(active voice)和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese.謂語speak的動作是由主語many people來執(zhí)行的。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.主語Chinese是動詞speak的承受者。

二、動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成

英語中的被動語態(tài)是各種時態(tài)結(jié)合在一起使用的，其構(gòu)成是由"助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。（不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)），人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。例如我們來看下面不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成.（括號里的句子為各種時態(tài)的例句舉例）

①一般現(xiàn)在時：am／is／are＋動詞的過去分詞

（The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.）

②一般過去時：was／were＋動詞的過去分詞

(The classroom was cleaned by students just now)

③一般將來時：will／shall+be＋動詞的過去分詞

(The classroom will be cleaned by students.)

④過去將來時：would/should+be+動詞的過去分詞

(The classroom would be cleaned by students)

⑤現(xiàn)在進行時：am／is／are+being＋動詞的過去分詞

(The classroom is being cleaned by students)

⑥過去進行時：was/were+being＋動詞的過去分詞

(The classroom was being cleaned by students.)

⑦現(xiàn)在完成時：have／has+been＋動詞的過去分詞

(The classroom has been cleaned by students)

⑧過去完成時：had+been+動詞的過去分詞

(The classroom had been cleaned by students)

三、被動語態(tài)的用法

(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。

例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)

This bridge was founded in 1981.這座橋竣工于1981年。

(2)強調(diào)動作的承受者，而不強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者。

例如：The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是邁克打破的。

This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

Your homework must be finished on time.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時完成。

(3)當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不是人時，使用別動語態(tài)，例如：

①The house was washed away by the storm（這棟房子被暴風(fēng)吹倒了）

②We are all shocked by the news of his sudden death （他的突然去世使我們大家都感到很震驚）

四、如何將主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)

1、一般的主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)的方法

把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，先把主動結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語，然后把主動結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞由主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)，再在動詞被動語態(tài)后加介詞by,再將主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語放在介詞by之后變成介詞by的賓語。

①He wrote a letter → A letter was written by him

②They are building a road → A road is being built by them

③We shall finish the work soon →The work will be finished soon by us.

2、主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中含有兩個賓語時，如何變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)

當(dāng)主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中含有兩個賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)時時，一般把指“人”的間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，指“物”的直接賓語保留不動。例如：

①We gave him some books →He was given some books by us.

②My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

③He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him

3、如何把含有賓語補足語的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)

含有賓語補足語的句子，賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z之后，賓語補足語改為主語補足語，原來的位置一般不變，但如果賓語補足語是不帶to的動詞不定式，句子變成被動語態(tài)后則要加to，以便將兩個動詞隔開。這類動詞有hear, watch, make, help, let等，如：①The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day. →My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

②They saw him enter the room→He was seen to enter the room

③A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

五、使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：

1. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上to 。

例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

4、一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。

We cant laugh him. →He cant be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse

總之，學(xué)習(xí)被動語態(tài)，要牢固掌握被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式，即be+及物動詞的過去分詞。這是樹立被動語態(tài)意念的關(guān)鍵，也是學(xué)好被動語態(tài)的主線和重點。 要靈活運用助動詞be的不同形式。即在各種時態(tài)中及各種句型中的變化，如一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)中be有is, am, are三種形式。一般過去時態(tài)中be有was, were兩種形式。這兩種時態(tài)的一般疑問句，否定句及特殊疑問句都是通過be來體現(xiàn)的，而帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)則是通過情態(tài)動詞來體現(xiàn)的。這些變化形式同學(xué)們不妨在草稿紙上多練習(xí)幾遍，就象我們在記數(shù)學(xué)、物理或化學(xué)公式一樣，久而久之也就記住了。另外還要記牢過去分詞，尤其是不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞。