摘" " 要:【目的】明確江西省獼猴桃褐斑病發(fā)生情況及其病原,篩選能有效抑制病原的殺菌劑,為獼猴桃褐斑病防控提供新的依據(jù)。【方法】以獼猴桃褐斑病為研究對象,調(diào)查江西省獼猴桃褐斑病發(fā)生情況。對褐斑病主要流行區(qū)的病葉進行病原分離,通過科赫氏法則驗證、形態(tài)觀察和分子鑒定確定病原。采用菌絲生長速率法對9種藥劑進行室內(nèi)毒力測定?!窘Y果】獼猴桃褐斑病在贛西和贛北發(fā)生嚴重,11個調(diào)查點位中5個點位發(fā)病等級中值在5級及以上;獼猴桃褐斑病在贛東和贛南發(fā)生較輕,10個調(diào)查點位的發(fā)病等級中值均為0。通過科赫氏法則驗證、形態(tài)觀察和分子鑒定,確定病原為多主棒孢(Corynespora cassiicola)。室內(nèi)藥劑毒力測定結果表明,丙硫菌唑、環(huán)丙唑醇、克菌丹和腈菌唑?qū)ΛJ猴桃褐斑病菌具有極強的抑制作用,EC50分別為17.36,6.97,5.30和2.50 μg·mL-1?!窘Y論】獼猴桃褐斑病在贛北和贛西發(fā)生嚴重,病原鑒定為多主棒孢;丙硫菌唑、環(huán)丙唑醇、克菌丹和腈菌唑可作為獼猴桃褐斑病防治的潛在高效藥劑。
關鍵詞:獼猴桃;褐斑?。徊∏檎{(diào)查;病原菌鑒定;多主棒孢;藥劑篩選
中圖分類號:S663.4;S436.634 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)10-2067-12
Occurrence, pathogen identification and laboratory screening of efficient fungicides of kiwifruit brown leaf spot in Jiangxi
LI Haiyuan1, LI Juan1, HU Yanyue1, SUN Yang1, GE Cuilian2, CHEN Xiaoliu3, SHI Lijuan4, HUANG Shuijin1*
(1Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control and Waste Comprehensive Utilization, Nanchang 330200, Jiangxi, China; 2Agricultural Technology Promotion Center of Wuning County, Wuning 332300, Jiangxi, China; 3Economic Crop Bureau of Yushan County, Yushan 334700, Jiangxi, China; 4Fruit Industry Development Service Center of Xunwu County, Xunwu 342200, Jiangxi, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease is the second largest disease in many places after the bacterial canker disease, which often causes a large number of fallen leaves, resulting in bare branches and yield losses. This study aims to understand the occurrence of kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease in Jiangxi province, clarify the pathogens of kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease, and screen of fungicides that can effectively inhibit the pathogens, helping for the prevention and control of kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease in Jiangxi. 【Methods】 A survey was conducted on the occurrence of kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease in kiwifruit experimental stations in four regions including east, west, south, and north of Jiangxi. Twenty-one orchards distributed in 4 counties named Wuning, Fengxin, Yushan, and Xunwu were included in this research, a 0 to 9 scale evaluation criterion of kiwifruit brown leaf spot was used to evaluate the disease severity of individual leaves, and a parallel line sampling method with 5 lines in each orchard was used to evaluate the disease severity of different orchards. Then, tissue isolation of pathogens was conducted on diseased leaves collected from the epidemic area of kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease in Jiangxi province. Leaf segments (approximately 1 cm2) were excised from the margins of lesions were washed in sterile water, surface sterilized in 75% ethanol for 45 s, washed again in sterile water, dried on sterilized filter papers, and placed on PDA medium containing streptomycin. Cultures were incubated at 25 ℃ in dark until colons grown out from leaf tissues, and isolates were purified from the hypha edge of colons. The pathogenicity was validated by Koch’s postulates, the surface of leaves of kiwifruit cultivar Jinguo was sterilized with 75% ethanol for 1 min, washed with sterilized water, wiped with clean soft paper, wounded with sterilized needles, and inoculated with mycelial plugs from PDA plates, inoculated leaves were incubated at 25 ℃ in dark for 5 days. The morphology of pathogen was preliminarily identified through colony, hyphae, and