從句難點(diǎn)剖析

丁好鵬

從句有很多難點(diǎn)知識，本文結(jié)合高考試題進(jìn)行剖析。

一、定語從句難點(diǎn)剖析

1.先行詞表地點(diǎn)的性質(zhì)有時(shí)難判斷

用where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)先行詞必須表示地點(diǎn)，且在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，但有時(shí)用where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)先行詞乍看起來并不像地點(diǎn)名詞，考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真加以分析，弄清它們的地點(diǎn)性質(zhì)并準(zhǔn)確答題。

例1：After graduation she reached a point in her career ____ she needed to decide what to do.（07江西）

A. that B. what

C. which D. where

解析：D。先行詞point意義為“地步”，表示抽象地點(diǎn)，而且在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，因此該空應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例2：Today, well discuss a number of cases ____ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. （07陜西）

A. which B. as

C. why D. where

解析：D。句中cases表示“場合”，屬抽象地點(diǎn)，且在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，因此應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例3：If a shop has chairs ____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (05上海)

A. that B. which

C. when D. where

解析：D。chairs通常為物質(zhì)名詞，但在本題中卻表示地點(diǎn)，且在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，因此該空應(yīng)填where。

2.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句試題難解

介詞+關(guān)系代詞whom/which引導(dǎo)定語從句是定語從句的難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，解此類試題時(shí)可將定語從句與先行詞連成一個(gè)句子，此時(shí)缺什么介詞就用什么介詞+whom/which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例1：Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ____ they can be controlled on purpose. (07重慶)

A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which

解析：B。定語從句可與先行詞連成they can be controlled on purpose to the degree，因此該空應(yīng)用to which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例2：He was educated at the local high school, ____ he went on to Beijing University. （07江蘇）

A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that

解析：A。定語從句可與先行詞連成he went on to Beijing University after he was educated at the local high school, 因此該空應(yīng)用after which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

3.which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句難識別

which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常代表整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容或某一專有名詞，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)沒有定語從句修飾，主句意義仍然明確，但這兩種定語從句比較獨(dú)特，常常出乎考生的意料。

例1：Chans restaurant on Baker Street, ____ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. （07浙江）

A. that B. which C. who D. where

解析：B。Chans restaurant on Baker Street屬專有名詞，沒有定語從句修飾意義仍然非常明確，因此該句應(yīng)為非限制性定語從句，該空應(yīng)填which。

例2：By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ____ can be very eye-opening and rewarding.

（07湖南）

A. who B. which C. what D. that

解析：B。該空指代整個(gè)主句，沒有定語從句修飾主句意義仍然明確，因此該句為非限制性定語從句，應(yīng)由which引導(dǎo)。

4.特定詞匯+of whom/which引導(dǎo)的定語從句試題難解

數(shù)詞（不定量數(shù)詞）或其它詞匯（表示所屬關(guān)系）+of whom/which常引導(dǎo)定語從句，但其前不可加and, but等介詞。這種定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，解題難度較大，可將定語從句與先行詞連成一個(gè)句子，缺什么詞就用什么詞+of whom/which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例1：It is reported that two schools， ____ are being built in my hometown， will open next year.（07四川）

A． they both B． which both

C． both of them D． both of which

解析：D。定語從句可與先行詞連成both of the two schools are being built in my hometown，因此該空應(yīng)用both of which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例2：We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people, most of ____ are healthy.（07北京）

A. that B. which C. what D. whom

解析：D。定語從句可與先行詞連成most of the so many people are healthy，因此該空應(yīng)用whom引導(dǎo)定語從句。

例3：Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ____ wanted to buy it. （07安徽）

A. none of them B. both of them

C. none of whom D. neither of whom

解析：D。定語從句可與先行詞連成neither of the only two people came to look at the house，因此該空應(yīng)用neither of whom引導(dǎo)定語從句。

二、名詞性從句難點(diǎn)剖析

1.what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)意義難理解

what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)常表示“……的內(nèi)容”，但是它還可以表示“……的狀況/人/地方/價(jià)格/速度/方法”，此時(shí)理解難度明顯增大?？忌鷳?yīng)認(rèn)真分析語境邏輯，弄清空檔是否具有what的創(chuàng)新含義。

例1：The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ____ it is.（07天津）

A. what B. which C. how D. where

解析：A。該空表示“……的狀況”，應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

例2：The shopkeeper did not want to sell for ____ he thought was not enough. (05山東)

A. where B. how C. what D. which

解析：C。由sell for的語境邏輯可以推出該空表示“……的價(jià)格”，因此應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

例3：The way he did it was different ____ we were used to.

