萬宇婧
上期我們了解了北極圈和赤道的不同生態(tài)風景,也領(lǐng)略了冰雪世界與熱帶雨林的極致反差,本期我們將走進水生植物與沙漠植物,帶大家領(lǐng)略極端環(huán)境中的植物是如何絕地求生的。
劇情簡介
植物在與動物建立互惠關(guān)系的同時,也展現(xiàn)了與其他生物一樣的攻擊性、競爭性。為爭奪光照、空間、營養(yǎng)和繁殖的機會,它們與競爭對手展開激烈的生存斗爭。這部紀錄片透過全新科技呈現(xiàn)了二十多年來的新發(fā)現(xiàn),深刻揭示了植物世界緊密相連的一面,將觀眾帶入了一個超越人眼觀察的深入角度,讓人們從植物的角度看待地球。
Scene
A
在含氧量極高的綠色水生世界,河床巖石上生長著一片粉色的水生植物——虹河苔,也被稱作“瀑布蘭花”。這片粉色羽毛般的絲狀物,造就了卡諾克里斯塔萊斯河——地球上最美的河流之一。
Plants cover much of the land surface of our planet. But thereis another 1)extraordinary green world, that is often hidden from us.Its one where plants have 2)overcome huge challenges in order tosurvive. At first sight, a lake like this would seem to have everything?that life needs in order to 3)thrive—clear,oxygen-rich water, plenty of dissolvednutrients and minerals and lots of sunlight.But in fact, life in fresh water presents plantswith huge problems. To succeed, plants havehad to abandon many of the adaptations thatserved them so well on land, and 4)evolvesomething quite new. And in doing that, theyhave created some of the most beautiful andbizarre and important 5)habitats on earth.
There are few places where its moredifficult to make a 6)permanent home thana freshwater 7)torrent like this one. Violentcurrents 8)rip across the riverbed, scouring itclean, ripping land plants from their 9)marginsand drowning them. How could any plantsurvive in a place like this? Yet, even here,some do manage to, quite literally, holdon! They can grasp the 10)bare rock withremarkable strength. This ability allows?plants to thrive in these otherwise 11)hostile environments.
This is the Cano Cristales River in Columbia. These plants are RedMacarenia, sometimes called the “Orchid of the Falls”. They 12)cling to theriverbed, not with their roots, but with their stems, blued to the rock surfaceby one of the most powerful adhesives in nature. The rock itself will breakbefore these anchors lose theirgrip. These feathery filaments, aretheir modified leaves. And they dowhat roots normally do—gatherthe minerals and nutrients theyneed that are dissolved in thewater.
With such 13)spectacular colors,its hardly surprising that the CanoCristales is sometimes called “themost beautiful river on earth”.
植物覆蓋了地球的大部分陸地表面,不過還有一個非凡的綠色世界往往會被我們忽視。在這個世界里,植物需要應(yīng)對巨大的挑戰(zhàn)才能獲得一線生機。乍看起來,這樣的湖泊似乎擁有生命繁衍生息所需要的一切條件——清澈而含氧量高的水、大量溶解于水的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和礦物質(zhì),以及充足的陽光。然而事實上,淡水之中的植物,需要面對巨大的生存挑戰(zhàn)。為了生存和繁衍,植物不得不放棄許多針對陸生環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性改變,并發(fā)展出一些新的特征。在此過程中,它們也為地球創(chuàng)造了一些奇妙景致,一些發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用的棲息地。
很難想象,像這樣的淡水急流,能為一些植物創(chuàng)造出永久的棲息地。在激流之下,河床被沖刷得干干凈凈,就連長在河床邊的植物也被沖刷下來,隨波逐流。植物怎么可能在這樣的環(huán)境中生存下來呢?然而,即便這里的環(huán)境如此惡劣,一些植物還是堅持了下來。它們能以驚人的力量,把自己固定在裸露的巖石上。這種能力使得一些植物可以在這些看似不可能的環(huán)境中生長。
這是位于哥倫比亞的卡諾克里斯塔萊斯河。這些植物是虹河苔,它們有時候也被稱為“瀑布蘭花”。幫助它們附著在河床巖石上的,不是它們的根,而是它們的莖。它們可以分泌一種自然界中最強的黏合劑。在長時間的黏合腐蝕之下,巖石會發(fā)生分解。這些羽毛般的絲狀物,是虹河苔發(fā)生形變的葉子。它們可以像普通植物的根系一樣,收集溶解在水中的礦物質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。
因為有著如此絢爛的色彩,卡諾克里斯塔萊斯河有時也被稱為“地球上最美的河流”。
考點解析
原文:Its one where plants have overcome huge challenges in order to survive.