spores. The molecular identification of the strains was carried out using ITS1/ITS4 primers. The PCR amplicons were sequenced at Sangon Biotech and aligned to NCBI database. Fourteen ITS sequences of 12 species under genus Corynespora, ten ITS sequences of 5 species under genus Didymella, Alternaria, Diaporthe, Fusarium, and Colletotrichum were used to construct molecular phylogenetic tree by MEGA 7.0.26 with the neighbor-joining method, ITS sequence of Verticillium dahliae was used as out group in the molecular phylogenetic tree. Using the mycelial growth rate method, the indoor toxicity of 9 chemicals that have not been used in kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease was determined. 【Results】 Kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease occurred seriously in western and northern Jiangxi, with a Median Disease Rating (MDR) of grade 5 or above in 5 out of 11 survey sites; the incidence was relatively mild in eastern and southern Jiangxi, with a median disease rating of 0 in all 10 survey sites. The average Disease Indices (DI) of Wuning and Fengxin were 31.94 and 37.16, respectively, and the incidence rates of kiwifruit brown leaf spot diseased leaves were 100% in epidemic orchards. The average DI of Yushan and Xunwu were 0.24 and 3.09, respectively, which were significantly lower than that in Wuning and Fengxin. By Koch’s postulates, isolates of KBLS-1 could successfully infect leaves and cause necrosis lesion symptoms, re-isolation of pathogen from diseased leaves proved that the isolates of KBLS-1 were the pathogen of kiwifruit brown leaf spot. By morphological observation, the spores of KBLS-1 were of rod-shaped, and several of diaphragms existed in spores, which was in accordance with features of Corynespora cassiicola. By molecular identification of the isolates, the ITS sequence of isolate of KBLS-1 was homologous with C. cassiicola with 100% identity. According to phylogenetic analysis, ITS sequence of isolate of KBLS-1 was clustered together with C. cassiicola on molecular phylogenetic tree, and was distinguished from other Corynespora sp. or common pathogens in orchards such as Didymella sp., Alternaria sp., Diaporthe sp., Fusarium sp., and Colletotrichum sp. Thus, the pathogen of kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease in the main epidemic area of Jiangxi is C. cassiicola. The indoor toxicity test results showed that prothioconazole, cyproconazole, captan, and myclobutanil had extremely highly inhibitory effects on kiwifruit brown leaf spot pathogen. These four fungicides could inhibit the growth of pathogen at low concentrations, with EC50 values (μg·mL-1) of prothioconazole, cyproconazole, captan, and myclobutanil being 17.36, 6.97, 5.30, and 2.50, respectively. Fenbuconazole, ningnanmycin, pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics, and fosetyl aluminum had highly inhibitory effects only at high concentrations, with EC50 values of 86.12, 106.07, 304.46, and 509.62, respectively. Picoxystrobin had no obvious inhibitory effect on C. cassiicola in this research. 【Conclusion】 Kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease occurs seriously in northern and western Jiangxi, and is relatively mild in eastern and southern Jiangxi, with the pathogen being identified as C. cassiicola. Laboratory research showed that prothioconazole, cyproconazole, captan, and myclobutanil can be used as potentially efficient agents for the prevention and control of kiwifruit brown leaf spot disease.
