Ｕｎｉｔｓ１－２相似詞語辨析

段瑞敏

1.discover, invent, find與look for

(1)discover“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)現(xiàn)以前一直存在但未被人所知的事物。eg:

The islands were discovered by an English Army captain.

這些島嶼是一位英軍上校發(fā)現(xiàn)的。

(2)invent“發(fā)明”，指創(chuàng)造出以前沒有的東西。eg:

Printing was first invented by the Chinese.

印刷術(shù)是中國人首先發(fā)明的。

(3)find“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，與discover意思相近，多數(shù)情況下可互換,find比discover用得更普遍，偏重尋找的結(jié)果，是終止性動(dòng)詞。指重大發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)常用discover。eg:

She finds the film quite attractive. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)那部電影挺吸引人的。

Jack found a wallet on the sidewalk the other day.

幾天前杰克在人行道上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)錢包。

(4)look for意為“尋找”，多指尋找丟失的物品、人、地方等，強(qiáng)調(diào)尋找的動(dòng)作與過程，是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。eg:

She looked everywhere for the necklace. 她到處找那條項(xiàng)鏈。

2.disease, illness與sickness

(1)illness和sickness是最普通的詞，兩者均指健康狀況壞的某一情形，無論是長久的或短暫的，兩詞可以交換使用，但sickness可能更常用一些，它有時(shí)專指“惡心，想吐”。而illness的語義則比較通俗。eg:

The farmer was overcome with sickness shortly after eating the contaminated food. 這個(gè)農(nóng)夫吃過污染的東西后不久就病倒了。

It is an illness that can result in total blindness if you leave untreated. 你如果不治療，這種病可能會(huì)使你完全失明。

(2)sickness暗示暫時(shí)的不適，而illness則暗示較長時(shí)間的困擾，損及正常功能，而不是停止正常功能。eg:

Sudden sickness kept her in bed for two weeks.

突然的疾病使她臥床兩星期。

Long illness makes his mother very miserable.

長期的疾病使他媽媽痛苦萬分。

(3)sickness表示急病的原因是外在的，而illness則表示內(nèi)部的虛弱與功能的失調(diào)，凡一切心理的病癥皆可用illness表示。eg:

One of the reasons that cause the growing incidence of mental illness is watching unhealthy films.

引起精神病增多的原因之一就是看不健康的影片。

(4)disease病；疾??；危害。廣泛適用于任何種類的健康不佳。指某種疾病時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞，用來表示對疾病的通稱時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。eg:

Some skin diseases are difficult to treat. 有些皮膚病很難治療。

The business of doctors is to prevent and cure disease.

醫(yī)生的職責(zé)是防病與治病。

3.give away, give out, give in與give up

(1)give away意為“贈(zèng)送，分發(fā)，喪失，泄露”。eg:

He gave away all his money to the poor children.

他把自己所有的錢都送給了窮人家的孩子。

His voice gave him away. 他的聲音使他露餡了。

(2)give out意為“發(fā)出（煙、光、熱等）”，亦作give off。eg:

The heavily-polluted river gives off a bad smell.

這條污染嚴(yán)重的河流散發(fā)出一股難聞的氣味。

The sun gives off heat and light. 太陽發(fā)出光和熱。

give out還有“耗盡，筋疲力盡”之意，此時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。eg:

Her patience finally gave out. 她最終忍無可忍了。

(3)give in意為“屈服，讓步”。eg:

The rebels were forced to give in. 造反的人都被制服了。

Mary usually has to give in to her big brother.

通?，旣惗嫉米屩母绺?。

(4)give up意為“讓出，放棄”。eg:

She was so late that we had given her up.

她太遲了，我們沒有等她。

4.work on與work at

work on和work at都可以用來作“致力于”、“從事于”解，相當(dāng)于be engaged in,許多時(shí)候可互換使用。但在表示“克服（困難）”、“解決（難題）”“研究探討”時(shí)，較傾向于用work at；在表示“致力于創(chuàng)作或制造”時(shí)，較傾向于用work on。試比較：

Its said that hes working on a new novel.

據(jù)說他在寫一部新小說。

All the people who work on a newspaper must be able to work fast. 所有從事報(bào)紙工作的人必須活兒干得很快。

He liked to work at difficult problems in maths.

他喜歡做數(shù)學(xué)難題。

Then he started to work on the maths problem.

接著他開始演算那道數(shù)學(xué)題。

5.pass by與go by

(1)pass by意為“從旁邊經(jīng)過；不理睬，錯(cuò)過”。eg:

You should never let an opportunity pass by.

你不應(yīng)該錯(cuò)過任何機(jī)會(huì)。

(2)go by“從某人旁邊經(jīng)過”，也可用來表示“時(shí)間的過去”,相當(dāng)于pass;“受……指導(dǎo)”；“憑……判斷”。eg:

After what seemed two hours had gone by/passed, she finally turned up. 似乎過去兩個(gè)小時(shí)以后，她才出現(xiàn)。

6.go on doing, go on to do與go on with

這三個(gè)詞組都表示“繼續(xù)”的意思，但在用法和含義上有差異。

(1)go on doing指做某一事情因故暫停，尚未做完，再繼續(xù)做下去。它還可以表示“一直做某事”。eg:

After a short break, he went on reading the text.

