生物多樣性信用如何促進自然的保護與恢復？

This year’s Global Risks Report from the World Economic Forum ranked ‘biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse’ as one of the three most severe risks over the next ten years， caused by climate change.

There is a plan to address this threat. In 2022， 196 countries adopted the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework， agreeing to cease biodiversity loss by 2030 and ensure that natural resources are used sustainably by 2050. Yet， an estimated funding gap of US$598 billion–$824 billion exists between current annual spending on conservation and restoration and what is needed to achieve the goals of the framework. Public finance and policies can help to close this gap — for example， governments could lower taxes for green technologies and redirect subsidies from activities that are environmentally harmful to those more sustainable ones. But a new source of finance is also needed.

Biodiversity credits are one mechanism， highlighted by the Global Biodiversity Framework， which could help to generate private-sector funds and ensure those funds for demonstrable conservation and restoration achievements. By buying these credits to fund certain projects， companies could achieve any one of three goals. First， to boost their profile and marketing， organizations could make contributions to improving the world’s biodiversity independent of their own activities. Second， after assessing their impact on the environment and trying to avoid or minimize harm， companies could use the credits to fund remediation efforts in the same location and ecosystem type with the harm being done. Last， organizations could invest in efforts that enhance biodiversity and resilience in their supply chains.

Some corporations are already making promises not just to minimize their impact on nature but also to enhance ecosystems and biodiversity. And some biodiversity-credit markets， required by law to purchase credits， are emerging in several countries， including Colombia， Germany， India， France and England. But as the failures of carbon-credit markets， designed to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions， have shown， for biodiversity-credit markets to grow and achieve what’s needed， “they” must be built and operate in the right way.

（材料選自nature網(wǎng)站，有刪改）

1. What do we know biodiversity loss over the next ten years？

A. It will become worse and worse.

B. It will not be a problem by 2050.

C. It will need more financial aid.

D. It will remain an unsolved threat .

2. The third paragraph mainly focuses on .

A. The significance of purchasing biodiversity credits.

B. The process of purchasing biodiversity credits.

C. The mechanism of purchasing biodiversity credits.

D. The methods of purchasing biodiversity credits.

3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the emergence of biodiversity-credit markets？

A. Indifferent. B. Negative.

C. Concerned. D. Hateful.

4. What does “they” in the last paragraph refer to？

A. Biodiversity-markets.

B. Carbon-credit markets.

C. Some corporations.

D. Several countries.

1. C。解析：細節(jié)理解題。材料第二段的第三句提到“然而，據(jù)估計，在當前用于保護和恢復的年度支出與實現(xiàn)該框架目標所需的資金之間存在5980億— 8240億美元的資金缺口”。由此可知，C選項“它亟須更多的財政援助”與材料內(nèi)容相符，故選C。

2. A。解析：主旨大意題。材料第三段的第一句和第二句提到“生物多樣性信用是全球生物多樣性框架所著重指出的一種機制，能夠助力籌集私營部門資金，并確保這些資金用于顯著的保護和恢復成果。通過購買這些信用以資助特定項目，企業(yè)能夠達成以下三個目標中的任意一個”，下文圍繞三個目標展開說明。由此可知，A選項“購買生物多樣性信用的意義”與材料內(nèi)容相符，故選A。

3. C。解析：態(tài)度判斷題。材料第四段的最后一句提到“但正如旨在降低溫室氣體排放的碳信用市場的失敗所顯示的那樣，為使生物多樣性信用市場得以發(fā)展并達成預期目標，‘它們’必須以恰當?shù)姆绞綐?gòu)建和運作”。由此可以判斷，作者關(guān)心生物多樣性信用市場的正當運作。C選項“關(guān)心的，擔憂的”與材料內(nèi)容相符，故選C。

4. A。解析：推理判斷題。材料第四段的最后一句意為“但正如旨在降低溫室氣體排放的碳信用市場的失敗所顯示的那樣，為使生物多樣性信用市場得以發(fā)展并達成預期目標，‘它們’必須以恰當?shù)姆绞綐?gòu)建和運作”。由此可以推測“它們”指的是“生物多樣性信用市場”，也是本文的主題。A選項“生物多樣性信用市場”與材料內(nèi)容相符，故選A。