Key words: Kiwifruit; Brown leaf spot; Disease investigation; Pathogen identification; Corynespora cassiicola; Fungicide screening
獼猴桃起源于中國,是世界上重要水果之一,具有重要的營養(yǎng)價值和經(jīng)濟價值。根據(jù)“Marketable Gross Production”指標,獼猴桃是世界上繼柑橘、蘋果、鮮食葡萄、桃子/油桃、梨之后第六重要水果[1]。2019年世界獼猴桃總收獲面積約26.88萬hm2,總產(chǎn)量約434.80萬t,其中中國收獲面積約18.26萬hm2,總產(chǎn)量約219.67萬t[2-4]。聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2022年中國的獼猴桃收獲面積達19.91萬hm2,產(chǎn)量上漲至238.03萬t,面積和產(chǎn)量均居世界第一位且保持上漲趨勢,獼猴桃產(chǎn)業(yè)對中國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和鄉(xiāng)村振興具有重要意義。然而,2022年中國獼猴桃單產(chǎn)約為12.00 t·hm-2,低于世界平均水平,遠低于新西蘭的41.10 t·hm-2,表明中國獼猴桃產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展仍面臨嚴峻問題且具有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿2]。獼猴桃褐斑病會引起獼猴桃的早期落葉,嚴重威脅獼猴桃的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量,該病害在四川獼猴桃產(chǎn)區(qū)為僅次于潰瘍病的第二大病害[5]。褐斑病危害嚴重果園的病葉率可達100%,進而導致枝條干枯和果實萎蔫脫落,產(chǎn)量損失可達50%,嚴重制約當?shù)孬J猴桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展[6-8]。掌握江西省獼猴桃褐斑病的發(fā)生情況,篩選高效藥劑,對提高獼猴桃的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)具有重要意義。
獼猴桃褐斑病是中國四川、江西等地非常嚴重的病害,但獼猴桃褐斑病在國內(nèi)外研究報道甚少,中國于1988年在江西九江首次報道了獼猴桃褐斑病,描述為灰褐色病斑,病斑外圍深褐色,中間褐色,發(fā)病嚴重時葉片脫落引發(fā)光桿[9],其癥狀報道與現(xiàn)在主流褐斑病癥狀報道一致。雖然1988年福建地區(qū)也報道了褐斑病的發(fā)生,但對癥狀的描述為葉背面長出黑色煤污狀霉層,其癥狀報道與現(xiàn)在獼猴桃黑霉病癥狀一致,應歸為獼猴桃黑霉病而非褐斑病[10]。1990年湖北省報道褐斑病的發(fā)生,癥狀與劉國池等描述一致[11]。2001年浙江報道了褐斑病的發(fā)生,癥狀為葉緣焦枯,嚴重時枯萎脫落,病害后期還會危害枝干,其癥狀報道與目前褐斑病的癥狀描述出入較大[12]。2013年陜西地區(qū)報道了褐斑病的發(fā)生,但報道的危害對象為獼猴桃果實,應納入果實軟腐病或褐腐病的范疇[13]。獼猴桃褐斑病于2014年在廣西獼猴桃種植地區(qū)從病原的形態(tài)鑒定、分子鑒定、科赫氏法則驗證等角度被首次系統(tǒng)報道[14]。此后,在四川[15]、貴州[16]、江西[17]、湖南[18]等地被相繼系統(tǒng)報道,且田間葉片發(fā)病圖片一致,表現(xiàn)為葉片散生褐色圓形病斑,病斑中央灰白或淺褐色,病斑呈輪紋或呈靶點狀。