直接引語變間接引語面面觀

一、如何變?nèi)朔Q：

學(xué)生在將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，常常弄不清人稱變化。下面有一句順口溜“一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”?！耙浑S主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時，如果直接引語中是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，變?yōu)殚g接引語時的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。如：

She said， “My brother wants to go with me.”

→She said her brother wanted to go with her.

“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時，若直接引語中的主語是第二人稱，或被第二人稱所修飾，變?yōu)殚g接引語時人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果主句沒有賓語，也可以用第一人稱。如：

He said to Kate, “How is your sister now?”

→He asked Kate how her sister was then.

“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時。如果直接引語的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾，變?yōu)殚g接引語時的人稱一般不需要變化。如：

Mr Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.”→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.

二、如何變時態(tài)：

直接引語在改為間接引語時，時態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整?，F(xiàn)在時態(tài)需改為過去時態(tài)；過去時態(tài)改為過去完成時；過去完成時則保留原來的時態(tài)。如：

1)She said, “I have lost a pen.”→She said she had lost a pen.

2)She said, “We hope so.”→She said they hoped so.

3)She said, “He will go to see his friend.” →She said he would go to see his friend.

但要注意在以下幾種情況下，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)一般不變。

①直接引語是客觀真理。如：

“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth,” the teacher told me.→The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.

②直接引語是過去進(jìn)行時，時態(tài)不變。如：

Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.

③直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。如：

Xiao Wang said, “I was born on April 20, 1980.” →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.

④直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時，表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動作，變 為間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。如：

He said, “I get up at six every morning.”

→He said he gets up at six every morning.

⑤如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動詞沒有過去時的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過去時的形式時，（例：could, should, would, might）時態(tài)不再變。如：

Peter said, “You had better come here today.”

→Peter said I had better go there that day.

三、如何變狀語：

直接引語變間接引語，狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)律，時間狀語由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來”（例：now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday.變?yōu)?the day before）；地點(diǎn)狀語，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語，由“此”改為“彼”（例：this 改為that)。如：

He said, “These books are mine.” →He said those books were his.

[附] 直接引語和間接引語正誤例析

1.“Speak English more often in and out of class，” our English teacher said to us.

Our English teacher suggested us to speak English more often in and out of class. （誤）

Our English teacher told/asked us to speak English more often in and out of class. （正）

Our English teacher suggested that we （should） speak English more often in and out of class. （正）

解析：直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要將祈使句的動詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)語氣需要使用ask，tell，order等動詞，其句型是：ask/tell/order someone to do sth.，但是suggest不能接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，只能接-ing形式或從句（從句用虛擬語氣）作賓語。

2.“Dont play football on the street，little boys，” the policeman said.

The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street. （誤）

The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street. （正）

解析：如果直接引語是祈使句的否定式，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要將其改為不定式的否定形式作賓補(bǔ)，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not，而不是加do not， does not， did not等。

3.“Would you please do me the favor to carry the box upstairs？”the young woman said to me.

The young woman ordered me to carry the box upstairs for her. （誤）

The young woman asked me to carry the box upstairs for her. （正）

解析：直接引語是表示請求、建議的疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時， 也變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ阶髻e語補(bǔ)足語。需要注意的是應(yīng)根據(jù)原句的語氣選用恰當(dāng)?shù)膭釉~。因為此處原來的疑問句用的是很客氣的語氣，改寫后不宜用order。

4.“You clean the classroom after class today， Tom，” said the monitor.

The monitor said that Tom cleaned the classroom after class that day.（誤）

The monitor told Tom to clean the classroom after class that day. （正）

解析：一般而言，祈使句是以動詞原形開頭的，但是如果說話人有意強(qiáng)調(diào)動作執(zhí)行者，也可以在句首加上主語。我們在將其變?yōu)殚g接引語時不能將帶有主語的祈使句與陳述句混淆起來。

5.“Its a fine day. Lets go to the country for a picnic，” Peter said to me.

Peter told me that it was a fine day and let us go to the country for a picnic. （誤）

Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with him. （正）

解析：當(dāng)直接引語中有多種句子形式如陳述句、祈使句、疑問句等時，我們就要用不同的方式將各種句子進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述。因為原句中直接引語前面部分是陳述句，故變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，后面部分是祈使句所以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ阶髻e補(bǔ)。

福建省永定縣湖雷中學(xué) 黃新慶