1. in order to do sth 是to do sth 的變體。用in order to do sth 表示目的時,它既可以用于句首,也可用于句末;用于句首時,其強調(diào)意味較濃。
【例】She arrived early in order to get a good seat.
她到得很早,只為占個好座位。
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.
為了考入一所好學(xué)校,我必須更加努力。
2. in order to do sth 的否定形式是in order not to do sth,意思是“為了不……; 以免……”。
【例】Please reply at once in order not to lose this opportunity.
為了不失去這次機會,請立即回復(fù)。
3. in order to 和in order that 均可表示目的,區(qū)別是前者引出不定式短語,后者引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。與in order to do sth 表示目的的情形相似,in orderthat 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句可以位于主句之前或之后。
【例】These men risk their lives in order that we live more safely.
這些人甘冒生命危險,為的是讓我們的生活更安全。
4. so as to 和so that 也可表示目的,區(qū)別是前者引出不定式短語,后者引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。與用so as to do sth 表示目的的情形相似,so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句通常位于主句之后。so that 有時可省略其中的that。
【例】They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could understand them.
他們用幾種語言寫公告牌,以便讓各國游客都能看得懂。
Leave the keys out so (that) I remember to take them with me.
把鑰匙放在外面,我好記得帶。
Scene
B
你應(yīng)該聽說過藻類,但你見過籃球那么大的圓形湖球藻嗎?在北海道的阿寒湖,不僅有美麗的天鵝,還有一種神奇的湖球藻。這種湖球藻是如何生存的呢?
The frozen water world of Lake Akan, in northern Japan, home to oneof the strangest and most 14)primitive of plants. Its an alga, like those thatappear so 15)mysteriously in our ponds. But this one is truly extraordinary.Each spring, the melting ice releases soft, velvety balls of 16)interwoventhreads, called Marimos.
This one is small, no bigger than a walnut. But there are lots of themhere. They attract the attention of visiting whooper swans. But there is oneway for the Marimos to escape from the danger, and it depends on a changein the weather. Fortunately in the spring, winds sweep across the lake,creating currents that carry some of the Marimos beyond the reach of hungryswans.
Its a start of a remarkable journey. They are gently carried back and forthby the currents, so that the Marimos become more and more 17)spherical.And slowly, they travel into deeper water. Here there are great numbers ofthem, certainly many millions! Some are thesize of basketballs. They are safe fromswans and the water is stil 18)shallow?enough for some sunlight to reach them. It seems a perfect home. And so itis, almost.
The snag is that these waters also carry a fine sediment that can clogthe Marimos surface, cutting off the all-important light. But the Marimos arenot entirely 19)immobile. The winds blowing over the lakes surface createcurrents beneath that are sufficiently strong to move the Marimos. Theyrub against each other, and injust a couple of hours of gentlemovement, theyre all clean oncemore. As they spin, every part oftheir surface gets enough time inthe sunlight to keep growing.