至此,獼猴桃褐斑病的病狀得到較為統(tǒng)一的共識。雖然獼猴桃褐斑病的病狀得到較為統(tǒng)一的共識,但不同學者對褐斑病病原的鑒定存在差異。劉國池等[9]、吳德義等[11]分別將江西和湖北的獼猴桃褐斑病病原鑒定為葉點霉屬真菌(Phyllosticta sp.);Yuan等[14]、Cui等[15]、秦雙林等[19]、蘇文文等[20]分別將廣西、四川、江西、貴州的褐斑病病原鑒定為多主棒孢(Corynespora cassiicola);鄒玉萍等[18]將湖南的獼猴桃褐斑病病原鑒定為多主棒孢和葉點霉屬真菌;冉飛等[16]和Li等[21]將貴州的褐斑病病原鑒定為細極鏈格孢(Alternaria tenuissima);Chen等[8]將貴州的褐斑病病原鑒定為禾谷鐮刀菌(Fusarium graminearum);Li等[22]將山東的褐斑病病原鑒定為藤倉鐮刀菌(F. fujikuroi)。目前,多主棒孢、細極鏈格孢、葉點霉屬真菌、禾谷鐮刀菌和藤倉鐮刀菌等均被報道是褐斑病的病原,表現(xiàn)為不同地區(qū)或者同一地區(qū)不同團隊的鑒定結果各有不同,但目前近半數(shù)報道認為多主棒孢為褐斑病病原。
多主棒孢在自然界中廣泛存在,寄主范圍廣泛,可侵染380個屬內(nèi)的530種植物,甚至在偶然情況下可侵染人體的暴露組織[23-25]。多主棒孢病原菌主要在病殘體或土壤中越冬,亦可在其他寄主上越冬,第二年越冬菌源產(chǎn)生分生孢子侵入獼猴桃葉片,并不斷產(chǎn)生孢子進行再侵染和傳播。目前,市場上登記的對獼猴桃褐斑病有效的藥劑僅有苯醚甲環(huán)唑、己唑醇、甲基硫菌靈、唑醚·代森聯(lián)、苯甲·丙環(huán)唑、氟菌·肟菌酯、氟酰羥·苯甲唑、唑醚·氟酰胺、唑醚·喹啉銅、小檗堿,可供選擇的范圍十分有限,易引發(fā)抗藥性的發(fā)生。對褐斑病高效藥劑的篩選是當前基層面臨的緊迫問題。關于獼猴桃褐斑病的病原目前爭論不斷,不同地區(qū)或者同一地區(qū)不同團隊之間鑒定結果存在較大差異,對病原的鑒定依然是各獼猴桃褐斑病流行地區(qū)的緊迫任務,且對褐斑病的高效藥劑選擇十分有限,需要針對當?shù)孬J猴桃褐斑病的病原種類進行更多新的高效藥劑篩選。筆者擬通過系統(tǒng)的調(diào)查,掌握江西省獼猴桃褐斑病的發(fā)生情況,并對褐斑病流行區(qū)的病原進行分離鑒定,針對鑒定的病原,對其進行室內(nèi)高效藥劑篩選,以期為褐斑病的防控提供新的依據(jù)。
1 材料和方法
1.1 獼猴桃褐斑病發(fā)生情況調(diào)查
筆者所在課題組團隊于2023年8月,分別前往江西省的贛東、贛西、贛南和贛北調(diào)查獼猴桃褐斑病發(fā)生情況,一共對21個果園進行了調(diào)查(表1)。其中每個區(qū)縣至少調(diào)查5個果園,每果園至少調(diào)查2塊園地,實地調(diào)查采用平行線取樣法,于調(diào)查園地每隔數(shù)行隨機選取1行,總計選取5行進行調(diào)查,每行至少隨機調(diào)查5株樹,每株樹至少隨機調(diào)查10片葉子,記錄葉片的褐斑病發(fā)病等級。獼猴桃褐斑病葉片發(fā)病等級標準:0級,無病斑;1級,病斑面積≤5%;3級,病斑面積>5%~25%;5級,病斑面積>25%~50%;7級,病斑面積>50%~75%;9級,病斑面積>75%。病情指數(shù)計算公式:病情指數(shù)(disease index,DI)=Σ(各級病葉數(shù)×發(fā)病等級)/(調(diào)查葉片總數(shù)×9)×100。
1.2 獼猴桃褐斑病病原分離和回接致病性鑒定