(05江西)

A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which

解析：C。be different應(yīng)與from才能構(gòu)成搭配，因此該空作from的賓語，由The way的語境邏輯可以推出該空表示“不同于……的方法”，因此應(yīng)填 from what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

例4：A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago. (04天津)

A. what B. which C. that D. where

解析：A。由a wasteland的語境邏輯可以推出該空表示“……的地方”，因此應(yīng)填what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

例5：The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed.(04上海春季)

A. as B. which C. what D. that

解析：C。由a dangerous speed的語境邏輯可以推出該空表示“……的速度”，因此應(yīng)填what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

2．that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句難識別

that引導(dǎo)同位語從句與that引導(dǎo)的定語從句容易混淆。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)與先行詞之間為同位關(guān)系，它是先行詞具體內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn)，但that本身并沒有具體含義，也不在從句中充當(dāng)任何成份。that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)是對先行詞的修飾限制，它在定語從句中常作主語或賓語。

例1：Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ____ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. （06重慶）

A. why B. that C. where D. because

解析：B。he had to meet his uncle at the airport是先行詞his reason for being absent from the class內(nèi)容的具體體現(xiàn)，因此該空應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

例2：A warm thought suddenly came to me ____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday．（06安徽）

A． if B． when C． that D． which

解析：C。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday是先行詞A warm thought具體內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn)，因此該空應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

例3：The news ____ our team won the game excited us all.

A. which B. that C. what D. when

解析：B。our team won the game excited us all是先行詞the news的具體內(nèi)容,因此該空應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

3.whether與if難區(qū)分

whether與if均可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)可以通用，但不存在if…or not…結(jié)構(gòu)或if or not…結(jié)構(gòu)。引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句和介詞后面的賓語從句時(shí)應(yīng)用whether而不可用if。

例：We havent settled the question of ____ it is necessary for him to study abroad.（06江蘇）

A. if B. where C. whether D. that

解析：C。該空表示“是否”，且作介詞賓語，因此應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

三、狀語從句難點(diǎn)剖析

1.before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句難識別

before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句意義比較靈活，除表示“在……之前”外還可表示“趁……、尚未來得及”，也可用于it was not long before（不久）句型及其創(chuàng)新句型。

例：The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time ____ we meet them again. （07安徽）

A. after B. before C. since D. when

解析：B。題干來自于it was not long before句型，但因?qū)⒁话氵^去時(shí)變成了一般將來時(shí)，又將long換成了a long time，極難識別。

2.while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句難識別

除表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句外，while還可以表示“雖然”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，這是它的一種創(chuàng)新用法。

例：____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. (04浙江)

A. While B. Since C. As D. If

解析：A。該空表示“雖然”，因此應(yīng)填While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

鞏固性練習(xí)：

1. I have many friends, ____ are really friendly to my parents and me.

A. none of whom B. but none of whom

C. and all of whom D. none of them

2. Our teacher didnt tell us the situation ____ this word can be used.

A. which B. that C. where D. when

3. The girl had a quarrel with her mother, ____ of course, made the matter more difficult to solve.

A. as B. which C. that D. what

4. What a pity! ____ was a beautiful place in the past has turned into a desert.

A. That B. What C. Which D. As

5. To my surprise, she didnt live up to her promise ____ she would send me a birthday gift.

A. that B. which C. what D. as

6. ——What I want to know is ____ we will have a holiday in the middle of the next month.

——We will surely have one.

A. if B. whether C. where D. how

7. ____ the problem is very difficult, I must work it out in the

shortest time.

A. When B. As C. While D. Because

8. You should do it ____ it is too late, otherwise you will fail.

A. until B. when C. before D. unless

9. He lives in Beijing, ____ is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China.

A. that B. which C. what D. as

10. How long will it be ____ you return from abroad and come to see us?

A. when B. while C. as D. before

Key(3)