14) primitive adj. 原始的
15) mysteriously adv. 神秘地;不可思議地
16) interweave v. 交織
17) spherical adj. 球狀的
18) shallow adj. 淺的
19) immobile adj. 固定的;不動的
在日本北方阿寒湖的冰水世界中,生長著一種非常奇特而原始的植物。這是一種藻類,就像平時池塘里的那些隱秘藻類一樣。不過,這種藻類有著非同尋常之處。每年春天,融化的冰水都會釋放出天鵝絨般柔軟的“線團”。它們被稱為“湖球藻”。
這個湖球藻非常小,并不比核桃大多少。不過它們的數(shù)量非常驚人。來此逗留的天鵝,難免會對湖球藻產(chǎn)生興趣。不過有一種方法可以讓湖球藻脫離險境,而這取決于天氣的變化。幸運的是,在春天,微風拂過湖面,湖水蕩漾,一些湖球藻會被帶到饑餓的天鵝無法觸及的深水域中。
它們開始了一場非凡的旅行。在水流的裹挾下,湖球藻來回翻滾,變得越來越圓。它們慢慢地進入了更深的水域。大量的湖球藻在這里聚集,數(shù)量有百萬之多!一些湖球藻甚至有籃球般大小。在這里,它們不會受到天鵝的傷害,而且水也不太深,所以陽光可以照射到它們。這里似乎是一個理想的家園??傮w來說,確實不錯。
因為湖水中也存在一些細小的沉積物,它們可能覆蓋湖球藻的表面,阻隔其迫切需要的陽光。好在湖球藻并不是完全靜止的。微風拂過湖面時,會在水下形成水流變化,這足以讓湖球藻滾動起來。湖球藻相互摩擦推搡,經(jīng)過幾個小時的輕柔互動,它們又變得干干凈凈了。在轉(zhuǎn)動過程中,湖球藻表面的所有部分都可以得到足夠的陽光照射,并且能夠不斷地生長。
Know More
阿寒湖
阿寒湖位于日本北海道東部,是周長26 千米、海拔420 米、水深44.8 米的火山口湖,也是湖球藻生長的神秘之湖。在阿寒湖岸邊,有多家溫泉旅店。在阿寒湖的周邊地區(qū),也有一些很有特色的室外溫泉,游客可以邊泡溫泉,邊欣賞湖景。湖面上偶爾有結(jié)伴的天鵝在悠閑游動,冬天還可以看到白雪覆蓋的層層遠山。冬季的阿寒湖會結(jié)出厚厚的冰層,不僅可以徒步、冰釣,也可以承載雪地摩托。
Scene
C
在一片荒漠世界中,能夠存活下來的植物并不多。仙人掌是荒漠中最堅強的植物,也是荒漠中最危險的植物。一起來看看仙人掌是如何生長且自我保護的吧。
Temperatures that 20)swing from minus 20 to more than40 degrees Centigrade. And most 21)critically, almost entirelywithout rain. In every desert across the planet, plants havefound ways to not only survive, but flourish.
In the Sonoran Desert of North America, thehuge saguaro cacti have a different strategy.They store water in 22)quantity and canlive to a great age. But in theirearly years, they are extremely23)vulnerable. The young saguarois protected by the mesquitesbranches. They 24)halve the amountof scorching sunlight reaching the?cactus, and so keep it cool. And themesquites extremely long roots drawup water, bringing it within reach of theyoung saguaro.
No matter how old a desert plantis, water is always precious. Whethergathered from the melting snow, or ashower of rain. So cacti have developedextraordinary adaptations that enablethem to not only collect water, but to25)retain it. Instead of leaves whichwould lose precious moisture throughevaporation, they have spines. Eachspine has a tiny padded-in space where the water is absorbed, and thenstored in the great swollen trunk. A large saguaro could hold 5,000 litersof water. And its able to do so because it has another special adaptation.The ridges on its surface are like the pleats on an accordion; they allow thesaguaro to change its shape. After rain has fallen, the pleats expand andthe saguaro fills up its water tank. In the dry times, it uses its water to grow,produce flowers, and eventually, seeds. Fully loadedwith thousands of liters of water, the saguaro wontneed to drink a single drop for another year.
But such valuable stores of water attract thieves.Now the spines function changes from collection toguarding. The spines of some species are a quarterof a meter long. Others are needle-like barbs thatgrow in clusters and easily break off in the skin ofany animal that touches them. But perhaps the mostvicious cacti belong to a group called “the chollas”.
This is called “a teddy bearcholla”, because the thick coating ofspines on it. But dont be deceivedby the name. There is nothing cuddlyabout this particular teddy bear. Infact, its the most dangerous plantin the desert. And I wouldnt dreamof putting my hand anywhere nearit without proper protection. Look closely at a spine, and you can see veryclearly why they are so dangerous.Each is like a splinter of glass,sharp enough to pierce flesh. Andthey are covered with backwardpointing barbs.