采用組織分離法對褐斑病病原進行分離,將采集的病葉用清水清洗并擦拭干凈,再使用75%乙醇擦拭消毒。隨后將病葉置于超凈臺中進行無菌操作(超凈臺中各器械均已進行消毒或滅菌處理),使用刀片將病健交界處按1 cm×1 cm大小切下,依次在無菌水中清洗1 min,75%乙醇中浸泡45 s,無菌水清洗1 min,于無菌濾紙上晾干后置于PDA培養(yǎng)基(索萊寶)中培養(yǎng)。對分離出的菌株挑取邊緣菌絲進行純化培養(yǎng),觀察菌落形態(tài),并進行回接試驗。挑取7 mm直徑菌餅接種于獼猴桃葉片(品種:金果),于保濕盒中25 ℃黑暗培養(yǎng)5 d后觀察葉片發(fā)病情況,對發(fā)病葉片采用組織分離法進行分離,觀察分離得到的病原物是否與接種體一致。
1.3 病原菌的分子鑒定
將病原菌株于PDA培養(yǎng)基25 ℃黑暗培養(yǎng)7 d后,使用槍頭蘸取少量菌絲于2 × Phanta Max Master Mix(諾唯贊)中進行ITS序列擴增(ITS1:TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG/ITS4:TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC),PCR擴增體系:2 × Phanta Max Master Mix 12.5 μL,上游引物ITS1 1 μL,下游引物ITS4 1 μL,ddH2O 10.5 μL,DNA模板為菌絲體少許。PCR反應程序為:95 ℃ 預變性5 min,95 ℃變性15 s,56 ℃ 退火15 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,32個循環(huán),72 ℃ 終延伸5 min。采用1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳(電壓125 V)觀察擴增結果,將特異條帶送測序,測序公司為生工生物(上海)股份有限公司。測序結果于NCBI網(wǎng)站進行序列比對(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/),隨后采用MEGA 7.0軟件鄰接法(neighbor-joining method)進行系統(tǒng)進化樹構建,確定病原菌的親緣關系。用于進化樹構建的菌株(NCBI登錄號)為:KBLS-1-1(PP504495.1)、C. cassiicola isolate KC14(MH605273.1)、C. cassiicola isolate KC9(MH605272.1),C. cassiicola isolate ACC10(KP748298.1)、C. citricola isolate CBS169.77(FJ852594.1)、C. encephalarti culture CBS:145555(MK876383.1)、C. lignicola strain MFLUCC 16-1301(MN860549.1)、C. mengsongensis strain HJAUP C2000 (OQ060574.1)、C. nabanheensis strain HJAUP C2048(OQ060577.1)、C. pseudocassiicola culture CPC:31708(MH327794.1)、C. smithii strain L133(KY984299.1)、C. submersa strain MFLUCC 16-1101(MN860548.1)、C. torulosa strain CBS 136419(MH866095.1)、C. thailandica culture CBS:145089(MK047455.1)、C. yunnanensis strain