直接引語與間接引語

(一)定義

當我們轉述別人的話時,可以引用別人的原話,被引用部分稱為直接引語;也可以用自己的話轉述別人的意思,被轉述的部分稱為間接引語。間接引語多數(shù)構成賓語從句。直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，須在時態(tài)及代詞、狀語等方面作一些必要的調(diào)整。

(二)時態(tài)的變化

1.如果主句的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)，直接引語變間接引語時謂語動詞一般按下列規(guī)律進行變化

例如：

“Shes preparing her lessons,” I said. 我說：“她正在準備功課?！?/p>

→I said (that) she was preparing her lessons. 我說她正在準備功課。

I said to them, “Hell get excited.” 我對他們說：“他會興奮的?！?/p>

→I told them (that) he would get excited. 我告訴他們他會興奮的。

He said to me, “Jane spent all her time doing that.”

他對我說：“簡花了她全部的時間做那件事?！?/p>

→He told me (that) Jane had spent all her time doing that.

他告訴我簡花了她全部的時間做那件事。

2.直接引語中的謂語動詞為一般過去時，如果與一個具體的表示過去的時間(如in 2005, last week等)連用，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)可以不變

My father said to me, “I read the book in 1998.”

我父親對我說：“我1998年讀過這本書?！?/p>

My father told me (that) he read the book in 1998.

我父親對我說他于1998年讀過這本書。

3.直接引語表達的意思是客觀真理或習慣性動作時，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時時態(tài)可以不變

The geography teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”

地理老師說：“地球繞著太陽轉。”

The geography teacher told us (that) the earth turns around the sun.

地理老師告訴我們地球繞著太陽轉。

(三)代詞的變化

代詞要根據(jù)句中的意義作相應的變化。例如：

“Sorry, Ive broken your CD player,” he said to me.

他對我說：“對不起，我把你的CD播放器弄壞了?！?/p>

→He told me (that) he had broken my CD player.

他告訴我他把我的CD播放器弄壞了。

[注意]this, these要相應地變?yōu)閠hat, those。

(四)狀語的變化

例如：

“Ill come and see you again this evening, Dave,” he said.

他說：“戴夫，我今天晚上再來看你?！?/p>

→He told Dave (that) he would go and see him again that evening.

他告訴戴夫他那天晚上再去看他。

[注意]動詞come根據(jù)情況相應地變?yōu)間o。有時，在間接引語的意義不會引起誤解的情況下，狀語也可以不變。

(五)直接引語為陳述句時的變化

當直接引語是陳述句時，間接引語常由that引導(口語中?？墒÷?，引述動詞常用say, tell等。同時，根據(jù)主句的情況，間接引語應在人稱、時態(tài)及其他方面作相應的變化。例如：

The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class tomorrow.” 老師說：“約翰，你明天必須把書帶到班上來?！?/p>

→The teacher told John (that) he must bring his book to the class the following day. 老師告訴約翰第二天必須把他的書帶到班上去。

He said, “I like this book.” 他說：“我喜歡這本書。”

→He said (that) he liked that book. 他說他喜歡那本書。

He said, “I saw her yesterday.” 他說：“我昨天看見她了?！?/p>

→He said (that) he saw her the day before. 他說他前一天看見她了。

(六)直接引語為疑問句時的變化

當直接引語是疑問句時，除注意人稱、時態(tài)和狀語等方面的變化外，還要注意：間接引語中要用陳述句的語序；特殊疑問句用原來的疑問詞引導從句；一般、選擇和反意疑問句在間接引語前加連詞whether/if引導。例如：

She asked, “What is it? Whats going to happen now?”

她問：“那是什么？又要發(fā)生什么事？”

→She asked what it was and what was going to happen then.

她問那是什么，又要發(fā)生什么事。

The boy was wondering, “How does the computer work?”

那個男孩想知道: “電腦是怎樣工作的？”

→The boy was wondering how the computer worked.

那個男孩想知道電腦是怎樣工作的。

“Why do you speak English so fluently?” I said to him.

我對他說：“你為什么英語說得那么流利？”

→I asked him why he spoke English so fluently.

我問他為什么他的英語說得那么流利。

“Is there anything wrong, Madam?” asked the policeman.

警察問：“夫人，出什么事了嗎？”

→The policeman asked the woman whether/if there was anything wrong. 警察問那位婦女是否出什么事了。

“Its Mary, isnt it?” asked Jane. 簡問道：“那個人是瑪麗，對嗎？”

Jane asked whether it was Mary or not. 簡問那個人是不是瑪麗。

(七)直接引語為祈使句時的變化

當直接引語為祈使句時，主句中的謂語動詞在變化時往往根據(jù)直接引語中的語氣而改用ask, tell, order等動詞，直接引語中的謂語動詞則要變成動詞不定式。例如：

“Please explain why youre two and a half hours late,” the boss said. 老板說：“請解釋一下你為什么遲到了兩個半小時。”

→The boss asked him to explain why he was two and a half hours late. 老板要他解釋一下為什么遲到兩個半小時。

“Dont give up!” Father shouted to him. 父親對他喊道:“不要放棄!”

→Father told him not to give up. 父親告訴他不要放棄。

“Get everything ready in half an hour,” the teacher said to the students. 老師對學生們說:“半小時內(nèi)把一切都準備好?！?/p>

→The teacher ordered the students to get everything ready in half an hour. 老師命令學生們在半小時內(nèi)把一切都準備好。

對應練習

1. Where was Alices sister? →I dont know where ____.

A. was Alices sister B. Alices sister was

C. is Alices sister D. Alices sister is

2. What did he say? →I dont know what ____.

A. did he say B. he says C. he has said D. he said

3. I dont know ____.

A. the reason why can be B. why the reason may be

C. what the reason can be D. the reason may be

4. I wonder ____. Which of the following is not the right choice?

A. whether she will be fit for the job or not

B. whether or not she will be fit for the job

C. if she will be fit for the job

D. what she will be fit for the job

5. Is Mr Wu from Beijing? →I dont know ____.

A. where does he come from B. from where does he come

C. which city he comes from D. what city does he come from

6. Can you make sure ____?

A. that he will come here today

B. when he will come here today

C. will he come here today

D. whether will he come here today

7. Do you happen to know ____?

A. where is her address B. in which place is her address C. what her address is D. the place her address is

8. Excuse me, but can you tell me ____?

A. where can I get to the library B. where I can get to the library C. how can I get to the library D. how I can get to the library

9. John asked me ____ to visit his uncles farm with him.

A. how would I like B. if or not would I like

C. whether I would like D. which I would like

10. Id like to know ____ Chinese.

A. when he began to learn

B. when did he begin to learn

C. when did he begin learning

D. for how long he began to learnKey(2)

吳亞云 江蘇如東教師進修學校