20) swing v. 搖擺
21) critically adv. 危急地;嚴重地
22) quantity n. 數(shù)量
23) vulnerable adj. 脆弱的;敏感的
24) halve v. (使)減半
25) retain v. 保持
這里的氣溫最低可達到零下20 攝氏度,最高能超過40 攝氏度。最為嚴酷的是,這里幾乎沒有降水。在全球各地的荒漠中,有一些植物不僅找到了生存之道,還能繁衍壯大。
北美洲索諾拉沙漠中的一種巨大的仙人掌——巨人柱,采用了另外一種生存策略。它們可以大量儲存水分,而且壽命很長。但是巨人柱在成長初期非常脆弱。牧豆樹分散的枝條,保護了年幼的巨人柱,使它避開了一半的烈日炙烤,為它創(chuàng)造出些許涼爽。牧豆樹的根系發(fā)達,它在汲取水分的過程中,也能讓巨人柱幼苗的根系分享便利。
無論荒漠植物的年齡大小,水資源永遠是珍貴的。它們的水分來源可以是融雪,也可以是雨水。仙人掌已經(jīng)進化出超強的適應(yīng)能力。它們不僅可以收集水分,還能儲存水分。為避免水分蒸發(fā),它們的葉片已經(jīng)退化成了尖刺。每根刺的根部都連接著可以吸水的刺座。這些水分會匯聚,然后儲存到巨大的莖干中。一株體型較大的巨人柱,可以儲存多達5000 升水。能做到這一點,是因為它們進化出了另外一種能力。巨人柱表面的棱,就像是手風琴的褶皺一樣,可以伸縮、變形。降雨來臨時,它們會將褶皺撐開,把水分儲存在莖干中。荒漠重回干旱之后,它們就依靠莖干里面的水分,生長、開花并結(jié)籽。這株巨人柱已經(jīng)儲存了數(shù)千升的水,哪怕不再吸收一滴水,也可以存活一整年的時間。
但是,珍貴的水資源會引來竊賊。于是,尖刺開始發(fā)揮收集水分之外的另一項功能——防御。一些仙人掌的刺長度可超過25 厘米,另一些則像一簇簇的尖銳倒鉤。如果有任何動物膽敢觸碰仙人掌,就會被刮破皮肉。最危險的一種仙人掌,或許就是多刺仙人掌家族的成員。
這種仙人掌叫作“泰迪圓柱”,因其表面覆蓋一層濃密的刺而得名。但是不要被它的名字誤導(dǎo)。這種“泰迪熊”可不能抱在懷里。實際上,它是荒漠中最危險的植物。如果沒有恰當?shù)姆雷o措施,我絕對不會用手去碰它。仔細觀察其中的一根刺,我們就知道它為什么那么危險了。它的每一根刺都像是一塊玻璃碎片,非常尖銳,足以穿透皮膚,而且上面布滿了倒刺。
instead 常見用法
原文:Instead of leaves which would lose precious moisture through evaporation, they have spines.
1. instead 為副詞,相當于 rather than,只能修飾動詞或是句子,它的位置比較靈活,可以放在句首或句尾,在口語中,經(jīng)常放在句尾。
【例】Instead, let all of that teach you what it can do.
相反,讓所有這些教會你它能做什么。
Im going to drop yoga and do aerobics instead.
我要放棄瑜伽,改做有氧運動。
2. instead of 是介詞短語,后面一般接名詞、代詞、動名詞或介詞短語作它的賓語,可以放在句首或句尾。
【例】Ill have tea instead of coffee.
我要茶而不是咖啡。
Instead of complaining, why dont we try to change things?
與其抱怨,我們不如試著改變一下?
3. instead 與instead of 表達的意義不同:instead 句中的動作是要去做的,instead of 句中的動作或?qū)ο笫且惶娲摹?/p>
【例】Im too tired to play football today. Im going to stay at home instead.
我今天太累了,不能踢足球。我要待在家里。(待在家里是要去做的動作)
Now I can walk to work instead of going by car.
現(xiàn)在我可以步行去上班,而不必開車了。(開車是要被替代的動作)
4. instead 與instead of 在一定情況下可互換。
【例】Yesterday she didnt hang out. She read books at home instead.
=Yesterday she didnt hang out. Instead, she read books at home.
= Yesterday she read books at home instead of hanging out.
昨天她在家讀書,而不是出去閑逛。