HJAUP C2132(OQ060579.1)、Didymella segeticola isolate MHT6(OP627529.1)、Didymella sp. strain PB-96(MK334016.1)、F. graminearum strain TS-152(MG832572.1)、F. graminearum strain PB-60(MK333980.1)、Diaporthe ambigua isolate UT15BD(MF139900.1)、D. ambigua isolate UT19BD(MF139899.1)、Colletotrichum fructicola strain MHT02(KY752036.1)、C. fructicola strain F11MHTFF04(KC012512.1)、Alternaria alternata strain KHF-5(MN173818.1)、A. alternata isolate SYP414(OR901852.1)、Verticillium dahliae strain Vdp83(LC070674.1)。
1.4 病原菌室內(nèi)高效藥劑篩選
采用菌絲生長速率法對9種殺菌劑的室內(nèi)抑菌效果進行研究,使用的藥劑分別為:藥劑1:24%腈苯唑懸浮劑(美國陶氏益農(nóng)公司);藥劑2:8%寧南霉素水劑(德強生物股份有限公司);藥劑3:30%丙硫菌唑可分散油懸浮劑(安徽久易農(nóng)業(yè)股份有限公司);藥劑4:40%環(huán)丙唑醇懸浮劑(鹽城利民農(nóng)化有限公司);藥劑5:22.5%啶氧菌酯懸浮劑(美國杜邦公司);藥劑6:6%嘧啶核苷類抗菌素水劑(陜西麥可羅生物科技有限公司);藥劑7:50%克菌丹可濕性粉劑(安道麥馬克西姆有限公司);藥劑8:40%腈菌唑可濕性粉劑(美國陶氏益農(nóng)公司);藥劑9:80%三乙膦酸鋁可濕性粉劑(利民化學有限責任公司)。根據(jù)廠家推薦使用劑量,按照有效成分計算,將藥劑1~6及藥劑8按照有效成分終質(zhì)量濃度梯度10、30、90、270、810 μg·mL-1加入PDA培養(yǎng)基中;藥劑7按照有效成分終質(zhì)量濃度梯度30、90、270、810、2430 μg·mL-1加入PDA培養(yǎng)基中;藥劑9按照有效成分終質(zhì)量濃度梯度270、810、2430、7290、21 870 μg·mL-1加入PDA培養(yǎng)基中。將各藥劑按照濃度梯度倒好平板后,挑取菌餅放入平板中間,25 ℃黑暗培養(yǎng)7 d后采用十字交叉法測量各處理菌落直徑。抑菌率/%=(對照組菌落直徑-處理組菌落直徑)/(對照組菌落直徑-菌餅直徑)×100。
1.5 數(shù)據(jù)分析
應用Excel軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行整理和計算;應用SAS 8.0軟件采用Duncan’s新復極差法進行多重比較(顯著性水平p≤0.05)。
2 結果與分析
2.1 江西省獼猴桃褐斑病發(fā)生情況
于8月份前往江西省贛東、贛西、贛南、贛北4個片區(qū)調(diào)查獼猴桃褐斑病發(fā)生情況,一共對21個果園進行了調(diào)查。其中,獼猴桃褐斑病在贛北武寧縣和贛西奉新縣大面積暴發(fā),褐斑病發(fā)病率達100%,病情指數(shù)分別為31.94和37.16(表2)。武寧縣和奉新縣的11個果園中有5個果園發(fā)病等級中值(median disease rating,MDR)在5或以上,獼猴桃葉片呈現(xiàn)典型靶點狀褐色病斑,即半數(shù)果園褐斑病屬于嚴重發(fā)生,且導致嚴重的落葉現(xiàn)象(圖1)。而玉山縣和尋烏縣病害較輕,病情指數(shù)分別為0.24和3.09,顯著低于武寧縣和奉新縣,且發(fā)病中值均為0,表明病害的嚴重程度較低。此外,尋烏縣由于緯度較低,夏季太陽強烈,獼猴桃面臨較大的曬傷風險。
