李國(guó)勤
表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)的方法主要有以下幾種:1.will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形;2.be going to+動(dòng)詞原形;3.be+to+動(dòng)詞原形?,F(xiàn)將它們的各種用法功能簡(jiǎn)述如下:
一、表示“預(yù)測(cè),預(yù)計(jì)”等意思。
當(dāng)我們作“預(yù)測(cè)”時(shí),用“will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”或“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示,不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如:
1. I think itll rain this evening./I think its going to rain this evening. 我想今天晚上天要下雨。
2. You are going to hate this party./You will hate this party.
你將不喜歡這次聚會(huì)。
但是,當(dāng)提及在某種條件下,一般用“will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”表示,而不用“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。例如:
If you work hard, you will pass the test easily.
如果你努力學(xué)習(xí),你會(huì)很容易地通過(guò)考試的。
不能說(shuō):If you work hard, you are going to pass the test.
在口語(yǔ)中,“I bet/I hope”后面的從句可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間。例如:
I bet she likes the flowers.(=I bet she will like the flowers.)我敢說(shuō)她會(huì)喜歡這些花的。
二、表示“已經(jīng)確定”的意思。
有些句子,表示的既是將來(lái),同時(shí)又是現(xiàn)在的情況。當(dāng)你說(shuō)“Shes going to have a baby.”時(shí),不僅包含將來(lái)的信息(她將要生孩子了),而且也包含現(xiàn)在的信息(她已懷孕了)。在這種情況下,通常用“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。例如:
The Greens are coming to dinner.格林夫婦要來(lái)吃晚飯。(邀請(qǐng)已經(jīng)發(fā)出,并且對(duì)方接受了邀請(qǐng)。)
“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”還可表示強(qiáng)烈的決心。例如:
Im going to get to the top even if it kills me.
即使要了我的命,我也要爬到頂上。
三、表示“某種決定”的意思。
當(dāng)我們談及“已作出一項(xiàng)決定”時(shí),一般用“will+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。(除了疑問(wèn)句外,很少用“shall+動(dòng)詞原形”,且常用縮略式“‘ll”) 例如:
——The phone is ringing. 電話響了。
——Ill answer it. 我去接吧。
如果要問(wèn)我們應(yīng)當(dāng)如何決定,就用“shall+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。例如:
What shall we do?我們?cè)撛趺崔k?
四、表示“威脅,允諾”等意思。
表示“威脅”或“允諾”時(shí),第一人稱(chēng)常用“I/We+will(ll)+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。但是,也可用“…+be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。第二人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)可以用“You/He/She/They+shall+動(dòng)詞原形”表示。例如:
I promise I wont get drunk again./I promise Im not going to get drunk again. 我保證決不再喝醉了。
You shall be punished. 你會(huì)受到處罰的。
He shall suffer for this!他會(huì)為此而吃苦頭的。
五、表示“建議,請(qǐng)求”的意思。
當(dāng)表示“提議為別人做某事”或“請(qǐng)求別人做某事”時(shí),通常用“Shall I/We……?” 表示;表示建議時(shí),常用“Will you…?” 表示。例如:
Shall I fetch some water for you?要我去給你打些水來(lái)嗎?
Will you help me to carry the box?請(qǐng)你幫我提一下盒子好嗎?
六、表示“意圖,自愿,堅(jiān)持”等意思。
表示“強(qiáng)烈的意圖,自愿做某事”或“堅(jiān)持做某事”時(shí),第一人稱(chēng)可用“will+動(dòng)詞原形”表示,通常不用“shall+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:
I will write to her tomorrow. 明天我將給她寫(xiě)信。
I will stop smoking—I really will!我要戒煙了—我真的要戒了!
當(dāng)will表示“意圖”時(shí),在句中一般不重讀,并且不可縮略為“‘ll”;表示“堅(jiān)持做某事”時(shí),will必須重讀,而且不可縮略為“‘ll”。例如:
Why will you go there?你為什么想去那兒?(表示意圖)
I will do as I like. 我要做我想做的事。(表示堅(jiān)持)
七、表示“征求意見(jiàn)”的意思。
當(dāng)征求聽(tīng)話人的“意見(jiàn)”或“意圖”時(shí),用“Shall I/We…?”表示。例如:
Shall I carry your suitcase?(=Do you want me to carry your suitcase?) 要我給你提箱子嗎?
Shall we have dinner now?(=Do you agree to our having dinner now?) 我們現(xiàn)在吃晚飯好嗎?
八、表示“習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,性格特征”或“自然屬性”的意思。
will可以用來(lái)表示“習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,性格特征”或“自然屬性”的意思。例如:
Pigs will eat anything. 豬是什么都吃的。
Oil will float on water.(=Oil floats on water.) 油漂在水上。
九、表示“計(jì)劃,安排,打算”的意思。
“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)常用來(lái)表示“計(jì)劃,安排”或“打算”的意思,“be+to+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以表示按“計(jì)劃,安排”將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
What are you going to do today?你今天打算干什么?
I am to see my sister at six oclock this evening.
我打算今晚6點(diǎn)鐘去看我妹妹。
鞏固練習(xí):?jiǎn)雾?xiàng)選擇
1. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they ____.
A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive
2. Ive won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I ____ my mum.
A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken
3. ——Youve left the light on.
——Oh, so I have. ____ and turn it off.
A. Ill go B. Ive gone C. I go D. Im going
4. It ____ long before we ____ the result of the experiment.
A. will not be; will know B. is; will know
C. will not be; know D. is; know
5. ——Can I join your club, Dad?
——You can when you ____ a bit older.
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
6. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as
she ____.
A. will arrive B. arrives
C. is going to arrive D. is arriving
7. He was about to tell me the secret ____ someone patted him on the shoulder.
A. as B. until C. while D. when
8. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ____
from the university next year.
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
9. ——When will you come to see me, Dad?
——I will go to see you when you ____ the training course.
A. will have finished B. will finish
C. are finishing D. finish
Key(3)