暫停了一會(huì)兒后，他又接著讀課文。

(2)go on to do則表示某一件事已做完，再接著去做另一件事。eg:

He went on to talk about the world situation.

他接著又談了談世界形勢。

(3)go on with是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，其后通常接名詞或代詞作賓語。eg:

Please go on with your story. 請繼續(xù)講你的故事。

7.observe與watch

當(dāng)“觀察”講時(shí)，observe相當(dāng)于watch carefully，尤其用于實(shí)驗(yàn)或研究等場合。

observe可意為“察覺到”(see and notice), watch意為“盯著看”(keep ones eyes fixed on)。 watch可意為“觀看（比賽、電視、電影等）”，observe沒有此意。watch還有“照料”之意，相當(dāng)于take care of,也意為“當(dāng)心”；相當(dāng)于 be careful with, pay attention to; observe沒有此意。eg:

She has observed the stars all her life. 她一生都在觀察星星。

They watched the games while sitting under the trees.

他們坐在樹下看比賽。

8.match, suit與fit

(1)match多指大小、色調(diào)、形狀、性質(zhì)等諸方面的搭配。

(2)suit指顏色、花樣或款式的適合，也可以指合乎需要、口味、性格、條件、地位等。

(3)fit一般指大小，尺寸合體。eg:

The style of the coat suits you. 這衣服的款式適合你。

No dish suits all tastes. 眾口難調(diào)。

The new coat fits me well. 這件新衣服我穿著大小很合適。

Roses clothes and hat dont match. 羅斯的衣服和帽子不搭配。

9.believe與believe in

(1)believe(vt.&vi.;)相信；信任；認(rèn)為。有“信以為真”之意，后面可以接名詞、代詞、不定式或賓語從句。用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，只能跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。eg：

I just could not believe my eyes. 我簡直不敢相信我的眼睛。

He refused to believe that his son was involved in drugs.

他不愿意相信他的兒子沾染毒品。

His story is believed to be true. 人們相信他所說的是真的。

(2)believe in相信；信奉；信賴。后常接真理、宗教一類的詞。還可用來表示對人的信任，后面接名詞，代詞或v.-ing。eg:

He didnt believe in her honesty. 他不相信她是誠實(shí)的。

They dont believe in ghosts. 他們不信鬼神。

I dont believe in hitting children. 我不贊成打孩子。

試比較：I believe him.我相信他（說的話）。

I believe in him.我信任他（為人可靠）。

10.elect, choose與select

(1)elect選舉（指通過正式手續(xù)）；后接人及所任的職位。eg:

We elected him chairman. 我們選他當(dāng)主席。

She was elected manager of the factory. 她被選為工廠的經(jīng)理。

(2)choose選擇，抉擇，用途最廣，指一般的“選擇”；指“抉擇”時(shí)側(cè)重意志或判斷力。eg:

He chose a book from the shelf. 他從書架上挑選了一本書。

You should be careful to choose friends. 選朋友時(shí)要當(dāng)心。

(3)select精選，指在同種的許多東西中，仔細(xì)審慎地加以“選擇”，并且按照一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)精選。eg:

We must select some for seeds. 我們必須選一些做種子。

11.injure, hurt與wound

這三個(gè)詞都表示“受傷”、“傷害”。injure指在意外事故中受傷，如骨折，摔傷等。hurt可以指肉體上的傷害，也可以指精神上的傷害，多指抽象的概念。wound通常指因割、刺、打、撕裂等而受的損傷，特指戰(zhàn)斗中的刀傷、槍傷。eg:

The player was injured in his right leg. 那位選手的右腿受傷了。

More than 300 people were heavily injured in that train accident.

在那次火車事故中有300多人受了重傷。

She was badly hurt at his words.=His words hurt her feelings badly.

他的話深深地傷了她的感情。

His leg was badly hurt(=injured) while playing football.

踢足球時(shí)他的腿受了重傷。

The bullet wounded him in the head. 子彈傷了他的頭部。

12.talent, gift與genius

(1)talent n.才能，才干；天資，著重于“才能”，常用單數(shù)形式。eg:

He has a talent for drawing. 他有繪畫的天賦。

(2)gift n.天賦，天才，著重于“天賦”，可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式，著重指某一方面較特殊的天生具有的天賦。eg:

She has a gift for music/for learning languages.

她有音樂/學(xué)語言的天賦。

(3)genius n.天才，指較高的,較全面的和最富于創(chuàng)造性的才能。eg:

the genius of Shakespeare莎士比亞的天才

a mathematical/comic genius數(shù)學(xué)/喜劇天才

13.accident, incident與event

(1)accident可表示“事故”的意思，通常指不幸的意外事件。它還可以表示偶然的事件。eg:

He met with an accident in riding. 他在騎馬時(shí)出了事故。

Twenty people were killed in the railway accident.

在這次鐵路事故中，有二十人死亡。

(2)incident的意思是事件，尤指與較為重大的事件相比顯得不重要的事件。它還用以表示引起國際爭端或戰(zhàn)爭等的事件。eg:

It is a quite common incident. 這是很普通的事。

The Lugouqiao incident occurred on July 7, 1937.

盧溝橋事變發(fā)生于1937年7月7日。

(3)event事件。是普通的用詞，如作重大事件解時(shí)，在前面應(yīng)另加形容詞。eg:

It was quite a chilling event. 這確實(shí)是一件觸目驚心的事件。