2.2 褐斑病的病原分離與鑒定
通過組織分離法對褐斑病嚴重危害地區(qū)武寧縣和奉新縣的獼猴桃病葉進行分離,從病葉組織分離出不同形態(tài)分離物共4種類型(圖2),分別記為KBLS-1、KBLS-2、KBLS-3和KBLS-4,每種類型菌挑選2個菌株(分別記為:KBLS-1-1、KBLS-1-2;KBLS-2-1、KBLS-2-2;KBLS-3-1、KBLS-3-2;KBLS-4-1、KBLS-4-2)進行科赫氏法則驗證。分別將各菌株的菌餅接種獼猴桃葉片,接種示意圖如圖3,結果表明,僅KBLS-1類型菌株接種獼猴桃葉片后產(chǎn)生典型侵染癥狀,其余3個類型菌株均未產(chǎn)生典型侵染癥狀,僅在接種部位表面附著少許菌絲,表明僅KBLS-1類型可能為褐斑病的病原。將KBLS-1于PDA培養(yǎng)基上進行培養(yǎng)觀察,菌落初期白色,培養(yǎng)7 d后菌落灰白色,菌落中菌絲濃密呈絨毛狀,菌落中央隆起。分生孢子棍棒狀,淺棕色,具有1至多個假隔膜(圖4)。進一步對接種病葉進行再分離,結果表明,再分離得到的菌株與分離株KBLS-1類型菌落形態(tài)一致,孢子形態(tài)一致,證明KBLS-1類型菌株為獼猴桃褐斑病的致病菌(圖3、圖4)。綜合以上結果,將病原菌初步鑒定為多主棒孢(C. cassiicola)。進一步采用ITS序列進行分子鑒定,通過NCBI網(wǎng)站下載已公布的棒孢屬下的12個種的ITS序列以及獼猴桃上5個常見病原真菌ITS序列,以親緣關系較遠的大麗輪枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)ITS序列為外群,構建了鄰接法系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹。結果表明,KBLS-1與棒孢屬下的多主棒孢親緣關系緊密(圖5)。以上結果表明,獼猴桃褐斑病病原為多主棒孢。
2.3 多主棒孢室內(nèi)高效藥劑篩選
獼猴桃褐斑病一旦進入暴發(fā)期,現(xiàn)有藥劑均難以起效,故而篩選新的高效藥劑是獼猴桃褐斑病防控的一項緊急任務。筆者對9個未在獼猴桃褐斑病上進行過研究的藥劑進行了室內(nèi)毒力測定(圖6)。得到9種藥劑的EC50,其中腈苯唑的EC50為86.12 μg·mL-1,寧南霉素的EC50為106.07 μg·mL-1,丙硫菌唑的EC50為17.36 μg·mL-1,環(huán)丙唑醇的EC50為6.97 μg·mL-1,啶氧菌酯無明顯抑菌效果,嘧啶核苷類抗菌素的EC50為304.46 μg·mL-1,克菌丹的EC50為5.30 μg·mL-1,腈菌唑的EC50為2.50 μg·mL-1,三乙膦酸鋁的EC50為509.62 μg·mL-1(表3)。以上結果表明,丙硫菌唑、環(huán)丙唑醇、克菌丹和腈菌唑?qū)ΛJ猴桃褐斑病菌具有極強抑制作用,可作為防治褐斑病菌的潛在高效藥劑。
3 討 論
3.1 獼猴桃褐斑病流行情況
獼猴桃褐斑病是四川[7,26]、貴州[8]、江西[17]等地廣泛發(fā)生的真菌性葉部病害,且為四川地區(qū)最為嚴重的真菌性病害,極大地制約當?shù)孬J猴桃產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。對四川地區(qū)的調(diào)查中,獼猴桃褐斑病在紅陽種植園的發(fā)病率可超過99%,病情指數(shù)約50,屬于嚴重大范圍發(fā)生[7]。對湖南地區(qū)的調(diào)查中,獼猴桃褐斑病在調(diào)查園區(qū)普遍發(fā)生,果園的發(fā)生率超過94%,病情指數(shù)約26[18]。江西地區(qū)獼猴桃褐斑病最早于1988年在九江地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn),后于2013年在江西主產(chǎn)區(qū)奉新縣山口獼猴桃種植基地發(fā)現(xiàn)并持續(xù)嚴重發(fā)生[9,19]。然而,尚不清楚其在奉新其他果園的發(fā)生情況以及其在全省的發(fā)生情況。筆者通過對贛東、贛西、贛南和贛北4個方位的調(diào)查,結果表明褐斑病主要在贛西和贛北發(fā)生,贛東和贛南發(fā)生較輕。其中,獼猴桃褐斑病在贛北的武寧縣和贛西奉新縣大面積暴發(fā),褐斑病發(fā)病率達100%,病情指數(shù)分別為31.94和37.16。
3.2 獼猴桃褐斑病病原鑒定
獼猴桃褐斑病的早期研究結果不一,表現(xiàn)為其病狀在國內(nèi)無統(tǒng)一認識,該病害病狀于2014年通過系統(tǒng)的病原學研究后被最終確定為:葉片散生褐色圓形病斑,病斑呈現(xiàn)外圍深褐色、中央灰白或淺褐色的靶點狀,有時具有輪紋[14]。但即使病狀統(tǒng)一后,獼猴桃褐斑病病原于不同地區(qū)乃至同一地區(qū)不同團隊間的鑒定結果仍然存在差異。目前,禾谷鐮刀菌[8]、葉點霉屬真菌[9]、多主棒孢[14]、細極鏈格孢[21]和藤倉鐮刀菌[22]等均被報道是褐斑病的病原。據(jù)此,獼猴桃褐斑病病原可能并不唯一,并存在復合侵染現(xiàn)象。因此,筆者系統(tǒng)調(diào)查了江西省獼猴桃褐斑病發(fā)生情況,并對褐斑病發(fā)生嚴重地區(qū)奉新縣和武寧縣的褐斑病病原進行了分離鑒定,一共分離得到了4種類型菌株(經(jīng)過ITS測序分別屬于Corynespora、Didymella、Pestalotiopsis和Alternaria),經(jīng)過科赫氏法則驗證及后續(xù)分子鑒定,其中致病菌為多主棒孢(C. cassiicola)。表明江西省獼猴桃褐斑病主要發(fā)生地區(qū)的病原為多主棒孢。
3.3 獼猴桃褐斑病高效藥劑篩選
獼猴桃褐斑病作為國內(nèi)新興的暴發(fā)性病害,嚴重制約流行區(qū)域的果實品質(zhì)。近十年來,針對獼猴桃褐斑病的藥劑防治,已有不少報道對市場上大量不同藥劑進行了篩選,得到了一些對褐斑病具有良好防效的藥劑,如吡唑醚菌酯[27]、苯醚甲環(huán)唑[28]、小檗堿[29]、氨基寡糖素[30]、戊唑醇[20,31]、嘧菌酯[32]等??傮w來說,對褐斑病的藥劑選擇十分有限,易引發(fā)抗藥性的發(fā)生,因此,對褐斑病高效藥劑的篩選是當前基層面臨的緊迫問題。筆者針對9個未在獼猴桃褐斑病上進行過研究的藥劑(腈苯唑、寧南霉素、丙硫菌唑、環(huán)丙唑醇、啶氧菌酯、嘧啶核苷類抗菌素、克菌丹、腈菌唑和三乙膦酸鋁),采用生長速率法進行了室內(nèi)毒力測定,結果表明,丙硫菌唑、環(huán)丙唑醇、克菌丹和腈菌唑?qū)ΛJ猴桃褐斑病菌具有極強抑制作用,可作為防治褐斑病菌的潛在高效藥劑。
4 結 論
江西省獼猴桃褐斑病在贛北和贛西大范圍嚴重發(fā)生,在贛東和贛南發(fā)生較輕。對江西省獼猴桃褐斑病嚴重發(fā)生地區(qū)的葉片進行病原分離,一共得到4種不同類型分離物,通過科赫氏法則驗證及病原鑒定確定最終病原為多主棒孢(C. cassiicola)。通過對9種未在該病害中研究過的藥劑的室內(nèi)毒力測定,發(fā)現(xiàn)丙硫菌唑、環(huán)丙唑醇、克菌丹和腈菌唑?qū)ΛJ猴桃褐斑病菌具有極強抑制作用,可作為防治褐斑病菌的新的潛在高效藥劑。
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